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英文原文Machinery,MachinaMechinederivedfromtheGreekandLatin,Mechanicalgear(figure1)meanscleverdesign,asageneralmechanicalconcept,canbetracedbacktotheRomanperiod,mainistodistinguishandhandtools.OfmodernChineselanguagethewordMachineisorganizationis(Mechanism)oftheEnglishandthefloorboardoftheMachine(theMachine).Mechanicalcharacteristicsare:machineryisacombinationofphysicalcomponents.Todeterminetherelativemotionofmechanicalparts.SotheMachinecanconvertmechanicalenergyoraccomplishusefulmechanicalwork,isthemostbasicconceptinmodernmechanicalprinciple,themodernconceptofChinesemachinerymorederivedfromthewordMachineoftheJapanese,Japanesemachineryshouldsuppliestodothefollowingdefinition(thatis,inaccordancewiththefollowingthreecharacteristicsiscalledmechanicalMachine):1,themachineryisacollectionofobjects,concentrationtothevariouspartsarealsodifficulttodeformation.2,theobjectmustimplementthemutualmovement,single,regulations.3,toexertenergyintoausefulform,orconvertedintomechanicalworkeffectively.Mechanismandmachinedefinitionisderivedfromthemechanicalengineering,belongstothemostbasicconceptofmodernmechanicalprinciples,mechanicalmoremodernconceptsderivedfromChineseofthewordmachineinJapanese.Allhavecertainsportsmachineandthefloorboardofthesystem.Suchasmachinetools,tractors,etc.Mechanicalengineeringisrelatedtothetheoreticalbasisofnaturalscienceandtechnology,Mechanicalgear(figure2)combinedwiththeaccumulationoftechnicalexperienceintheproductionpractice,studyandsolveinthedevelopment,design,manufacture,installation,useandrepairofallkindsofmachineryanappliedsubjectoftheoreticalandpracticalproblems.Everydevelopmentinthefieldofengineeringrequirementsinmechanicalengineeringhasadaptedtothedevelopment,needmechanicalengineeringprovidesthenecessarymachinery.Somemechanicalinventionandimprovement,andcouldleadtonewengineeringtechnologyandtheemergenceanddevelopmentofnewindustry.Largemachinerymanufacturingsuccess,forexample,ledtotheestablishmentofelectricpowersystem；Theinventionofthelocomotiveledtotheriseofrailwayengineeringandrailwayundertakings；Theinventionoftheinternalcombustionengines,gasturbines,rocketengines,etcandprogress,aswellasthesuccessfuldevelopmentofaircraftandspacecrafthasledtotheriseofaviationandaerospacebusiness；Thedevelopmentofhighvoltageequipmentleadtothesuccessofmanynewsyntheticchemicalengineeringandsoon.Mechanicalengineeringisinallrespectsunderthepressureofrisingdemandfordevelopment,atthesametimefromdifferentdisciplinesandtheadvancementofthetechnologyimprovedandinnovativeability.Machineryisasimpledevice,itcantransferenergy,forcefromoneplacetoanotherplace.Mechanicalgear(FIG.3)itcanchangetheshapeoftheobjectstructurestocreatenewobjects.Inlife,allaroundustherearethousandsofdifferentkindsofmachineryintheworkforus.Everydayunderstandingofmechanicalisamechanicaldevice,whichisallkindsofmachinesandequipment.Fromthepointofviewofmechanicalprofessional:machineryhasaveryimportantbasicposition.Machineryisamodernsocietythefivefactorsofproductionandservice(thatis,people,money,energy,materialsandmachinery).WhenMarxtoindustrialsociety,industrialsociety,especiallyinbigindustrialsociety,whichismachineproductionmachineage.Whetherfromlifeincontactwithallkindsofphysicaldevices,suchastelephones,electriclights,television,refrigerator,elevatorandsooncontainsthemachine,orincludedinthegeneralmachinery,andfromthepointofproduction,allkindsofmachinetools,automationequipment,aircraft,ships,godfive,six,andsoon,areshortofmachinery.So,machineryisoneofthefoundationsofmodernsociety.Ifsomeonesayagricultureisthefoundation,alsounderstandable,butinmodernsociety,mechanicalserveasthebasisfortherestoftheindustryandengineering,itisnoexaggerationtothinkisthebigpillarinsociety.Anymodernindustrialandengineeringapplicationsrequiremachinery,isthePeoplesDailylife,areincreasinglyusedallkindsofmachinery,suchascars,bicycles,watchesandclocks,cameras,washingmachine,refrigerator,airconditioner,vacuumcleaners,etc.ThefirstmachineisdefinedastheRomanarchitectvitruviuspollio(Vitruvii)initMechanicalgear(figure4)forbuildingtenbookmainlyforcarryingheavythingsworkmachineryandtools:thedifferencebetweenmechanical(machane)andtools(organon)seemtohavethefollowingdifferencesbetween.Themachineismostartificialandverybigpowerandeffect,suchasheavyballistaandgrapespress.Whilethetoolisamanipulationofthestaffcarefullyprocessing,toachievethepurposeofsuchasweretheshapeoflightrangeballistaorcircularspiraldevice.Thus,toolsandmachineryareusedintheindispensablething.TheancientGreekforcylindricalgears.Alexandria,MrHiro(HeronofAlexandria)inthe1stcenturyfirstdiscussedthebasicelementsofmachinery,mechanicalelementsconsideredtobefiveclasses:wheelandshaft,lever,pulley,wedge,spiral.Hirosdiscoursereflectstheclassicalmechanicalcharacteristics.BCChinahasguidelinesontheapplicationofcomplexgearsystem,theincenseburnerintheapplicationofthepermanentcontrollevelofthebogieandotherpartsofacross.Annotations,said:themachine,thecrossbowtooth；enclosed,thearrowaround.Saidwenjieziexplanationofmachineismachine,themainmover,referstothecrossbow.Mechanicalinleipzig,Germanyin1724andliaopoulter(Leopold)isdefinedasmachinesortoolsisakindofartificialdevice,useittoproducefavorablemovement；atthesametimecantuseotherwaystosavetimeandpower,itcansave.Britishmechanics,Willis(trulyillis)initsagencytheory(ThePrincipleofMechanism,1841)giveThedefinitionof:Machinerygearspeedreduceranymachine(machine)aremadeinavarietyofdifferentwaysofconnectingasetofartifactsthatmakeitacomponent,thecomponentwillhappeninacertainsport,theseartifactsandtheinitialmovementofthecomponentsofrelativemotionrelationshipdependsonthenatureoftheconnectionsbetweenthem.Germanmachineryatleloro(F.Reuleaux)inthetheoryofkinematics(TheoretischeKinematik,GrundzugeeinerTheorieChinaistheworldsfirstnationalmachinerydevelopment.ChinesemechanicalengineeringtechnologynotonlyhasalonghistoryandsplendidachievementsinChineseisnotonlythematerialcultureandsocialeconomicdevelopmentplaysanimportantroleintheworld,andtopromotetheprogressofcivilization,technologyhasmadegreatcontributiontoChinesetraditionalmachine.Andinalongperiodaheadintheworld.Inmoderntimes,especiallyfromtheearly18thcentury,duetothenineteenforties,duetotheeconomicandsocialreasons,suchastheChinamachineryindustry,stagnation,inthe100yearsiswesternbourgeoispoliticalrevolutionandindustrialrevolution,mechanicalscienceandtechnologyisdevelopingrapidly,andfarmorethanthelevelofChina.So,Chinamechanicaldevelopmentlevelandthewesterngapwidens,sharplytothe19thcenturymiddlebehindwesternonehundredyears.AfterthefoundingofnewChina,especiallyinthepast30years,ourcountrysmechanicalscienceandtechnologydevelopmentspeed.Tothemechanicalproductlarge-scale,precision,automationanddiscussesthetrendofdevelopment.Insomeaspectshasreachedorexceededtheworldadvancedlevel.Generallyspeaking,currentlyChinamechanicalscienceandtechnologyachievementishuge,developingfast,highlevelofunprecedented.Inthisperiod,Chinahasnoendofmechanicalscienceandtechnologywilldeveloptoahigherlevel.Aslongaswecanadoptthecorrectpolicy,withgoodtechnologydevelopmentandinnovation,ourmachineryindustryandmechanicaltechnologycanrevitalize,leadingtothedevelopmenttrendofmechanicalindustry.Justsmallrammingmachinery:Inthe1960s,Chinamechanicalverysmalltamplack,manysmallvenuesrammingbasicallyUSESartificialramming.Early1960s,changshaconstructionmachineryinstituteandBeijingarchitecturalengineeringinstitute,etc.,thetechnicalinnovationachievementsinmassonthebasisofsummingupChinesecharacteristicinventedthebreaststrokerammingmachine,1962exceedednationalscienceandtechnology.Thebreaststrokerammingmachinestructureissimple,easytouseandmaintenancein1960s,soonbecamethedominantproductstoconsolidatemachinery.Accordingtonotcompletecountbreaststroketampcumulativeyieldreachedmorethan50,000machine,intheeconomicdevelopmentofourcountryhasplayedanimportantrole.Since1970s,thebreaststrokerammingmachinewasgraduallymoreadvancedperformanceofvibrationshockramandvibratingplateram,nowreplacedbylayingmachinehasrarelybreaststroke,basicallybeeliminated.In1964,changshaconstructionmachineryinstituteHB120developedmovabletype,typeofShanghaibeganlayingmachine,engineeringmachineproductionmainlybytianjinmunicipallater,annualproductionengineeringmachinerydongtingabout200.Inthe1980s,movabletyperammingmachineproductqualityhasincreasedgreatly,haveexportedtosoutheastAsiaandAfrica.Since1990s,internal-combustiontyperammingmachineproductionsales,andgraduallydecreasedinonlyafewsmallprivateenterpriseproduction.In1977,changshaconstructionmachineryfactorybuildingsanddevelopedinliuzhouHZR250typeandtheHZR70typevibratingplateram,thesetwokindsofproductsin1979and1982passedbytheministryofconstructionoftheorganizat