2016电大旅游学概论专科期末考试试题及参考答案.doc

电大旅游学概论期末考试试题及参考答案一、填空题(每空1分，共25分)1.旅游资源的纯经济剩余是指：旅游资源所带来的旅游收入在扣除（开发）和（经营）所需费用之后所剩余下来的纯收益。2.世界上第一本旅游指南是利物浦之行手册。3.引起旅游点发生生命周期变化的原因，主要是该处旅游资源的（吸引能力）的变化，而其实质是（旅游者兴趣）的变化。4.在旅游统计中，旅游接待地计算来访活动人天数的方法是：来访旅游人次乘以（人均停留天数）。5.根据旅游学的常识，我们知道：旅游活动的主体是（旅游者）；客体是（旅游资源）；媒体是旅游业。6.旅游学中，“旅游资源”的定义是指：凡能够造就对旅游者具有吸引力环境的（自然）因素、（社会）因素或其他任何因素，都可构成旅游资源。7.可支配收入是指：个人或家庭的（收入）中扣除全部（纳税）后的收入部分。8.美国学者斯坦利c帕洛格提出的影响旅游动机的心理类型模式指出，心理类型为（多中心）型的旅游者，往往是新旅游地的发现者和开拓者。9.目的地旅游组织部门由国家旅游组织(nto)、地区/州旅游组织、（地方）旅游组织和（旅游）协会组成。10.旅行社组织旅游的方式主要有二种：（包价）旅游和（散客）旅游。11.水路客运业务主要可划分为四种，即远程定期班轮服务、海上短程渡轮服务、（游船）服务和内河客运服务。12.国际旅游市场根据（宏观）标准可划分为世界大区、国别或地区。13.可支配收入或可随意支配收入是决定旅游（需求）规模的主要因素之一。14.我国的地理位置距离世界上大多数主要客源市场较（远）。15.人们在旅游研究中经常使用的旅游乘数类型共有（四）种。16.为了满足旅游者对旅游（纪念品）的需求，当地的工艺品被大量生产。17.1974年经国务院批准，成立了（中国）旅行社。18.1983年10月5日，世界旅游组织在（印度新德里）举行第五届全体大会，一致通过决议接纳我国为该组织正式会员国。二、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，并将其号码填在题干的括号内。每小题1分，共10分)1.外出旅游季节性弱、出行次数频繁、对目的地基本无权选择、对价格最不敏感的旅游者是( d )a.家庭事务型旅游者 b.消遣型旅游者c.个人事务型旅游者 d.差旅型旅游者2.下列旅游资源中，哪一项不属于人文旅游资源( a )a.阳光 b.古战场遗址 c.江南园林 d.昆明世博会3.下列选项中，不属于旅游业三大支柱的是( a )a.旅游景点 b.旅游饭店 c.旅游交通 d.旅行社4.pata是下列哪个国际旅游组织的英文缩写( c )a.世界旅游组织 b.国际社会旅游协会 c.太平洋地区旅游协会 d.国际旅游联盟5.世界上最早使用“航空包价旅游”概念的旅游公司是( a )a.地平线假日旅游公司 b.麦克唐纳旅游公司 c.劳动者旅行协会 d.喷气旅行俱乐部6.根据中华人民共和国旅游(涉外)饭店星级标准申请评星的饭店必须要有( a )的营业历史。a.一年以上 b.二年以上 c.三年以上 d.四年以上7.我国的旅游进口市场中，旅游者的流动与旅游收入的流动是( a )a.同方向流出中国 b.同方向流入中国 c.反方向 d.不确定8.如果旅游接待国在经济上自给能力越强，则其旅游乘数就( c )a.越低 b.不变 c.越高 d.不确定9.我国历史上由中国人设立的最早、规模最大的旅行社是( c )a.通济隆洋行旅游部 b.广州中国旅行社 c.上海商业储备银行旅游部 d.厦门华侨服务社10.九十年代以来，国家旅游局确立了我国每年的国家旅游活动主题，其中( b )的主题是生态环境游。a.1992年 b.1999年 c.1995年 d.1996年三、名词解释(每小题3分，共15分)1.现代旅游 现代旅游是指第二次世界大战结束以后，特别是二十世纪60年代以来，迅速普及于世界各地的社会化旅游活动。2.潜在的旅游资源 指那些其本身具有某种诱人的魅力，但由于目前交通条件或其他接待条件的影响，尚不大为人所知或者暂时不能使很多旅游者前来观赏的吸引因素。它必须经过有意识的开发，才能成为可供游览的现实旅游资源。3.饭店连锁集团 一些饭店统一于某个集团公司的领导、监督、管理或指导之下，组成强有力的竞争实体。4.收入乘数 它表示的是单位旅游消费同其所带来的接待国净收入变化量之间的比例关系。5.可持续发展 .既要以满足当代人的需要为目的，同时也要以不损害后代人为满足其自身需要而进行发展的能力为原则。四、简答题(每小题6分，共30分)1.消遣型旅游者具有哪些特点?(1)在全部外出旅游人数中所占的比例最大 (2)外出旅游的季节性很强 (3)对旅游目的地的选择以及出发时间的选择方面，拥有较大程度的选择自由 (4)在旅游目的地的停留时间较长 (5)由于自费缘故，他们大都对价格较为敏感。2.旅游资源开发和建设应遵循的原则是什么?(1)突出独特性的原则 尽可能保持自然和历史形成的原始风貌。 尽量选择利用带有“最”字的旅游资源项目，以突出自己的优越性，即所谓“人无我有，人有我佳” 努力反映当地的文化特点 (2)经济的原则 (3)注意保护环境的原则 (4)综合开发的原则3.饭店连锁集团有何优势?(1)资本优势 (2)技术经济优势 (3)市场营销优势 (4)物资采购优势 (5)管理方面优势 (6)风险扩散优势4.旅游产品具有哪些特点?(1)综合性 (2)无形性 (3)不可转移性 (4)时间性 (5)生产与消费的同步性5.国际旅游客流具有哪些流动特点或规律?(1)在全世界国际旅游中，近距离的出国旅游，特别是前往邻国的国际旅游，一直占据绝大比重 (2)在流动态势的分布上，特别是就远程国际旅游而言，从50年代至今，欧、美一直是世界上最重要的国际旅游客源地和目的地，并且这两个地区互为重要客源地和目的地(或就远程国际旅游而言，其主要客流发生于欧洲、美洲、东亚和太平洋地区这三者之间) (3)随着亚太地区社会经济的不断发展，该地区在世界国际旅游中的地位(无论是从客源产生量还是从接待来访人次上看)迅速提高五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)1.试述交通技术的进步对旅游业的影响。1.第三次社会大分工后，商人凭借原始、简单的畜力交通工具开创了旅行的通路。 十八世纪末，蒸汽技术的发明和运用，使大规模、远距离的人员流动变成可能，1841年，英国人托马斯库克利用包租火车的方式组织了一次从莱斯特前往洛赫伯勒的团体旅游，这标志着近代旅游及旅游业的开端。 十九世纪末，内燃机的问世，使汽车的结构和速度产生了革命性的进展，还促成了飞机的发明，极大地提高了旅行的速度，促进了近代旅游的发展。 二战以后，喷气推进技术在民航中的应用，标志着现代旅游的产生。 展望未来，航天技术的民用，将使人类在太空旅行梦想成真。 因此，旅游业从发端到壮大的每一阶段的发展，交通技术进步起到了重大的推动作用。组织和表达2.试结合旅游发展实际，论述旅游对东道社会的影响。 2.积极影响： (1)旅游是积极的人民外交活动，因而有助于增进国际间的相互了解 (2)促进民族文化的保护和发展 (3)推动科学技术的交流和发展 (4)促进环境保护工作和生活设施的改善 消极影响： (1)环境污染 (2)对社会生活的消极影响 (3)具体论述旅游概论试题(本卷满分100分，时间为90分)一、名词解释：（54=20分）1、旅游：2、旅行社：3、旅游资源：4、旅游市场：5、旅游业：二、填空题（130=30分）1、旅游概论是以( )作为特定的研究领域，以( )过程中特有的矛盾及其发展变化规律作为主要研究对象的。2、旅游在本质上是以获得人身的( )、精神上的( )和特定需求( )为目的的一种特殊生活经历。3、近代旅游创始人托马斯库克于( )年举办世界上第一次团体包价旅游；于( )年开办旅游代理业务；于( )年正式成立托马斯库克父子旅游公司。4、随着经济发展和人民生活水平的提高，我国旅游业已经发展到( )旅游、( ) 旅游和 ( )旅游三者共同发展阶段。5、构成旅游活动的基本要求是( ) 、( )、( )。6、旅游者必须具备许多条件，而起决定性作用的条件可归纳为( )和( )。7、人们对旅游的各种意义所取得的共识，是因为他们大都反映了旅游活动的异地性、( ) 性和( )性。8、旅游资源作为旅游活动的客体，作为旅游者进行实地观察的对象，共同特点是( )性、( ) 性、( )性。9、旅游产品的特性是连续性、( )性、( )性、( )性。10、从客观上划分，根据国际旅游者产生的地理区域划分，可把世界划分为七大旅游市场( )、( )、( )、( )、( )、( )、( ) 。三、单项选择 请选出最恰当的一项（101=10分） 1、旅游活动的媒介是（ ）。a、旅游资源 b、旅游交通 c、旅游宣传 d、旅游业2、春秋时代，孔子带领几十个弟子周游列国，这属于中国古代旅游形式中的（ ）a、帝王巡游 b、政治旅行 c、士人漫游 d、学术考查3、1927年中国当代最早的旅游组织中国旅行社，其创始人是（ ）a、陈光甫 b、黄光培 c、柳亚子 d、章士钊4、早在商代就已经设立，古代中国最早的住宿设施是（ ）a、馆 b、驿站 c、亭 d、邮5、世界上最大的旅游地点为：（ ）a、美洲 b、非洲 c、中东 d、欧洲6、在我国涉外饭店星级评定工作中，三星级饭店的评定是由：（ ）a、各省、自治区和直辖市旅游局评定 b、国家旅游局星级评定机构评定c、省市旅游局或国家旅游局评定认可 d、由省市旅游局初评后，报国家旅游局确定7、按饭店规模大小划分，在我国有500间客房的饭店属于（ ）型饭店。a、小 b、大 c、中 d、微8、不是旅游基本属性的选项是（ ）a、文化属性 b、经济属性 c、消费属性 d、政治属性9、不属于旅游职能作用的是（ ）a、宣传招徕旅游者 b、生产、销售旅游产品c、提供法律或医疗援助 d、组织协调旅游活动10、以追求健康，娱乐为目的的人士为接待对象的饭店属于（ ）型饭店。a、商业 b、度假疗养 c、观光 d、公务四、简答题：（53=15分） 1、旅游资源有哪几种类型？2、影响客源消长的主要因素有哪些？3、旅游饭店的作用是什么？五、论述题（15分） 结合所学常识论述国际旅游业的发展趋势。旅游概论试题参考答案一、名词解释：（45；共20分）1、是人们为寻求精神上的愉快感受而进行的非定居性旅行和游览过程中所发生的一切关系和现象。2、是指有营利目的的从事旅游业务的企业。3、是指足以吸引旅游者亲临其境的自然和人文的因素总和。4、在旅游产品交换过程中所反映的各种经济行为和经济关系的总和。5、是一个以旅游资源为依据，以旅游设施为条件，以出售劳务为特征的经济性产业。二、填空题（每题1分；共30分）1、旅行游览活动、旅行游览活动 2、自由、解放、满足 3、1841、1845、18644、国内、入境、出境 5、旅游者、旅游资源、旅游业 6、个人条件和社会条件7、审美、流动 8、吸引、变化、垄断 9、租借、时效、无形感受 10、欧洲、美洲、东亚、太平洋、非洲、中东、南亚三、单项选择：（110；共10分）1-5：d b a b d 6-10：a c d c b四、问答题：（每题10分；共30分）1、答案要点：旅游资源多种多样，就其存在的原因和实际属性来划分，可分为自然旅游资源和人文旅游资源两大类型。自然旅游资源包括名山大川、森林瀑布、奇岩怪石、云海雪景等；人文旅游资源可分为历史遗存和时代建设风貌。2、答案要点：人口结构因素；金钱时间因素；社会政治因素；人文地缘因素；通货膨胀率因素；接待国之间的竞争因素。3、答案要点：旅游饭店是旅游业发展的重要物质基础；是旅游创收的重要基地；是提供就业的重要部门；旅游饭店集团是世界饭店业的发展趋于成熟的重要标志。五、论述题（10分）答案要点国际旅游业发展方兴未艾，继续保持增长势头；国际旅游业仍以欧洲为主体，形成欧洲、东亚太和美洲地区三分天下的格局；在旅游需求上呈现多样化、个性化和追求参与性的趋势；在旅游方式上散客旅游将成潮流，团体包价旅游仍占一定市场；市场竞争国际化，国际旅游贸易趋于自由化。请您删除一下内容，o(_)o谢谢！2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. it is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. the enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. when a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the effector cell which the nerve activates. this may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and non-nerve cells. this process is termed chemical neurotransmission and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the german pharmacologist loewi in 1921. chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as cholinergic. acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. at this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor end plate. on release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. this is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a command is required. the action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. the choline is then available for re-uptake into the nerve terminal. these same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. in the autonomic nervous system these include nerve-to-nerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells; in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. to understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. in post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. these are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. it is the complex of receptor combined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. the type in skeletal muscle is known as nicotinic; in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are muscarinic; and there are some of each type in the brain. these terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. in the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. in the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme a through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and becomes packaged into membrane-boundvesicles. after the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into thesynaptic cleft. for the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate areceptorprotein. there are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resulting indepolarizationof the neuron. muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. for a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. this will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low. low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. this enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. if acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. if this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with alzheimers disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in new york city during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in american art in the following decade; also called action painting and the new york school. it was the first important school in american painting to declare its independence from european styles and to influence the development of art abroad. arshile gorky first gave impetus to the movement. his paintings, derived at first from the art of picasso, mir, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. jackson pollocks turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. willem de koonings first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. his intensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. painters such as philip guston and franz kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original stylesthe former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. other important artists involved with the movement included hans hofmann, robert motherwell, and mark rothko; among other major abstract expressionists were such painters as clyfford still, theodoros stamos, adolph gottlieb, helen frankenthaler, lee krasner, and esteban vicente. abstract expressionism presented a broad range of stylistic diversity within its largely, though not exclusively, nonrepresentational framework. for example, the expressive violence and activity in paintings by de kooning or pollock marked the opposite end of the pole from the simple, quiescent images of mark rothko. basic to most abstract expressionist painting were the attention paid to surface qualities, i.e., qualities of brushstroke and texture; the use of huge canvases; the adoption of an approach to space in which all parts of the canvas played an equally vital role in the total work; the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting; the glorification of the act of painting itself as a means of visual communication; and the attempt to transfer pure emotion directly onto the canvas. the movement had an inestimable influence on the many varieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and materials. its essential energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the american art scene. science and technology is quite a broad category, and it covers everything from studying the stars and the planets to studying molecules and viruses. beginning with the greeks and hipparchus, continuing through ptolemy, copernicus and galileo, and today with our work on the international space station, man continues to learn more and more about the heavens. from here, we look inward to biochemistry and biology. to truly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen bystudying the chemistry of biological processes. this science, along with biophysics, aims to bring a better understanding of how bodies work from how we turn food into energy to how nerve impulses transmit.analytic geometry, branch ofgeometryin which points are represented with respect to a coordinate system, such ascartesian coordinates, and in which the approach to geometric problems is primarily algebraic. its most common application is in the representation of equations involving two or three variables as curves in two or three dimensions or surfaces in three dimensions. for example, the linear equationax+by+c=0 represents a straight line in thexy-plane, and the linear equationax+by+cz+d=0 represents a plane in space, wherea, b, c,anddare constant numbers (coefficients). in this way a geometric problem can be translated into an algebraic problem and the methods of algebra brought to bear on its solution. conversely, the solution of a problem in algebra, such as finding the roots of an equation or system of equations, can be estimated or sometimes given exactly by geometric means, e.g., plotting curves and surfaces and determining points of intersection.in plane analytic geometry a line is frequently described in terms of its slope, which expresses its inclination to the coordinate axes; technically, the slopemof a straight line is the (trigonometric) tangent of the angle it makes with thex-axis. if the line is parallel to thex-axis, its slope is zero. two or more lines with equal slopes are parallel to one another. in general, the slope of the line through the points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is given bym= (y2-y1) / (x2-x1). the conic sections are treated in analytic geometry as the curves corresponding to the general quadratic equationax2+bxy+cy2+dx+ey+f=0, wherea, b, fare constants anda, b,andcare not all zero. in solid analytic geometry the orientation of a straight line is given not by one slope but by its direction cosines, , , and , the cosines of the angles the line makes with thex-, y-,andz-axes, respectively; these satisfy the relationship 2+2+2= 1. in the same way that the conic sections are studied in two dimensions, the 17 quadric surfaces, e.g., the ellipsoid, paraboloid, and elliptic paraboloid, are studied in solid analytic geometry in terms of the general equationax2+by2+cz2+dxy+exz+fyz+px+qy+rz+s=0. the methods of analytic geometry have been generalized to four or more dimensions and have been combined with other branches of geometry. analytic geometry was introduced by rendescartesin 1637 and was of fundamental importance in the development of thecalculusby sir isaac newton and g. w. leibniz in t