2016年职称英语卫生类B级字典版小抄.doc

补全短文weight worries may start early for slim womenthere is a range of reasons1 why thin women think theyre too heavy, but the distorted body image may often have its roots in childhood, the results of a new study suggest.researchers 6found that among more than 2,400 thin women they surveyed, nearly 10 percent thought they were too heavy. 1-baccording to the study authors, led by dr. susanne kruger kjaer of the danish cancer society, copenhagen, societys ideal female body is moving toward an underweight physique. 2-dto investigate body image among thin women, the researchers gave questionnaires to 2,443 women ages 27 to 38 whose body mass index2 was at the low end of normal3. 3-foverall, almost 10 percent of the women thought they were too heavy. those who reported certain severe life events in childhood or adolescence, such as having a parent become ill or having their educational hopes dashed, were more likely than others to have a distorted body image. 4-ain contrast, traumatic events in adulthood, such as serious illness or significant marital problems, were not related to poor body image, the researchers report. 5-ca. the same was true of4 women who started having sex or drinking alcohol when they were younger than 15 years old.b. experiences in childhood, including having an ill parent, or starting to drink or have sex at a particularly young age, were among the risk factors for having a distorted body image.c. our results indicate that the risk of being dissatisfied with (ones) own body weight may be established early in life, kjaer and her colleagues write.d. research suggests that many normal-weight women wish to weigh less.e. if worries have altered your appetite or weight, it will help to talk to someone about it.f. the women were asked about factors ranging from childhood experiences to current exercise habits.”the hope childrens hospicethe hope childrens hospice provides free specialist care for children with life-limiting conditions who are not expected to live into adulthood. it cares for up to eight terminally-ill children at one time, and aims to care for them in the same way their families would care for them at home. 1_clife-limiting conditions present many long-term medical and emotional problems-not only for the child, but for parents and siblings too. so the hospice offers respite care-short stays for the child alone or for the whole family together. _2_e_ short stays give terminally-ill children an opportunity to meet others with similar conditions.each child at the hospice has their own carer and their own care plan. a normal day might start with a jacuzzi bath followed by a massage from a complementary therapist. _3_the hospice has a multi-sensory room. _4_ it has touch-screen computers, video games, paddling pools, anti space for wheelchair dancing. children have music therapy and can record their own music, not only as a way to express their feelings, but to leave something for their family and friends to listen to in the years to come.the hospice has a number of quiet moms where we care for children during and after death. _5_ our support does not end with death. we help not just grieving parents, but also siblings who are experiencing bereavement. we give everyone opportunities to discuss their fears about death and dying.athese are places where families and friends can say goodbye.bsome children go to school, while others play with hospice play specialists.cwhen families prefer to do the caring themselves, a hospice carer will go to their home and help them.dthis is a special room which stimulates the childrens senses with lights, music, touch, and smell.ethey become confused about time, place, and who people are.fat these times, parents hand over responsibilities to the staff and have a “holiday”.the bilingual brainwhen karl kim immigrated to the united states from korea s a teenager, he had a hard time learning english. now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language. as a graduate student, kim worked in the lab of joy hirsch, a neuroscientist in new york. 1 they found evidence that children and adults dont use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language.the researchers used an instrument called an mri( magnetic resonance imaging) scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people. 2 . the other consisted of people who, like kim, learned their second language later in life. people from both groups were placed inside the mri scanner. this allowed kim and hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were more active. they asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day before, first in one language and then the other. they couldnt speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning.kim and hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain - brocas area , which is believed to control speech production, and wernickes area, which is thought to process meaning. kim and hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of wernickes area no matter what language they were speaking. 3people who learned a second language as children used the same region in brocas area for both their first and second languages. people who learned a second language later in life used a different part of brocas area for their second language. 4 hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children, their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area. once that programming is complete, the processing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain.a second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do as adults. hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch, sound, and sight. 5a but their use of brocas area was different.b one group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.c how does hirsch explain this difference?d we use special parts of the brain for language learning.e and that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.f their work led to an important discovery.why do people shrink?did you ever see the movie honey,i shrunk the kids? its about a wacky dad (whos also a scientist) who accidentally shrinks his kids with his homemade miniaturizing invention. oops!_1_for older people, shrinking isnt chat dramatic or sudden at all. it takes place over years and may add up to only an inch or so off of their adult height2 (maybe a little more, maybe less). and this kind of shrinking cant be magically reversed, although there are things that can be done to stop it or slow it down._2_there are a few reasons. as people get older, they generally lose some muscle and fat from their bodies as part of the natural aging process. gravity (the force that keeps your feet on the ground) takes hold3, and the bones in the spine, called vertebrae, may break down4 or degenerate, and start to collapse into one another5._3_but perhaps the most common reason why some older people shrink is because of osteoporosis.osteoporosis occurs when too much spongy bone tissue (which is found inside of most bones) is broken down and not enough new bone material is made._4_bones become smaller and weaker and can easily break if someone with osteoporosis is injured. older people especially women, who generally have smaller and lighter bones to begin with are more likely to develop osteoporosis. as years go by, a person with osteoporosis shrinks a little bit.did you know that every day you do a shrinking act, too? you arent as tall at the end of the day as you are at the beginning. thats because as the day goes on, water in the disks of the spine gets compressed (squeezed)due to gravity, making you just a tiny bit shorter. dont worry, though._5_a. they end up6 pressing closer together, which makes a person lose a little height and become shorter.b. once you get a good nights rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, youre standing tall again!c. over time, bone is said to be lost because its not being replaced.d. luckily, there are things that people can do to prevent shrinking.e. the kids spend the rest of the move as tiny people who are barely visible while trying to get back to their normal size.1f. but why does shrinking happen at all? research shows walking can lift depressionnew research by german scientists shows that author charles dickens was onto a good thing1 when he took long, brisk walks to relieve periodic bouts of depression. the author of oliver twist and david coppeifield would walk for hours in the 1860s as an antidote to2 intense feelings of sadness which alternated with3 restless euphoria._1_aerobic exercise like rapid walking can be more effective at lifting depression than drugs, reported the scientists led by dr. fernando dimeo._2_the team found that in 10 of these patients drugs had failed to bring any substantial improvement. the team devised an exercise regime for the group that involved walking on a treadmill for 30 minutes every day._3_the intensity of the training programme was stepped up4 as the heart rate adapted. a measurement of depression severity was taken at the start and the end of the programme, and patients were asked to rate their own mood regularly over a 10-day period. the researchers in berlin found that after 10 days of the course six patients felt “substantially less depressed”._4_two were slightly less depressed, while four others remained unchanged. depression levels overall fell by a third5 and on the self-assessed scores by 25 per cent, said the researchers whose findings appeared in the british journal of sports medicine.the study was small but the extent of the improvement was said by scientists to be impressive._5_ nineteenth century doctors would have called dickenss condition melancholia since the psychological condition of depression was unknown. dickens biographer peter ackroyd says the authors son charles remembers his fathers “heavy moods of deep depression” and many times of “intense nervous irritability”，something modern psychologists would certainly recognize6.a. the number included five who had not found any relief using drug treatment.b. long and brisk walks are not necessarily beneficial to every person.c. they studied 12 people with severe depression that had lasted an average of nine months.d. the outcome indicated a clinical benefit which could not be obtained with pharmacological treatment currently available, they said.e. this is also the advice that experts from the free university in berlin are giving today.f. according to the regime, intense activity lasting three minutes was alternated with walking at half speed for three minutes.how deafness makes it easier to hearmost people think of beethovens hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music. however, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.this is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but his biographer, maynard solomon, takes a different view. 1 . in his deaf world beethoven could experiment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies. hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf. they continue tohear music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played. 2 . he described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months: my former musical experiences began to play back to me. i couldnt differentiate between what i heard and real hearing. 2 after many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to hear music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for all of my moods. how is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is bothout there and at the same time within us? there is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant. 3 . however, it might be possible to use the brains remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.when michael edgar first switched on his cochlear implant,the sounds he heard were not at all clear. gradually, with much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds. for example, the insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once. the primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others. when people spoke to eagar, he heard their voices coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection. but when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help. 4 . he said, i play the piano as i used to and hear it in my head at the same time. the movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added clarity to hearing in my head. cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect, but which can change their lives. 5 . even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to beethoven as he composed his ninth symphony at the end of his life.a no man-made device could replace the ability to hear.b when he war, ted to appreciate music, eagar played the piano.c still, as michael eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies,heating is irrelevant.d michael eagar, who died in 2003, became deaf at the age of 21.e beethoven produced his most wonderful works after he became deaf.f solomon argues that beethovens deafness heightened his achievement as a composer.baby talkbabies normally start to talk when they are 13 to 15 months old. ryan jones is only eight months old, but he is already “talking” with his parents. when lie is hungry, he opens and closes his hand. this means milk. he also knows the signs for his favorite toy and the word more.ryan is not deaf, and his parents are not deaf, but his mother and father are teaching him to sign. they say a word and make a sign at the same time. they repeat this again and again. when _1_ ryans parents think that he will be a happier baby because he can communicate with them.ryan s parents are teaching ryan to sign because of a man named joseph garcia. although garcia was not from a deaf family, he decided to learn american sign language (asl). first, he took courses in asl. then he got a job helping deaf people communicate with hearing people. in his work, he saw many deaf parents sign to their infants. he noticed that these babies were able to communicate much earlier than hearing children. _2_ when they were one year old, they could use as many as 50 signs.garcia decided to try something new. he taught asl to parents who were not deaf. the families started to teach signs to their infants when they were six or seven months old. _3_ more and more parents took garcias asl classes. like ryans family, they were excited about signing with their babies. they wanted to give their babies a way to communicate before they could use spoken words.some people worry about signing to babies. they are afraid that these babies wont feel a need to talk. maybe they will develop spoken language later than other babies. _4_ in fact, one study found just the opposite. signing babies actually learned to speak earlier than other children. as they grow older, these children are more interested in books. they also score higher on intelligence tests1.there is still a big question for parents: which are the best signs to teach their babies? some parents make their own signs. other parents want to teach asl. _5_ theres no clear answer, but we do know this: all signing babies and their families are talking quite a lot!a however, research does not show this.b all parents want to teach babies to sign.c ryan learns a new sign, his family is very excited.d these babies started using signs about two months later.e it can be useful because many people understand it.f they talked with signs by the time they were eight months old.common questions about dreamsdoes everyone dream?yes. research shows that we all dream. we have our most vivid dreams during a type of sleep called rapid eye movement (rem) sleep. during rem sleep, the brain is very active. the eyes move quickly back and forth under the lids, and the large muscles of the body are relaxed. rem sleep occurs every 90-100 minutes, three to four times a night, and it lasts longer as the night goes on. _1_ we dream at other times during the night, too, but those dreams are less vivid.do people remember their dreams?a few people remember their dreams. however, most people forget nearly everything that happened during the night dreams, thoughts, and the short periods of time when they were awake. _2_ it seems that the memory of the dream is not totally lost, but for some reason it is very hard to bring it back. if you want to remember your dream，the best thing to do is to write it down as soon as you wake up.are dreams in color?most dreams are in color. however, people may not be aware of it for two reasons ： they dont usually remember the details of their dreams, or they dont notice the color because it is such a natural part of our lives. _3_do dreams have meaning?scientists continue to debate this issue. _4_ some people use dreams to help them learn more about their feelings, thoughts, behavior, motives, and values. others find that dreams can h