英汉翻译实用教程第13讲汉语特殊句型的翻译.ppt

英汉翻译实用教程第十三讲 汉语特殊句型的翻译 13.1 汉语“是字句”的翻译 “是”字句在汉语中占有相当的比例，但并 非所有的”是”都是判定词，因此不能机械 地用英语的连系动词be来翻译，必须结 合语境含义译之。汉语中的”是”可表示等 同、类属、特征、存在等意义；”是 的”含有被动意义；与”才”、”就”、”正”等 连用表示强调；”是”还可以表示一种直观 表象或结果。 DateDate 1 1 1、译为英语连系动词 be 1）改革是振兴中国的唯一出路，是人心所 向，大势所趋，不可逆转。 Reform is the only process through which China can be revitalized，a process which is irreversible and which accords with the will of the people and the general trend of events. DateDate 2 2 2）那年月，有钱人是天天过年。 In those years，the rich peoples extravagance was such that every day was a Spring Festival. 3）是党和政府的正确方针和政策，促进了广大农 村的经济繁荣。 It is the correct principles and policies of our Party and Government that have promoted the economic prosperity of Chinas vast rural areas 。 DateDate 3 3 2、省略”是”字 1）武汉是长江中下游地区的特大城市，是 湖北省的政治、经济、文化、科技中心。 Wuhan，a metropolis situated in the middle reaches of the Changjiang River， is the political，economic，cultural， scientific and technological center of Hubei Province。 （译文利用同位语，将第一个”是”省略） DateDate 4 4 2）中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，社会生产力 水平总的还比较低。 As the largest developing country in the world China has a relatively low level of productive forces on the whole。 3）工业企业效益差是当前许多矛盾的症结所在。 All the contradictions existing in industrial enterprises today boil down to scanty economic returns。 DateDate 5 5 3、译为被动语态 1）革命者是杀不完的。 Revolutionaries can never be wiped out。 2）这双皮鞋是定做的。 This pair of leather shoes are custom- made。 3）这种装置在机械表制造工业中是很需要 的。This kind of device is much needed in the mechanical watch-making industry。 DateDate 6 6 4、根据”是”的实际意义翻译 1）创新是一个民族进步的灵魂。Innovation sustains the progress of a nation。 2）这是大势所趋，人心所向。 This represents the general trend of development and the common aspiration of the people. 3）澳门问题的圆满解决，是中葡两国关系史上的一个重 要里程碑。 The successful settlement of the Macao question marks an important milestone in the annals of Sino-Portuguese relation. 4）这个增长速度是指导性的，是就全国来说的。 This growth rate serves as a guide which applies to the country as a whole。 DateDate 7 7 5）译为but it is（was） 这个故事好是好，就是长了点。 It is a good story all right，but its a bit too long. DateDate 8 8 6）用there be结构翻译表示”凡是”的”是”字 是重活，他都抢着干。 Whenever theres a tough job，he is always the first to do it. DateDate 9 9 13.2 得”字句的翻译 汉语结构助词”得”一般用在动词或形容词之 后，连接补语成分，表示能力、可能性、 结果、程度等。汉语的”得”字，可根据其语 法功能，利用英语的词法或句法手段翻译 。 DateDate1010 13.2.1 表示能力或可能性的“得”字句 表示能力或可能性的“得”字句的英译处 理比较简单，基本上可以采用下列四种途 径： DateDate1111 1、用情态助动词翻译”得”字 英语的情态助动词can，could，be able to可以表示 能力；may，might，can，could表示可能性，因此 可以利用它们来翻译表示能力或可能性的”得”字。例 如： 1）她的英语讲得好。 She can speak English well. 2）你干得了这件事吗？ Can you do it？ 3）这东西晒得晒不得？ Can we dry it in the sun or not? DateDate1212 4）这房子太贵了，但我还是买得起的。 The house is too expensive, but I still can afford it. 5）你到底拿得动还是拿不动？ Can you carry this or not? 6）这件大衣，我想今年冬天还是能应付得过去。 I think I can make do with this coat for the winter. DateDate1313 2、用词法手段翻译”得”字 英语的后缀ible，able构成的词语可以表示能 力或可能性，因此也可利用这类词翻译”得”字。 例如： 1）有些星星肉眼都看得很清楚。 Some stars are quite visible to the unaided eye. 2）这个人靠得住吗？ Is the man reliable？ 3）这个道理讲得通。 The reason is acceptable. DateDate1414 4）这种蘑菇吃得。 Mushrooms of this kind are edible. 5）他的字还过得去。 His handwriting is presentable. 6）房东太太毛病虽多，我还是忍得了。 The landlady is tolerable despite her many shortcomings. 7）他说得天花乱坠，其他人也觉得计划行得通。 He shot his mouth off, and the other people also took it for granted that the plan was workable. DateDate1515 3、采用英语短语“to be able to”和“to be capable of” 1）他看得出两者的差别。 He was able to see the difference between the two. 2）他们什么事情都干得出来。 They are capable of anything. 3）他能担得起大事情。 He is capable of great things. DateDate1616 4、采用其他情态动词或转换成祈使句 1）这件事放松不得。 This matter must be paid close attention to. 2）要取得成绩，就得努力学习。 One must study hard to achieve good results. 3）蓝子里有鸡蛋，压不得。 There are eggs in the basket. Dont press it. 4）这太贵了，买不得。 Its sunlight robbery. Dont buy it. DateDate1717 13.2.2表示程度或结果的“得”字句 表示程度或结果的“得”字句的英译处理就相 对要复杂一些，下面列举一些常见的处理 方法： DateDate1818 1、采用“sothat”, “soas to”, “suchthat”等结构 1）这孩子玩电子游戏机玩得心都野了。 The child is so crazy about electronic games that he just cant take his mind off them. 2）这件事愁得他夜不安枕。 He was so worried about it that he hardly slept a wink at night. 3）他酒喝得太多了，一下子就醉了。 He drank so much that he soon got drunk. DateDate1919 4）地板霉烂得有许多地方方不能再擦洗了 。 The floors were in so rotten a condition that many of them could not be scrubbed. 5）不要兴奋得忘乎所以。 Dont be so happy as to forget everything. 6）这个中年人壮实得像个小伙子似的。 The middle-aged man is so strong as to look like a young man. DateDate2020 7）差别大得人人都看得出来。 It is such a great difference that all will perceive it. 8）他们要好得难舍难分。 They are such close friends that they are almost inseparable. 9）天气闷热得大家喘不过气来。 It was such a hot and stuffy weather that people were out of breath. DateDate2121 2、采用“tooto”, “toofor”, “enoughto”, “enoughfor”等结构 1）这事挺重要，千万马虎不得。 This business is too important to be handled casually. 2）我详细地解释过，可他就是糊涂得不懂这个理儿 。 I have explained it in detail, but he is too stupid to understand such a truth. 3）这事他既已应允了，我也乐得顺水推舟。 He has already agreed to it, and I am only too glad to follow suit. DateDate2222 4）这广告吹得太玄，使人不免半信半疑。 The advertisement sounds too boastful to be convincing. 5）这篇文章写得太乱，不知所云。 This piece of writing is too confused to be intelligible. 6）她半信半疑地对自己说，声音低得差不多只有 他自己才听得见。 She said dubiously to herself, her voice too low for anyone else to hear. DateDate2323 7）这些工具旧得不能再用了。 These tools are too old for further use 8）这些苹果酸得不能吃。 These apples are too sour for eating. DateDate2424 9）准备几个菜招待一下也就过得去了。 It would be good enough to treat them to a few dishes. 10）他身体壮得可以干任何重活。 He is strong enough for any heavy work. DateDate2525 3、采用and连接的并列结构 1）他的歌声引起观众的哄笑，他便羞愧得 赶忙离开了比赛。 His singing made the audience burst out laughing. He felt ashamed and left the competition hurriedly. 2）大伙儿笑得我怪不好意思的。 Everybody laughed and I felt rather embarrassed. DateDate2626 4、采用“till (until)+状语从句”的结构 1）她把我招惹得要发疯了，她自己却若无其事的样子。 She provoked me till I felt quite frantic, yet she herself pretended to be indifferent and aloof. 2）他笑得肚子都疼了。 He laughed till his sides spilt. 3）这孩子跑得浑身是汗。 The boy ran here and there until he was wet with sweat. 4）这个孩子被打得青一块紫一块。 The boy was beaten until he was black and blue. DateDate2727 5、采用“连系动词或变得意义的动词+（副词）+形 容词表语”的结构 1）叫大家等这么久，我心里怎么过得去呢？ I am terribly sorry to have kept you all waiting for so long. 2）他也在会上发了言，不过话说得比较隐晦。 He, too, spoke up at the meeting , but his remarks were rather obscure. 3）蔚蓝色的天空把云朵般的降落伞映衬得分外鲜明 。 The cloud-like parachutes looked extremely beautiful against the blue sky. DateDate2828 4）看到儿子对这一问题无所谓的态度，他 突然变得严肃了。 Seeing his sons “devil-may-care” sort of attitude towards the problem, he suddenly fell grave. 5）自从战争结束之后，日子过得无忧无虑 。 Life has been free from anxieties ever since the end of the war. DateDate2929 6、采用“动词+后置状语”的结构 1）他不住校，却总是来得早，走得晚。 Though he was out a boarder, he always arrived early and left late. 2）经过两个星期的练习，她现在打字打得相当快 了。 After two weeks practice, she can type quite fast now. 3）风刮得很大，多穿点衣服保暖。 The wind is blowing hard. Put on more clothes to keep warm. DateDate3030 4）别看他们现在吵得厉害，用不了一会儿就和好了 。 They may be quarreling furiously with each other, but they will make up in no time. 5）他说得阴阳怪气的，肚子里不知画的是啥道理。 He spoke enigmatically. Nobody knew what he had up his sleeve. 6）她们正说笑得起劲，见来了客人，便立即哑口了 They were talking and laughing away but they stopped as soon as a visitor appeared. DateDate3131 7、采用“动词+名词/代词+副词”的结构 1）这病把人拖得要死不活的。 The illness has worn him out. 2）一把钥匙开一把锁，她最听你的，只有你去才 说得通。 A lock can be opened only by the right key. As she listens only to you, you are exactly the person to bring her round. 3）她声音很低，大字眼咬得很清楚。 Although in a low voice, she enunciated every word clearly. DateDate3232 4）母亲把她儿子的信握在她柔软的手里，握得很 紧。 The mother took her sons letter in her soft hand and held it tightly. 5）看问题要看得全面，不能以偏概全。 We should avoid a one-sided approach and look at problems all-sidedly. 6）人们说得绘声绘色，仿佛都亲自经历过一样。 People talked about it vividly, as if they had all experienced it themselves. DateDate3333 8、采用“动词+表示原因的介词短语”的结构 1）小孩疼得打哆嗦，但拒绝上床去躺一躺。 The child shivered with pain, but refused to go to bed. 2）气得他连声音都变了。 His voice changed with anger. 3）小时候看人家穿新衣服就眼馋得慌。 I always envied other children for their new clothes when I was a little child. DateDate3434 4）老师的话使我的心欢喜得砰砰直跳。 The teachers words made my heart leap with joy. 5）他饿得发昏。 He fainted from hunger. DateDate3535 9、采用“动词+名词+动词作补语”的结构 1）庄稼人恨不得把一分钱掰成两半使。 The peasants tried to make every cent do the work of two. 2）他的话说得使我想流泪。 What he said made me feel like weeping. 3）阳光把海水照得像镜子一般。 Sunshine made the sea gleam like satin. DateDate3636 10、采用“连系动词+介词短语”的结构 1）我们都忙得要死。 We are all up to our eyes in work. 2）春节期间拥政爱民的活动搞得热火朝天。 During the Spring Festival, activities of supporting the government and cherishing the people were in full swing. 3）我的心乱得厉害。 My mind is in a turmoil. 4）他俩并肩走着，但靠得并不很近。 They walked side by side, but kept at arms length. DateDate3737 11、采用“动词+名词”的结构 1）夕阳把湖水映得通红。 The setting sun crimsoned the lake. 2）这事弄得我实在受不了了。 I can not stand this any more. 3）她的精彩表演肯定压得住台。 Her excellent performance will surely delight the audience. 4）他把这事忘得一干二净。 He forgot all about this matter. 5）她长得跟她母亲一个样儿。 She takes after her mother. DateDate3838 12、采用“动词+形容词+名词+的结构 1）她的英语口语掌握得很熟练。 She has a perfect command of spoken English. 2）游客们玩得很开心。 The visitors had a wonderful time. 3）要把工作做得好一点。 You must do a better job. 4）我们事先做了充分准备，因此会议开得很成功。 The conference was a big success as a result of our meticulous preparations. DateDate3939 13、采用被动结构 1）这一整天把人忙得脚丫子朝天。 I have been rushed off my feet all day. 2）街上车水马龙，看得他眼花缭乱。 He was dazed by the sea of vehicles in the street. 3）院子每天头打扫得干干净净的。 The courtyard is swept clean every day. 4）他被打得遍体鳞伤。 He was beaten black and blue. 5）这件事情做得非常出色。 Its exceedingly well done. DateDate4040 14、省略”得”字。有时”得”字无需翻译，只 需翻译”得”字位于其中的短语即可。例如： 1）他们俩人很合得来。 Both of them got well along with each other. 2）学生们听课听得很入神。 The students listened to the lecture attentively. 3）你来得正是时候。 You came in the nick of time. DateDate4141 以上所述只是“得”字句的常见翻译方法，在 有些情况下，该句型的翻译要视英语习惯 表达方法而定。 看他嘴上说得娓娓动听，实际上包藏祸心 。 Despite his fine-sounding words, in actual fact, her harbors evil intentions at heart. DateDate4242 13.3 把”字句的翻译 汉语的“把”字句，在结构上用特殊介词“把” 字将宾语引出，放在谓语动词之前形成汉 语中一种特有的句型。“把”字句只用于主动 句，目的是将宾语提前以突出宾语，宾语 之后的主要动词必须是及物动词，并且不 能另有宾语（能带双宾语的动词除外）。 根据“把”字的意义、作用它可以有以下几种 类型的结构： DateDate4343 1、含有“处置”意义的“把”字句 首先，可以采用英语“动词+宾语+补语”这一 句型处理，最常用的是“to have somebody/something done” DateDate4444 1）如果他不规规矩矩，我就把他关在那个 房子里。 If he wont behave himself, Ill havehim locked up in the room. 2）他每天把自己关在房子里看书。 He has himself confined in the room every day, reading books. 3）你最好在这个周末以前把我的自行车修 好。 You had better have my bicycle repaired by the end of this week. DateDate4545 其次，表示“处置”的“把”字句还可以采用英语中“动词+宾 语+状语”的结构来翻译。 4）为了实现武汉长远的战略目标，武汉市政府把科 技放在首要位置，以提高科技水平，加强经济力量。 To fulfill the long range strategic goal in the development of Wuhan, the municipal governmentputsscience and technology in the first place in order to raise the scientific level and strengthen the economic power. 5）她把信揉成一团，塞在口袋里。 She crumpled the letter into a ball and then threw it into his pocket. 6）电脑把统计人员从繁杂的运算中解脱出来。 Computer can free statisticians from complicated calculations. DateDate4646 有些句子还可以将“把”字省去，将宾语放回到动 词后面，转换成“动词+宾语”的结构。 7）房地产商人把沿海滩的空地全部抢购一 空。 The real estate men took up all the land available along the beach. 8）她又把他的糖抓走四块，还偷偷向他瞄 了一眼。 She gave him a surreptitious look as she took four more of his sweets. DateDate4747 2、带有双宾语的“把”字 汉语“把”字句中带双宾语的句型，通常是 将直接宾语提到“把”字后面动词的前面，译 成英语时通常要还原成“动词+间接宾语+直 接宾语”或者是“动词+直接宾语+to+间接宾 语”的结构，后者多半是因为间接宾语前有 修饰成分（通常是定语）。 DateDate4848 1)他动身去美国前，给美国的一位朋友拍了封电报，把 自己到达的时间告诉了他。 Before he left for the United States, he sent a telegram to a friend there, telling him the time of his arrival. 2）请把词典递给我。 Please pass me the dictionary. 3）做个顺水人情，把这些用不着的东西送人吧！ As it costs you nothing, do him a favor and give him all these things you have no use for. DateDate4949 4）我把我的自行车借给了他。 I lent him my bicycle. or I lent my bicycle to him. 5）他们把消息告诉了他们所有遇到的每一 个人。 They told the news to everybody they met. 6）我昨天把所有的照片都寄给她了。 I mailed all the photos to her yesterday. DateDate5050 3、含有“致使”意义的“把”字句 这种类型的“把”字句后面常接“累”、“忙” 、“气”、“急”、“吓”、“热”、“感动”等从词， 在翻译时通常被转化成英语中含有“致使”意 义的动词。 1）光线太暗，看书会把眼睛累坏的。 Itll strain your eyes to read in such dim light. DateDate5151 2）李向阳把日本鬼子吓得屁滚尿流。 Li Xiangyang frightened the pants off the Japanese invaders. 3）这天气把人热得坐不住。 The heat of weather makes one unable to sit still. DateDate5252 4、表示“把A当B”的“把”字句 该句型中的“当”可以表示“当做”、“作为”、“说成 ”、“看做”或“误做”等概念，在翻译的时候通常采 用英语的“动词+宾语+as (for)短语”的句型。 1）他一直把我当做知己。 He always regards me as his bosom friend. 2）我们应当把马列主义理论当做行动的指南。 We should regard Marxist theory as a guide to action. DateDate5353 3）她总把我们当做自家人。 She always considers us as the members of her family. 4）他们把我们当做贵宾来款待。 They treated us as distinguished guests. 5）他把我当成我的孪生兄弟了。 He mistook me for my twin brother. DateDate5454 2、译为被动句 1）他所做的一切把我感动得流下了眼泪。 I was moved to tears by what he had done. 2）把这些救灾物资送到洪灾区是当前的第一要务 。 It is currently the first and foremost thing that these disaster-relief supplies should be dispatched to the flood-stricken areas. 3）隆隆的大炮声把傀儡军吓坏了。 The puppet soldiers were frightened to death by the rumbling of cannons. DateDate5555 4）他的病还不见好转，真把我急死了。 He is getting no better. I am worried to death about him. 5）他的好意把我感动得流下了眼泪。 I was moved to tears by her kindness. 6）这一整天把人忙得脚丫子朝天。 Ive been rushed off my feet all day. 7）真把我饿死了。 Im nearly starved to death. 8）你开玩笑不要紧，可把她吓坏了。 Apparently, you were cracking a harmless joke, but she was terribly scared. DateDate5656 13.4 “搞”字句的翻译 ”搞”字在汉语里的流行之势，使有人发出”怎一个 搞字了得”的感叹。关于”搞”的妙用，作家孙绍振 说：“搞字的功能可分为两类：丑的则遮蔽，不丑 的则美化；可谓有美皆备，无丽不臻。”鉴于”搞” 在汉语中倍受青睐这一语言事实，其翻译就成为 绕不过去的问题。”搞”字意思之丰富，用得之活 ，不是汉语的”做”所能望其背项的，假如不考虑 风格和情感，倒有点像英语的do，几乎是个”万能 ”动词。”搞”字的翻译，应当具体问题具体分析， 弄清其在具体语境中的具体含义，然后再选择恰 当的词语译之。 DateDate5757 1、译为动词或动词短语 “搞”最常见的意义是”做”、”干”、”弄”、”从事”、”进行”等， 因此可用do，get，make，work，practise，engage in， go in for等来