高考复习专题讲座—写作.ppt

高考复习专题讲座 写作 2005.4.20 How to get high marks in writing in limited time ? 背一些动宾词组和常用句型背一些精美原 文或是写作范文。文章宜短小精悍，语言 地道。坚持每日大声朗读和背诵。头脑中 储存了十几篇或几十篇文章，写作时就不 会因头脑空空而发愁了，背诵不仅能提高 考生的写作能力，也能帮助考生形成语感 。对单项填空和完型填空都有很大的带动 作用。所以在最后的一个月里切不可不读 不背，只做题。扫除阅读障碍是关键 教师的建议 英语作文高分奥秘 获取高分的作文主要在于： 一、紧扣主题突出重点 二、表达正确文字流畅 三、。结构规范时态无误 四、单词、标点无误 书面表达题旨在测试考生的英语表达能力，看其 是否能够运用学过的英语知识和掌握的技能进行 思想交流。从历年高考试卷来看，书面表达是指 导性写作，即按照题目所给的目的、时间、对象 、地点、内容、长度等条件去完成写作。它不同 于命题作文，可以随意发挥；也不是简单的句子 翻译。必须做到行文切题，紧扣中心思想，不漏 要点，并且意思连贯，文理通顺，语言准确、得 当。 应试技巧点拨 1.首先要认真审题。读懂题目所给信息，初步确 定要点内容，并可用序号标出以免遗忘。 2.列题纲使用要点条理化，序化，统筹安排布局 。 3.勿要直译，需意译。尤其对看图情景作文要构建 完整故事结构，不可逐句罗列了事。 4.要刻意把好语言关。要用自己最熟悉的句型结构 和词语，力求文理通顺，语言准确。没有把握的 词句不要写，确有把握的的可以锦上添花。 5.遇到一时想不起的词语，需变通。可以用同义近 义词代替，也可以用否定词加反义词来表达，亦可 变换句式。不可钻牛角尖，更不能生造词语，汉化 表达。 6.注意文章的长度。看具体内容而定，如果内容多 应多用复杂句式，如果内容不多，为了达到词的限 数应多用简单句式，并适当增补合理内容。 7.注意保持卷面整洁，书写工整清楚，书写的好坏会直 接影响阅卷老师的情绪。 8.最后应注意复查全文。看内容要点有无遗漏，标 点、格式、大小写是否规范，是否有语病等。 假设你是李华，在一所中学读 书。最近收到美国朋友Smith先生的 来信.他三 年前参观过你校,听说现 在变化很大，希望了解有关情况。 参照下图，给他写封回信，介绍你 校的变化。 注意 ：1，回信须包括图画的主要 内容，可适当增减细节，使内容连 贯。 2，词数100左右。 书书 面面 表表 达达 三年前三年前现在现在 原操场 新操场 旧教学楼 旧教学楼 图书馆 新教学楼 Dear Mr Smith Im very happy to hear from your letter ，Lets tell you the new school. Our school happened great change. An new labrary build in the three years ago.A new classroom building was built at other side of road. Our new playgroud out the school. At last we planted many trees. That all, thank you. 8 高考书面表达评分原则 第二挡（较差）（6-10分） 未恰当完成试题规定的任务 * 漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容 * 语法结构单调，词汇项目有限 * 有语法或词汇错误，影响了对内容的理解 * 较少使用语句间的连接词，内 容缺少连贯性， 8 三年前三年前现在现在 原操场 新操场 旧教学楼 旧教学楼 图书馆 新教学楼 1 . Whats the form of your writing?1 . Whats the form of your writing? 自己的地址 日期 对方的地址 称呼 正文 签名 称呼 正文 签名 三年前三年前现在现在 原操场 新操场 旧教学楼 旧教学楼 图书馆 新教学楼 3, What are the major contents?3, What are the major contents? 2. Whats the main tense ?2. Whats the main tense ? 此封信所涉及到的 一般过去时 一般现在时 现在完成时 被动语态 主要时态： 主要内容 新旧操场的位置 新教学楼的位置 新图书馆的位置 树 三年前三年前现在现在 原操场 新操场 旧教学楼 旧教学楼 图书馆 新教学楼 4 . Whatre the phrases On the other side,where the playground used to be, stands another new building-our library. The playground is now in front of the school .We have also planted a lot of trees in and round the school. I hope that you will be able to return and see the changes for yourself someday. Best wishes, 高考书面表达评分原则 第五挡（好）（21-25 分） 完全完成了试题规定的任务 * 覆盖所有主要内容 * 语法结构和词汇能满足任务要求 * 语法或词汇应用基本准确，有些许错误但主 要是尝试较复杂语法结构或词汇所致， * 应用简单的语句间的连接词， 使全文紧凑， 22 Dear Smith Li Hua Yours 22 I was so pleased to hear from you and am writing to tell you something about my school. Youre right. Quite a few changes have taken place here . On one side of the road is a new teaching building; On the other side,where the playground used to be, stands another new building-our library. The playground is now in front of the school .We have also planted a lot of trees in and round the school. I hope that you will be able to return and see the changes for yourself someday. Best wishes, 精精 确确 词词 的的 使使 用用 范范 例例 1. He will be arriving soon . 1. He will be arriving soon . He will be arriving He will be arriving prettypretty soon . soon . 2. They poured the waste water into the 2. They poured the waste water into the river .river . They poured the waste water They poured the waste water directlydirectly into the river . into the river . 3. He got angry .3. He got angry . He got He got a little bita little bit angry . angry . 4. I dont understand . 4. I dont understand . I dont I dont quitequite understand . understand . 高高 级级 词词 的的 使使 用用 范范 例例 1. If you have any problems , 1. If you have any problems , you can you can shout outshout out . . If you have any problems , If you have any problems , just yelljust yell . . 2. They planted trees 2. They planted trees around the schoolaround the school . . They planted trees They planted trees throughout the throughout the campuscampus . . 3. The police 3. The police treatedtreated the whites the whites better better thanthan the blacks. the blacks. The police The police favoredfavored the white the white overover the the black.black. 4. “What are they doing ?” he 4. “What are they doing ?” he thoughtthought . . “What are they doing ?” he “What are they doing ?” he figured figured . . Dear Smith Li Hua Yours 24 I was so pleased to hear from you and am writing to tell you something about my school. Youre right. Remarkable changes have taken place since you last visited. On one side of the road is a new classroom building; On the other side ,where the track used to be, stands another new building-our library. The playground is located right in front of the school . In addition , we have planted a lot of trees in and round the school. I hope that you will be able to return and see the changes for yourself someday. Best wishes, 24 高考书面表达评分原则 第五挡（很好）（21-25 分） 完全完成了试题规定的任务 * 覆盖所有主要内容 * 应用了较多语法结构和词汇 * 语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误。但为尽 量使用较复杂结构或高级词汇所致；具 有较强的语言应用能力 * 有效地使用了语句间的连接成分， 使全文紧凑，完全达到 了预期的写作目的 高考书面表达评分原则 * 词数少于80，从总分 中减去2分。 * 如书写较差，以至影响交际，将 分数降低一个档次。 25 英语作文的基本框架 1 主题句.（topic sentence）是表达段落 主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全 段其他文字都围绕它展开。请看下例： My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Dont argue. 主题句中提出的 “certain rules” 指的是什么？展开句中通 过四个 “Dont argue -” 逐一加以交代。从结构来看，这是一个 比较典型的主题段落，它包括了主题句，推展句和结论句（即 本段中的末句）。 主题句的位置 主题句通常放在段落的开端，其特点是开门见 山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文 章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把 握主题和想象全段的内容。例: Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages, on farms and in factories, machines have made life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods - everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell. 这段文字所讲的主要是能源问题。第一句就概括性地提出“我们 目前的生活很大程度上依赖于能源”。而随后出现的三句都是具 体事例，对第一句进行说明和论述。我们可以断定第一句为该段 的主题句（斜体部分）。 2. 推展句 推展句(supporting statement)的主要特点是：围 绕段落主题句展开的每一个推展句本身都不要求作进 一步的说明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立又 是互相连接的。 例1：(主题句) There are several factors affecting climate. (推 展句1)One factor is the mount of sunlight received. (推展句 2)Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. (推展句3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land. (推展句4)In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere. 主题句指出影响气候的几个因素。然后用四个扩展句说明 四种因素。第一种是太阳光的接收量，第二种是海拔高度，第 三句和第四句分别是海洋和大气环流因素。 写好推展句的方法 主题句及关键词确定后，开始选择和主题有关的信息和素 材。实质上，针对关键词测试每一个所选择的素材就是一个分 类的过程。有一种常用的方法就是句子展开前加以设问，然后 解答，即设问解答(why-because)的方法。下面我们通过举 例来看一看这种分类过程是如何完成的。例： 假设 (suppose) Topic sentence: English is an international language? 设问(why) Why can we say English is an international language? 解答(because) Because: English is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. Because: Over 70 percent of the worlds mail is written in English. Because: More than 60 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English. Because: Pakistan was once one of the British colonies. Because: Many members of the International Language Society are selected from English-spoken countries. 从上面可以看出，最初的三个推展句是和关键词an international language一致的。第四句和主题句不统一，尽管 第四句会成为另一主题句(Many Pakistanis speak English)很好 的推展句。第五句说服力不强。 当然，在写成段落时，没有必要在每个句子开头写上 “because“，但是，在动笔展开句子时，头脑里要想着这个词， 这种检验方法能帮助你把注意力集中在某个重心，围绕主题思 想层层展开。 3.结尾 (Conclusion) 我们知道文章的开头很重要，因为好的开头可以吸引读者、抓 住读者的注意力。同样，文章的结尾也很重要，好的结尾会使 读者对全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象，可以增添文章的效果 和说服力，让人深思，回味无穷。确切地说，结尾的作用就是 概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使读者加 深印象；有时也用于展望未来，提出今后方向或令人深思的问 题给读者留下回味和思考的余地。 1重复中心思想: 回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上， 达到再次肯定和强调的效果。 (例1)A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make it worth living. (例2)With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever. 2作出结论: 文章最后用几句话概括全文内容，并 进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。 (例1)In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job. (例2)On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attitude toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it. 3应用引语: 用格言、谚语或习语总结全文，既言简意赅又有 更强的说服力。 (例1)If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to permanent success. Remember the famous saying. “God helps those who help themselves.“ (例2)If we stick to studies day after day, there is nothing that cant be achieved. As an old saying goes: “Constant dropping of water wears away a stone.“ 4用反问结尾: 虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，具有 明显的强调作用，引起读者思考。 (例1)Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication, why should we not develop this ability as far as possible? (例2)So，what can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health? 5提出展望或期望: 表示对将来的展望或期待读者投 入行动。 (例1)I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world the language is sure to be spread world widely. (例2) If everyone has developed good manners, people will form a more harmonious relation. If everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics people will live in a better world. With the general mood of society improved, there will be a progress of civilization. 高分作文的标准 首先，一个篇短作文必须有一个中心即主题思想，整 个段落必须紧扣这个主题(stick or hold to the topic)， 这就是文章的统一性(unity)。其次，一个主题必须有若 干推展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一 个完整的感觉，这就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者，一篇文章不是杂乱无章的，而 是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一 个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅(smooth)，这就 是连贯性(coherence)。 常用结构/连接词 倒装句 , 强调句, 感叹句 主从复合句 复合宾语形式 非谓语形式 用 so that 用 with + O. + O.C. 用比较级形式代替最高级 用虚拟语气表达真实意思 用 at the news 代替 when he heard the news 用 on her arrival 代替 when she arrived 用 the moment 代替 as soon as 高考作文的评分标准 （内容分，语言分，组织结构分 ，共计分） w内容要求： A档 分 重点明确，内容充实 B档 分重点明确，内容较充实 C档 分重点明确，但内容单薄 D档 分重点不明确，内容松散 E 档 分严重离题 高考作文的评分标准 语言要求： ） 语言表达正确，文字流畅（分 ） ） 语法，措词等错误，每处扣分，同 一错误不重复扣分 ） 单词拼写，标点，大小写等错误，每 处扣分，同一错误不重复扣分 ） 每句扣分不超过分 ）语言分最多扣分 高考作文的评分标准 组织结构要求： 凡内容和语言两部分得分超过分，词数超过 个，并符合下列条件者可加分 ）凡全文的措词，句子结构，上下文连贯性等方 面比较出色者，可酌情加分 ）凡内容充实，语言正确，用词贴切的优秀作文 ，可加分 词数要求：不足个酌情扣分，少于 个，总分得分最多不超过分 Passage 1 Today Miss Wang asked me to be in charge of the wall newspaper of our class. I was so glad at that. But now I dont know whether I should accept the demand or not. Though in Class 4 for nearly 2 years, I have hardly done anything for it. I think it will be a good opportunity to devote my efforts to the class if I take the job. On the other hand, I am good at drawing. The job will also provide me with a good chance to show my talent. However, I know that taking the job means having less time to relax and study. Perhaps it will affect my studies. Perhaps. No! No! No! I should believe my ability. I can get everything arranged well: relaxing, study, wall newspaper. It will be an hour for me to do something for my class. I want to be a person who is glad to challenge himself. Now, Ive decided. Ill accept the job. Ill tell my decision to Miss Wang tomorrow. 此篇作文能根据写作要求，在日记中写出老师征求你的意见 ，自己当时的想法，后来的矛盾心情，及最后的决定，读来 亲切感人。此文内容充实，详略得当，语言流畅。虽然有些 语法错误，但整体结构合理，句型较多样，词汇较丰富。固 列为A档作文。 Passage 2 Today. I was required to be in charge of the class wall newspaper. I thought it for a while and then decided to take the job. Since the wall newspaper will be seen everyday. Its form and contain are the most important. I think we cant use only words. Some beautiful pictures are necessary. There should be some big items on it, and behind it there can be our opinion about it. And we can give little common knowledge of all kinds of subjects and one or two jokes, all these makes it wonderful. Then I think every student in the class may do the work together. Some have good hand writing while others draw well. Every week we change it for a new one, a new tipic. And I think, if everyone can take part in the job. Our wall newspaper will be the best one. 此文基本上能根据写作题要求，将应该表达的内容写出来 ，语言较流畅。虽然有些语法和标点及拼写错误，但基本 不影响理解。能使用简单的连接词进行段落间的连贯。固 此文列入B档。 Passage 3 Today teacher asked me to see to the wall newspaper. I was so happy. And I want to accept the task. And why? There are some reasons that can explain it. And the important ones as follows. First of all, I was proud of seeing to the wall newspaper. Whats more, wall newspaper is the window of my class. Its a difficult job. But I have the ability to do it. Why I give up? Last but not least, Im good at painting. And my words is beautiful. And other students thought that I can do my best of it. In a whole, I”ll accept this task. (107 words) 透视五年上海高考英语 作文试题 记叙文的写作 Write an English composition about 100 to 120 words, according to the situation given in Chinese. w我最难忘的一课 w具体说明为何难忘 w感想 （年上海高考题） In my school life, I have attended many classes. But the most unforgettable lesson I have ever had is an English lesson when I was at Grade Two. It is the teachers way of teaching that I always remember. On the day, we took out our English books and waited for our English as usual. But to our surprise, she entered the classroom without the English book, but a radio and some paper instead. She gave out the paper and told us that we would learn an English song and she asked us fill in the blanks in the paper while we listened to the song. How wonderful! It was the first time that we had had such a text. We were very excited and listened to the song very carefully. What surprised us most was that we could memorize the words more quickly than ever before. I like the lesson. This new method of teaching makes it easy for us to learn English words. It can also develop our interest in English. I will never forget my lesson. SIMILAR TOPICS wAn unforgettable test wAn unforgettable person wA happy journey wGreat changes on the campus/ in Shanghai/ in my neighbourhood wA class meeting before graduation wMy favourite TV programs wGrowing pains 提示作文的写作 根据提示用英语写出一段词 的短文 w一些学生认为学英语很重要 w一些学生认为不必学英语 w我认为（观点，理由） （年上海高考题） Peoples views on learning English vary from person to person. Some think in todays world we need to make frequent contacts with different people in different parts of the world, so it is absolutely necessary to learn English. Others consider English useless. They feel learning English is nothing but a burden. But I regard English as one of the most important subjects. Of all the subjects I like English best. There are several reasons why I like English best. Firstly, English is one of the most widely used languages in the world. Nearly all information on the Internet and over half of the worlds technical materials are in English. Therefore, a good command of English will greatly benefit me in my work. Secondly, as the world becomes more and more globalized, we need to learn modern technology in order to catch up with developed countries. A solid foundation of English means chances and opportunities. In the competition for a well-paid job, the one who can speak fluent English has an advantage over those who cannot. For all these reasons we should not only learn English but master it in the shortest time possible. SIMILAR TOPICS wStudying abroad wNecessity for examinations wMy view on mixed-ability teaching wShould a student own a mobile phone? wStudents doing part-time jobs? wThe advantages and disadvantages of private tutoring wMy view on school uniforms wStudents doing cosmetic surgery? wMy view on raising pets wHow to spend a weekend? wThe Teacher-student relationship wShould private cars be encouraged in China? 看图作文的写作 Write an English composition in over 120 words on the picture and instructions given (2002上海高考题） Due to the one-child policy in China, most families have only one child and therefore this child is regarded as the treasure of the whole family. Both the parents and grandparents usually over-indulge the child. We can see in the picture, when a child is learning to ride bicycle, the parents and grandparents are sweating from running alongside the bike and are trying their best to protect the child; for fear that she should fall and hurt herself. We all know the greatest glory consists not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall. So I think, for the parents, they should be aware of the negative effect too much pampering has on their child. Under the parents protection, the children know only comfort and ease. If they dont learn how to live independently, how can they cope with the adversities which they will meet with in the future? For the children, they should let their parents know that they have confidence in themselves and are able to exist in the competitive community without the constant watchful eye of an eager parent. The path to success is filled with various kinds of difficulties and obstacles. Only when we have learned to stand on our own two feet, can we survive in the 21st century. SIMILAR TOPICS wA video game trap wHow to spend holidays wTraffic rules are the friends of our lives 材料的来源：报纸，杂志,漫画书上的comics 图表作文的写作 根据所给图表，简要 描述某城市试题近 年每百人机用户的 增长情况，并试分 析其增长的原因 （年上海 春考） The chart above indicates that the number of mobile phones has increased in the city in recent years. Between 1995 and 1999 the number of mobile phone users increased by 10 percent each year. In 2001, the number almost doubled. It is predicated that the number will skyrocket in the years to come. The reason for the increase can be various. First a mobile phone is convenient for people especially business people. Because of its small size, light weight and portability, you neednt go t