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编号 毕业设计（论文）题目： 滚针轴承使用寿命的研究 信机 系 机械工程及自动化 专业学 号：学生姓名：指导教师： 本科毕业设计（论文）诚 信 承 诺 书本人郑重声明：所呈交的毕业设计（论文） 滚针轴承使用寿命研究 是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的成果，其内容除了在毕业设计（论文）中特别加以标注引用，表示致谢的内容外，本毕业设计（论文）不包含任何其他个人、集体已发表或撰写的成果作品。 班 级 学 号 作者姓名 信 机系 机械工程及自动化专业毕 业 设 计论 文 任 务 书一、题目及专题：1、题目滚针轴承使用寿命的研究 2、专题 二、课题来源及选题依据 滚针轴承是带圆柱滚子的滚子轴承，相对其直径，滚子既细又长。这种滚子称为滚针。尽管具有较小的截面，轴承仍具有较高的负荷承受能力，因此，特别适用于径向空间受限制的场合。根据使用场合不同，可选用无内圈的轴承或滚针和保持架组件，此时与轴承相配的轴颈表面和外壳孔表面直接作为轴承的内、外滚动表面，为保证载荷能力和运转性能与有套圈轴承相同，轴或外壳孔滚道表面的硬度，加工精度和表面质量应与轴承套圈的滚道相仿。此种轴承仅能承受径向载荷。 滚针轴承理论上的使用寿命是20000-80000小时，但是不规范的使用或者润滑往往加剧了滚针轴承的磨损，使滚针轴承过早的失效这里我们将通过CF10 BUURM轴承的设计与研究探索滚针轴承的使用寿命。 三、本设计（论文或其他）应达到的要求： 通过螺栓型滚针轴承CF10BUURM的设计探索尺寸对滚针轴承使用寿命的影响。 熟练掌握CNC数控仪表车的编程 。 熟练掌握切削尺寸，磨削尺寸的精度。 掌握保持器冲压模具的设计。 熟练掌握各个零件的加工工序、和工艺。 四、接受任务学生：五、开始及完成日期：自2012年11月12日 至2013年5月25日六、设计（论文）指导（或顾问）：指导教师 签名 签名 签名教研室主任签名 系主任 签名英文原文Basic Dynamic Load Rating and LifeLifeRolling bearings will suffer damage due to various causes during service. Damage such as abnormal wear, seizure, and cracks is caused by improper use, including incorrect mounting, lack of oil, dust intrusion and so on, and can be avoided by remedying these causes. However, bearings will eventually be damaged due to fatigue-flaking even if used properly. When a bearing rotates under load, the raceways and the rolling elements are subjected to repeated stress-es concentrated on the part close to the surface. Fatigue, therefore, occurs in the surface layer, producing damage in the form of scaling. This is called flaking (spalling). When this occurs, the bearing can no longer be used.Bearing LifeBearing life is defined as the total number of revolutions (or total service hours at a constant rotational speed) before a sign of the first flaking appears on the rolling surface of raceway or rolling elements. However, even when bearings of the same size, structure, material and heat treatment are subjected to the same conditions, the bearing lives will show variation. This results from the statistical nature of the fatigue phenomenon. In selecting a bearing, it is incorrect to take an aver-age life for all bearings as the design standard. It is more practical to consider a bearing life that is reliable for the greater proportion of bearings used. Therefore, the basic rating life defined in the following is used.Basic rating lifeThe basic rating life is defined as the total number of revolutions that 90% of a group of identical bearings can be operated individually under the same conditions free from any material damage caused by rolling fatigue. For rotation at a constant rotational speed, the basic rating life can be represented by the total service hours.Basic dynamic load ratingThe basic dynamic load rating is defined as the constant radial load (in the case of radial bearings) or the constant axial load acting along the bearing central axis (in the case of thrust bearings) that allows a basic rating life of 1,000,000 revolutionsIKO Cam Followers are bearings with a stud incorporating needle rollers in a thick walled outer ring.These bearings are designed for outer ring rotation,and have superior rotational performance with a small coefficient of friction and high load capacity. As studs already have threads or steps, they are easy to mount.Cam Followers are follower bearings for cam mechanisms and linear motions and have high rigidity and high accuracy. They are, therefore, used widely for machine tools, industrial robots, electronic devices,and OA equipment.Stainless steel made Cam Followers are superior in corrosion resistance and suitable for applications in environments where oil cannot be used or water splashed, and in clean rooms.Types1、Standard Type Cam FollowersThese are the basic type bearings in IKO Cam Follower series. Models with stud diameters ranging from 3 to 30 mm are prepared, and are suitable for a wide range of applications.2、Solid Eccentric Stud Type Cam FollowersThe stud of these bearings is eccentric to the center axis of the outer ring. Thus, the position of the outer ring in the radial direction in relation to the mating track surface can easily be adjusted by turning the stud, and the load distribution on a number of cam follower outer rings used on the same track surface can be made uniform. These are eccentric cam followers with a one-piecestud that can be mounted in the same mounting holes as those for Standard Type Cam Followers.Eccentricity is 0.25 mm0.6 mm.3、Eccentric Type Cam FollowersIn these bearings, an eccentric collar is assembled with the Cam Follower stud, enabling the outer ring to be positioned easily in the radial direction against the mating track surface.Eccentricity is 0.41.5 mm.4、Thrust Disk Type Cam FollowersThese bearings have special resin thrust disk wash-ers superior in wear and heat resistance between the sliding surfaces of outer ring shoulders, stud head and side plate. These disk washers reduce friction and wear due to axial loads caused by misalignment,etc.5、Centralized Lubrication Type Cam FollowersThese bearings have one or two pipe-threaded holes in the stud. Thus, this series is suitable when centralized lubrication is required.6、Easy Mounting Type Cam FollowersThese bearings have a stepped tapered portion on the stud. When mounting the Cam Follower, it is easy to fix its location by tightening a set screw to the stepped portion. Thus, this type is suitable when a large number of Cam Followers are used in a machine such as a pallet changer.7、C-lube Cam FollowerThese bearings are lubricated with a newly developed thermosetting solid-type lubricant which fills the inner space of the bearing. This lubricant provides long-term maintenance free.8、Heavy Duty Type Cam FollowersThese bearings are full complement type bearings incorporating double rows of full complement cylindrical rollers in the outer ring, and can withstand large radial loads and some axial loads.9、Miniature Type Cam FollowersThese are compactly designed bearings, incorporating very thin needle rollers in an outer ring with a small outside diameter. They are used in electronic devices, OA equipment, small index devices, etc.10、Inch series Cam FollowersTwo types, CR and CRH, are available in the Inch series Cam Followers. Black oxide film treatment is made on CRH models.Maximum Allowable Static LoadThe applicable load on Cam Followers is, in some cases, limited by the bending strength and shearstrength of the stud and the strength of the outer ring instead of the load rating of the needle roller bearing. Therefore, the maximum allowable static load that is lmited by these strengths is specified.Track CapacityTrack capacity is defined as a load which can be continuously applied on a Cam Follower placed on a steel track surface without causing any deformation or indentation on the track surface when the outer ring of the Cam Follower makes contact with the mating track surface (plane). If lubrication between the outer ring and the mating track surface is insufficient, seizure and/or wear may occur depending on the application. Therefore, attention must be paid to lubrication and surface rough-ness of the mating track especially for high-speed rotations such as cam mechanisms.Operating Temperature RangeThe operating temperature range for CamFollowers is -20.C+120C. However, the maxi-mum allowable temperature for the following types is different.The maximum allowable temperature for the Metric CF series with a stud diameter d1of 4 mm or less and CFS2 is +110C, and +100C when they are continuously operated.The maximum allowable temperature for the sealed type with a stud diameter d1of 5 mm or less is +80C.Mounting1、Make the center axis of the mounting hole perpendicular to the moving direction of the Cam Follower and match the side shoulder accurately with the seating surface indicated by dimension f in the table of dimensions. Then, fix the Cam Follower with the nut. Do not hit the flange head of the Cam Follower directly with a hammer,etc. This may lead to a bearing failure such as irregular rotation or cracking.2、The IKO mark on the flange head of the stud indicates the position of the oil hole on the raceway.Avoid locating the oil hole within the loading zone.This may lead to a short bearing life. The hole located in the middle part of the stud perpendicular to the stud center axis is used for greasing or locking3、 When tightening the nut, the tightening torque should not exceed the values shown in the table of dimensions . If the tightening torque is too large, it is possible that the threaded portion of the stud will be broken. When there is a possibility of loosening, a special nut such as a lock nut, spring washer, or self-locking nut should be used.4、In the case of Solid Eccentric Stud Type Cam Followers and Eccentric Type Cam Followers, theouter ring position can be adjusted appropriately by turning the stud with a screwdriver or hexagon bar wrench using the screwdriver slot or hexagon hole of the stud head. The stud is fixed with a nut and a spring washer, etc. The tightening torque should not exceed the values of maximum tightening torque shown in the table of dimensions. When shock loads are applied and the adjusted eccentricity has to be ensured, it is recommended to make holes in the housing, stud and eccentric collar, and fix the stud with a dowel pin as shown in following .However, when the stud diameter is less than 8 mm (Eccentric collar diameter 11 mm), it is difficult to make a hole in the stud because the stud is through-hardened.5、In case of Eccentric Type Cam Followers (CFE),the length of the mounting hole should be morethan 0.5 mm longer than the dimension of Eccentric collar width.6、 For mounting Easy Mounting Type Cam Followers, it is recommended to fix the fixing screw from the upper side to the stepped portion of the stud.Inspection of bearingCleaning of bearingWhen inspecting a bearing after removal, the appear-ance of the bearing should be recorded first. Then,after the residual amount of lubricant is checked and a sample of lubricant is collected, the bearing should be cleaned.For cleaning, light oil or kerosene is commonly used.Cleaning is divided into rough cleaning and final cleaning, and wire gauze is set as a raised bottom in a container to prevent the bearing from touching the bottom of the container.Lubricating grease and adhering substances such as foreign particles are removed with a brush, etc.,using oil for rough cleaning. Care should be taken during this process, because if the bearing is turned with foreign particles attached, the raceway surfaces may be scratched.Final cleaning is carried out by turning the bearing in cleaning oil. It is desirable that the cleaning oil is kept clean by filtering. Immediately after cleaning, the bearing must be protected against corrosion.Inspection and evaluation of bearingThe judgment as to whether the removed bearing is reusable depends on the inspection after cleaning.Conditions of the raceway surfaces, rolling elements and fitting surfaces, wear condition of the cage,increase of bearing clearance, dimensions, rotational accuracy, etc. should be checked for damage and abnormalities.The evaluation is performed based on the experience taking into consideration the degree of damage, machine performance, importance of the machine,operating conditions, period until the next inspection,and other such factors.Maintenance and inspectionMaintenance and inspection are carried out to main-tain good performance of bearings installed in the machine.Maintenance is performed by checking the machine operating conditions, checking and replenishing or replacing the lubricant, checking the bearing and related parts by periodic disassembly and other such procedures.Items for inspection of a running bearing in a machine include the bearing temperature, noise, vibration andcondition of lubricant.Damage, causes and corrective actionRolling bearings can generally be used fully up to their rolling fatigue life if they are properly selected,mounted, operated and maintained. However, they may actually be damaged earlier than their expected lifetimes creating problems or accidents. Common causes of damage include improper mounting or handling, insufficient lubrication and penetration of foreign particles.It may be difficult to determine the exact cause of a problem by checking only the damaged bearing. The conditions of the machine before and after the occurrence of the damage, the location and the operating and ambient conditions of the bearing, the structure around the bearing, etc. should also be examined. It then becomes possible to assess the cause of the damage by linking the conditions of the damaged bearing to the probable causes arising from the machine operation, and to prevent the recurrence of similar problems.中文译文基本额定动负荷与寿命寿命滚动轴承在使用中会因为各种各样的原因而总有一天会破损。但是对于因安装不良、润滑油不够、赃物和灰尘的侵入等使用不当而引起的磨损、烧结、裂纹等损伤，只要排除原因就可以避免这些损伤。但是即使在正常的工作状态下也会因疲劳剥离而早晚会破损。即轴承负载旋转时，总是对轨道轮和滚动体反复施加一定的应力，由于这一应力集中于表面浅的部分，所以疲劳现象就会在所局限的表层产生，在部分表面出现鳞状破损。这称为表面剥落（Fraking），不能继续使用。轴承的寿命滚动轴承的寿命定义为从轴承开始工作到轴承滚道轮或滚动体的表面，因疲劳最先出现表面剥落的总转数（或者在一定转数下的总旋转时间）。但是，即使尺寸、结构、材料、热处理完全相同条件的轴承运行时，寿命也会有所不同，不是一定的。这是因为材料的疲劳限度本身就存在差异。因此，取所有轴承的平均寿命作为轴承寿命的基准的方法，在实际轴承选择时并不能说是正确的，而从实用性出发把它考虑为大部分轴承能够得到保证的寿命。因而使用如下定义的基本额定寿命。基本额定寿命基本额定寿命定义为一群相同的轴承在相同的条件下各自运行时，其中90%的轴承不发生因为滚动疲劳而引起材料损伤而所能旋转的总转数。以固定转数旋转时，也可用总旋转时间表表示基本额定寿命。基本额定动负荷基本额定动负荷是指轴承的基本额定寿命达到旋转100万次的一定的静径向负荷（径向轴承），或者静中心轴向负荷（推力轴承）。IKO凸轮从动轴承是在厚壁外圈中装入针状滚子且带杆端的轴承，是为外圈旋转而设计的，摩擦系数小，旋转性能优异的轴承。为了有效增加负载域，此款轴承的径向间隙设计得比一般滚针轴承小，因而能减缓冲击负荷，获得稳定的长寿命。杆端经过螺纹加工或分级加工，安装方便。凸轮从动轴承作为凸轮机构和直线运动用的从动轴承具有高刚性和高精度，被广泛用于机床、产业用机械手、电子元器件装置以及办公室自动化设备等。不锈钢制的凸轮从动轴承耐蚀性优异，也适合用于不宜用油脂的地方或有水分飞溅的环境以及清洁室。型号1、 标准凸轮从动轴承 标准凸轮从动轴承是凸轮从动轴承的基本型号。杆端直径从最小3mm到最大30mm，尺寸丰富齐全，用途广泛。2、 偏心杆端凸轮从动轴承 杆端偏心，可通过使杆端旋转来进行排列，能便于调整使外圈外径面的负载分布均匀。 与标准凸轮从动轴承相同，是安装于安装孔的一体结构的偏心凸轮从动轴承。 偏心量为0.25mm0.6mm。3、 附带偏心轴套的凸轮从动轴承 偏心轴套固定于杆端，便于进行相对于滑轨面的径向定位。 偏心量为0.4mm1.5mm。4、 附带推力垫圈的凸轮从动轴承外圈的双肩部和杆端顶部及侧板之间的润滑接触部装有耐磨性和耐热性优异的特殊合成树脂的推力垫圈，承载因安装误差引起的外圈的轴向负荷，具有防止滑动面磨损和摩擦的作用。5、 集中配管用凸轮从动轴承 杆端上加工有集中配管用的释放口，最适宜于需要加油的集中配管的地方。6、 简易安装用凸轮从动轴承 杆端经过分级加工，并从上面用定位螺钉固定分级不分，故安装容易，最适合于托盘换盘机等。7、 C-Lube 自润滑凸轮从动轴承 这是在轴承空间封入热硬化形固态润滑剂C-Lube自润滑部件的凸轮从动轴承，C-Lube自润滑部件是大量的润滑油和微粒子的高分子聚烯经经热处理固态话的润滑剂。通过轴承旋转，润滑油一直适量的渗入轨道面，从而长期保持轴承的润滑性能。8、 袖珍凸轮从动轴承 这是外圈里装入细小的针针状滚子的轴承，设计为相对于杆端直径，外圈外径小的袖珍型结构，被用于电子元件设备、办公自动化设备以及小型定位装置等。9、 双列圆柱滚子凸轮从动轴承 这是在外圈里装入双列圆柱滚子的满滚子轴承，能够承载较大的径向负荷和一定程度的轴向负荷。10、 英制系列凸轮从动轴承 这是英制系列的凸轮从动轴承，有CR和CRH两种，CRH经过黑色氧化