滚针轴承使用寿命的研究毕业设计【含CAD图纸、说明书】
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滚针轴承使用寿命的研究
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编号 毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目： 滚针轴承使用寿命的研究 信机 系 机械工程及自动化专业学 号：学生姓名：指导教师： 目 录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目： 滚针轴承使用寿命的研究 信机 系 机械工程及自动化 专业学 号：学生姓名：指导教师： 课题来源自选题目，对滚针轴承使用寿命的研究。科学依据滚针轴承(needle bearing)是带圆柱滚子的滚子轴承，相对其直径，滚子既细又长。这种滚子称为滚针。尽管具有较小的截面，轴承仍具有较高的负荷承受能力，因此，特别适用于径向空间受限制的场合。根据使用场合不同，可选用无内圈的轴承或滚针和保持架组件，此时与轴承相配的轴颈表面和外壳孔表面直接作为轴承的内、外滚动表面，为保证载荷能力和运转性能与有套圈轴承相同，轴或外壳孔滚道表面的硬度，加工精度和表面质量应与轴承套圈的滚道相仿。此种轴承仅能承受径向载荷。IKO轴承日本株式会社IKO是一家有五十多年历史，以生产滚针轴承和直线导轨见长的专业轴承制造商，在世界各地均享有崇高的声誉，是日本生产滚针轴承历史最悠久、品种最齐全、专业化水平最高的生产厂家；IKO卡法创造的四列圆柱滚子重载导轨享誉世界。其产品广泛用于机床以及其他各行业领域。理论上CF螺栓滚轮滚针轴承的平均使用寿命为2000080000小时，是一般国内的4倍左右。但是，实际的寿命取决于许多因素过早的轴承失效会导致代价高额的设备停工，有时甚至还会导致更严重的后果。所以增加滚针轴承的使用寿命很必要。延长IKO滚针轴承使用寿命的诀窍有：1、首先必须保持IKO滚针轴承及其周围环境的清洁。这不仅仅起延长寿命的作用，对于安全作业和生产的作用也是不可忽视的。2、其次使用安装IKO滚针轴承时要认真仔细，在安装使用过程中避免出错，也能降低事故的发生率。3、第三点使用合适、准确的安装IKO滚针轴承工具，工具选用得当，才能保证正确安装。4.最后也是很重要的一点防止IKO滚针轴承的锈蚀，做好防锈措施，这样才能有效延长IKO滚针轴承的使用寿命。总结：首先就是安装问题，安装前一定要仔细阅读安装说明，严格按照安装说明来安装，安装的时候要选用合适的安装工具，不能使用纤维之类的懂，虽然肉眼看不见灰尘，但是灰尘是很容易进入的，这样就会引起轴承振动，噪音等异常，另外就要注意防锈问题。研究内容 通过螺栓型滚针轴承CF10BUURM的设计探索尺寸对滚针轴承使用寿命的影响。 熟练掌握CNC数控仪表车的编程 。 熟练掌握切削尺寸，磨削尺寸的精度。 掌握保持器冲压模具的设计。 熟练掌握各个零件的加工工序、和工艺。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析（1） 实验方案我们将从个方面探索增加滚针轴承使用寿命的方法，主要从源头，即轴承的设计开始研究如何增加轴承的使用寿命，我们取螺栓型滚针轴承CF10BUURM，从每个零件的设计到最终的装配。（2）研究方法 对螺栓轴承CF10BUURM的每个零件进行分析，计算找出最优方案。 在CNC数控仪表车上对轴承零件进行设计和编程。研究计划及预期成果研究计划：2009年10月12日-2009年12月25日：按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料，填写毕业设计开题报告书。2010年1月11日-2010年3月5日：填写毕业实习报告。2010年3月8日-2010年3月14日：按照要求修改毕业设计开题报告。2010年3月15日-2010年3月21日：学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文材料。2010年3月22日-2010年4月11日：CNC数控编程学习设计，平面磨床的学习。2010年4月12日-2010年4月25日：螺栓轴承的磨加工及组装。2010年4月26日-2010年5月21日：毕业论文撰写和修改工作。预期成果：达到预期的实验结论：按照日本IKO的工艺设计的轴承，使用起来无噪音，游隙较小，较国产的滚针轴承有长足的进步。实验达到预期效果。特色或创新之处使用假设法，对轴承的内部结构大胆假设，然后严谨的计算。获得最终的结论。 采用CNC编程，数控车加工，加工速度较快，加工精度较高。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题 实验方案思路已经非常明确，已经具备初步生产的能力。 能熟练的掌握CNC编程 对保持架和滚针的设计，有许多疑问指导教师意见 指导教师签名：年 月 日教研室（学科组、研究所）意见 教研室主任签名： 年 月 日系意见 主管领导签名： 年 月 日英文原文Basic Dynamic Load Rating and LifeLifeRolling bearings will suffer damage due to various causes during service. Damage such as abnormal wear, seizure, and cracks is caused by improper use, including incorrect mounting, lack of oil, dust intrusion and so on, and can be avoided by remedying these causes. However, bearings will eventually be damaged due to fatigue-flaking even if used properly. When a bearing rotates under load, the raceways and the rolling elements are subjected to repeated stress-es concentrated on the part close to the surface. Fatigue, therefore, occurs in the surface layer, producing damage in the form of scaling. This is called flaking (spalling). When this occurs, the bearing can no longer be used.Bearing LifeBearing life is defined as the total number of revolutions (or total service hours at a constant rotational speed) before a sign of the first flaking appears on the rolling surface of raceway or rolling elements. However, even when bearings of the same size, structure, material and heat treatment are subjected to the same conditions, the bearing lives will show variation. This results from the statistical nature of the fatigue phenomenon. In selecting a bearing, it is incorrect to take an aver-age life for all bearings as the design standard. It is more practical to consider a bearing life that is reliable for the greater proportion of bearings used. Therefore, the basic rating life defined in the following is used.Basic rating lifeThe basic rating life is defined as the total number of revolutions that 90% of a group of identical bearings can be operated individually under the same conditions free from any material damage caused by rolling fatigue. For rotation at a constant rotational speed, the basic rating life can be represented by the total service hours.Basic dynamic load ratingThe basic dynamic load rating is defined as the constant radial load (in the case of radial bearings) or the constant axial load acting along the bearing central axis (in the case of thrust bearings) that allows a basic rating life of 1,000,000 revolutionsIKO Cam Followers are bearings with a stud incorporating needle rollers in a thick walled outer ring.These bearings are designed for outer ring rotation,and have superior rotational performance with a small coefficient of friction and high load capacity. As studs already have threads or steps, they are easy to mount.Cam Followers are follower bearings for cam mechanisms and linear motions and have high rigidity and high accuracy. They are, therefore, used widely for machine tools, industrial robots, electronic devices,and OA equipment.Stainless steel made Cam Followers are superior in corrosion resistance and suitable for applications in environments where oil cannot be used or water splashed, and in clean rooms.Types1、Standard Type Cam FollowersThese are the basic type bearings in IKO Cam Follower series. Models with stud diameters ranging from 3 to 30 mm are prepared, and are suitable for a wide range of applications.2、Solid Eccentric Stud Type Cam FollowersThe stud of these bearings is eccentric to the center axis of the outer ring. Thus, the position of the outer ring in the radial direction in relation to the mating track surface can easily be adjusted by turning the stud, and the load distribution on a number of cam follower outer rings used on the same track surface can be made uniform. These are eccentric cam followers with a one-piecestud that can be mounted in the same mounting holes as those for Standard Type Cam Followers.Eccentricity is 0.25 mm0.6 mm.3、Eccentric Type Cam FollowersIn these bearings, an eccentric collar is assembled with the Cam Follower stud, enabling the outer ring to be positioned easily in the radial direction against the mating track surface.Eccentricity is 0.41.5 mm.4、Thrust Disk Type Cam FollowersThese bearings have special resin thrust disk wash-ers superior in wear and heat resistance between the sliding surfaces of outer ring shoulders, stud head and side plate. These disk washers reduce friction and wear due to axial loads caused by misalignment,etc.5、Centralized Lubrication Type Cam FollowersThese bearings have one or two pipe-threaded holes in the stud. Thus, this series is suitable when centralized lubrication is required.6、Easy Mounting Type Cam FollowersThese bearings have a stepped tapered portion on the stud. When mounting the Cam Follower, it is easy to fix its location by tightening a set screw to the stepped portion. Thus, this type is suitable when a large number of Cam Followers are used in a machine such as a pallet changer.7、C-lube Cam FollowerThese bearings are lubricated with a newly developed thermosetting solid-type lubricant which fills the inner space of the bearing. This lubricant provides long-term maintenance free.8、Heavy Duty Type Cam FollowersThese bearings are full complement type bearings incorporating double rows of full complement cylindrical rollers in the outer ring, and can withstand large radial loads and some axial loads.9、Miniature Type Cam FollowersThese are compactly designed bearings, incorporating very thin needle rollers in an outer ring with a small outside diameter. They are used in electronic devices, OA equipment, small index devices, etc.10、Inch series Cam FollowersTwo types, CR and CRH, are available in the Inch series Cam Followers. Black oxide film treatment is made on CRH models.Maximum Allowable Static LoadThe applicable load on Cam Followers is, in some cases, limited by the bending strength and shearstrength of the stud and the strength of the outer ring instead of the load rating of the needle roller bearing. Therefore, the maximum allowable static load that is lmited by these strengths is specified.Track CapacityTrack capacity is defined as a load which can be continuously applied on a Cam Follower placed on a steel track surface without causing any deformation or indentation on the track surface when the outer ring of the Cam Follower makes contact with the mating track surface (plane). If lubrication between the outer ring and the mating track surface is insufficient, seizure and/or wear may occur depending on the application. Therefore, attention must be paid to lubrication and surface rough-ness of the mating track especially for high-speed rotations such as cam mechanisms.Operating Temperature RangeThe operating temperature range for CamFollowers is -20.C+120C. However, the maxi-mum allowable temperature for the following types is different.The maximum allowable temperature for the Metric CF series with a stud diameter d1of 4 mm or less and CFS2 is +110C, and +100C when they are continuously operated.The maximum allowable temperature for the sealed type with a stud diameter d1of 5 mm or less is +80C.Mounting1、Make the center axis of the mounting hole perpendicular to the moving direction of the Cam Follower and match the side shoulder accurately with the seating surface indicated by dimension f in the table of dimensions. Then, fix the Cam Follower with the nut. Do not hit the flange head of the Cam Follower directly with a hammer,etc. This may lead to a bearing failure such as irregular rotation or cracking.2、The IKO mark on the flange head of the stud indicates the position of the oil hole on the raceway.Avoid locating the oil hole within the loading zone.This may lead to a short bearing life. The hole located in the middle part of the stud perpendicular to the stud center axis is used for greasing or locking3、 When tightening the nut, the tightening torque should not exceed the values shown in the table of dimensions . If the tightening torque is too large, it is possible that the threaded portion of the stud will be broken. When there is a possibility of loosening, a special nut such as a lock nut, spring washer, or self-locking nut should be used.4、In the case of Solid Eccentric Stud Type Cam Followers and Eccentric Type Cam Followers, theouter ring position can be adjusted appropriately by turning the stud with a screwdriver or hexagon bar wrench using the screwdriver slot or hexagon hole of the stud head. The stud is fixed with a nut and a spring washer, etc. The tightening torque should not exceed the values of maximum tightening torque shown in the table of dimensions. When shock loads are applied and the adjusted eccentricity has to be ensured, it is recommended to make holes in the housing, stud and eccentric collar, and fix the stud with a dowel pin as shown in following .However, when the stud diameter is less than 8 mm (Eccentric collar diameter 11 mm), it is difficult to make a hole in the stud because the stud is through-hardened.5、In case of Eccentric Type Cam Followers (CFE),the length of the mounting hole should be morethan 0.5 mm longer than the dimension of Eccentric collar width.6、 For mounting Easy Mounting Type Cam Followers, it is recommended to fix the fixing screw from the upper side to the stepped portion of the stud.Inspection of bearingCleaning of bearingWhen inspecting a bearing after removal, the appear-ance of the bearing should be recorded first. Then,after the residual amount of lubricant is checked and a sample of lubricant is collected, the bearing should be cleaned.For cleaning, light oil or kerosene is commonly used.Cleaning is divided into rough cleaning and final cleaning, and wire gauze is set as a raised bottom in a container to prevent the bearing from touching the bottom of the container.Lubricating grease and adhering substances such as foreign particles are removed with a brush, etc.,using oil for rough cleaning. Care should be taken during this process, because if the bearing is turned with foreign particles attached, the raceway surfaces may be scratched.Final cleaning is carried out by turning the bearing in cleaning oil. It is desirable that the cleaning oil is kept clean by filtering. Immediately after cleaning, the bearing must be protected against corrosion.Inspection and evaluation of bearingThe judgment as to whether the removed bearing is reusable depends on the inspection after cleaning.Conditions of the raceway surfaces, rolling elements and fitting surfaces, wear condition of the cage,increase of bearing clearance, dimensions, rotational accuracy, etc. should be checked for damage and abnormalities.The evaluation is performed based on the experience taking into consideration the degree of damage, machine performance, importance of the machine,operating conditions, period until the next inspection,and other such factors.Maintenance and inspectionMaintenance and inspection are carried out to main-tain good performance of bearings installed in the machine.Maintenance is performed by checking the machine operating conditions, checking and replenishing or replacing the lubricant, checking the bearing and related parts by periodic disassembly and other such procedures.Items for inspection of a running bearing in a machine include the bearing temperature, noise, vibration andcondition of lubricant.Damage, causes and corrective actionRolling bearings can generally be used fully up to their rolling fatigue life if they are properly selected,mounted, operated and maintained. However, they may actually be damaged earlier than their expected lifetimes creating problems or accidents. Common causes of damage include improper mounting or handling, insufficient lubrication and penetration of foreign particles.It may be difficult to determine the exact cause of a problem by checking only the damaged bearing. The conditions of the machine before and after the occurrence of the damage, the location and the operating and ambient conditions of the bearing, the structure around the bearing, etc. should also be examined. It then becomes possible to assess the cause of the damage by linking the conditions of the damaged bearing to the probable causes arising from the machine operation, and to prevent the recurrence of similar problems.中文译文基本额定动负荷与寿命寿命滚动轴承在使用中会因为各种各样的原因而总有一天会破损。但是对于因安装不良、润滑油不够、赃物和灰尘的侵入等使用不当而引起的磨损、烧结、裂纹等损伤，只要排除原因就可以避免这些损伤。但是即使在正常的工作状态下也会因疲劳剥离而早晚会破损。即轴承负载旋转时，总是对轨道轮和滚动体反复施加一定的应力，由于这一应力集中于表面浅的部分，所以疲劳现象就会在所局限的表层产生，在部分表面出现鳞状破损。这称为表面剥落（Fraking），不能继续使用。轴承的寿命滚动轴承的寿命定义为从轴承开始工作到轴承滚道轮或滚动体的表面，因疲劳最先出现表面剥落的总转数（或者在一定转数下的总旋转时间）。但是，即使尺寸、结构、材料、热处理完全相同条件的轴承运行时，寿命也会有所不同，不是一定的。这是因为材料的疲劳限度本身就存在差异。因此，取所有轴承的平均寿命作为轴承寿命的基准的方法，在实际轴承选择时并不能说是正确的，而从实用性出发把它考虑为大部分轴承能够得到保证的寿命。因而使用如下定义的基本额定寿命。基本额定寿命基本额定寿命定义为一群相同的轴承在相同的条件下各自运行时，其中90%的轴承不发生因为滚动疲劳而引起材料损伤而所能旋转的总转数。以固定转数旋转时，也可用总旋转时间表表示基本额定寿命。基本额定动负荷基本额定动负荷是指轴承的基本额定寿命达到旋转100万次的一定的静径向负荷（径向轴承），或者静中心轴向负荷（推力轴承）。IKO凸轮从动轴承是在厚壁外圈中装入针状滚子且带杆端的轴承，是为外圈旋转而设计的，摩擦系数小，旋转性能优异的轴承。为了有效增加负载域，此款轴承的径向间隙设计得比一般滚针轴承小，因而能减缓冲击负荷，获得稳定的长寿命。杆端经过螺纹加工或分级加工，安装方便。凸轮从动轴承作为凸轮机构和直线运动用的从动轴承具有高刚性和高精度，被广泛用于机床、产业用机械手、电子元器件装置以及办公室自动化设备等。不锈钢制的凸轮从动轴承耐蚀性优异，也适合用于不宜用油脂的地方或有水分飞溅的环境以及清洁室。型号1、 标准凸轮从动轴承 标准凸轮从动轴承是凸轮从动轴承的基本型号。杆端直径从最小3mm到最大30mm，尺寸丰富齐全，用途广泛。2、 偏心杆端凸轮从动轴承 杆端偏心，可通过使杆端旋转来进行排列，能便于调整使外圈外径面的负载分布均匀。 与标准凸轮从动轴承相同，是安装于安装孔的一体结构的偏心凸轮从动轴承。 偏心量为0.25mm0.6mm。3、 附带偏心轴套的凸轮从动轴承 偏心轴套固定于杆端，便于进行相对于滑轨面的径向定位。 偏心量为0.4mm1.5mm。4、 附带推力垫圈的凸轮从动轴承外圈的双肩部和杆端顶部及侧板之间的润滑接触部装有耐磨性和耐热性优异的特殊合成树脂的推力垫圈，承载因安装误差引起的外圈的轴向负荷，具有防止滑动面磨损和摩擦的作用。5、 集中配管用凸轮从动轴承 杆端上加工有集中配管用的释放口，最适宜于需要加油的集中配管的地方。6、 简易安装用凸轮从动轴承 杆端经过分级加工，并从上面用定位螺钉固定分级不分，故安装容易，最适合于托盘换盘机等。7、 C-Lube 自润滑凸轮从动轴承 这是在轴承空间封入热硬化形固态润滑剂C-Lube自润滑部件的凸轮从动轴承，C-Lube自润滑部件是大量的润滑油和微粒子的高分子聚烯经经热处理固态话的润滑剂。通过轴承旋转，润滑油一直适量的渗入轨道面，从而长期保持轴承的润滑性能。8、 袖珍凸轮从动轴承 这是外圈里装入细小的针针状滚子的轴承，设计为相对于杆端直径，外圈外径小的袖珍型结构，被用于电子元件设备、办公自动化设备以及小型定位装置等。
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