不定代词和动词不定式用法小结.doc

不定代词的用法1. 代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词2. some与any的区别1） some多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个”，可修饰不可数名词和可数名词的复数形式。any多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中，表示“一些”， 可修饰不可数名词和可数名词的复数形式2） 在反问句、疑问句中，表示请求、建议和希望对方得到肯定回答时，多用some.Would you like some beer？你要不要来点啤酒吗？Why didnt you buy some sweets？你怎么没买点糖果？3）any 用于肯定句时,表示是“任何的”Come any day you like.你哪天来都行。3） some还有表示“某个”的意思Ill catch up with you some day有一天我会赶上你的。3.复合不定代词：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(没事),nobody(没有人), no one(没有人), everything(一切), everyone(每个人), everybody(每个人). A：作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Is there anything wrong with your watch?”“No, nothing is wrong with itB：修饰复合不定代词的形容词或不定式一定要位于它们的后面。This is something special. 这是种特别的东西。Havent you got anything to do? 你无事可干吗？C：一般来说，当主语是指人的复合代词，如everybody, nobody, anybody 等时，其反意疑问句后面的主语通常用代词they；当前面句子中的复合代词指物，如everything, something, anything, nothing 等时，其反意疑问句后面的主语通常用代词it。如：Everyone is here, arent they? 人都到了，是吗？Everything is ready, isnt it? 一切准备好了，是吗？Somebody is waiting for me at the gate, arent they? 有人在门口等我，是吗？3. few, a few, little, a little在用法上的区别1）few、little意思是“很少几个”、“几乎没有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有几个”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 ；few、a few修饰可数名词或代替可数的事物, little、a little修饰不可数名词连用或代替不可数的事物。He is very poor and he has little money. 他很穷,几乎没有什么钱Dont worry. There is still a little time left. 别着急,还有一点儿时间呢In that polar region there live few people. 在那个极地地区几乎不住人You can get a few sweets from him. 你可以从他那儿弄到一些糖果2）a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示“有点，稍微”，little表示“很少”。Im a little hungry. Let him sleep a little. 3）quite a few (相当多)only a few (只有几个，几乎没有)4、all和both, either的用法1）all 指三者或三者以上的人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词或不可数名词。both指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词All the food is delicious.所有的食物都很好吃。Her parents are both doctors.她父母都是医生2)all单独使用时，指代单数，如做主语，谓语动词用单数；指代复数，谓语动词用复数3）采用“all/both + of the +名词”的形式，其中的of 可以省略；如果“all/both + of the +代词”则不可以省略All (of) the boys are naughty.Both of them are studying at the same school4) either:：表示“两个中间的任何一个”，做主语，谓语动词用单数，“either.or.”表示或者或者在连接并列的名词或代词时，谓语动词与or后面的主语保持一致either作为“也”讲时，要用于否定句中，而too则用于肯定句中。EitheryouorIamright.Either of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明He doesnt like Beijing opera, I dont like either.5、many和much的用法1）many意思是“很多”,与可数名词复数连用；much意思是“很多”,与不可数名词连用。I dont have many friends here .在这里我没有很多的朋友。 Many died in the bus accident. 许多人在公交车祸中丧失2）many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of 或者lots of; many / much用于肯定句时可以在前面加上so、very或too.There are a lot of people on the playground. 操场上有许多的人They havent got much work to do. 他们没有多少事情可做 There are too many people in the room. 房间里人太多了6. other，others，the other，the others，anotherother：表示“其他的”，形容词，后面修饰名词的复数形式。如： Some students areplaying basketball, other studentsare playing tennis.others ：表示“其他的”，代词，相当于other +名词，常和some搭配使用。如： Some students are playing football, others are playing basketball.(others=other students)the other：表示两个人或物中的一个，代词，常与one 连用。如： There are two apples. One is green, the other is red.the others：表示范围内的另一些（范围总数通常多于两个个），代词 There are 40 students in our class, three are American, the others are Chinese. another：表示三者或三者以上的另一个，形容词或代词，后常接名词单数。如： I have eaten an apple, but I still want another(apple)I have three daughters. One is a nurse, another is a teacher and another is a worker. 我有个女儿。一个是护士，另一个是教师，还有一个是工人。7. neither, noneneither：A：表示否定，“两者都不”，谓语动词用单数。B：neither.nor.既不也不在连接并列的名词或代词时，谓语动词与nor后面的主语保持一致。Neitherofhisparentshelpshim 他的父母谁也没帮助他。Neither the twins nor I am interested English none A：表示三个或三个以上的“都不”，谓语动词可以用单数，也可以用复数。Noneoftheanswersareisright. 所有的答案都不对。Noneofmyfriendsare/is likelytocome B：由How many提问的句子的否定回答中的简略语是None.如：How many books are there? None.由who提问的句子的否定回答中的简略说法是no one. 如：Who won the game? No one.8one与onesone只能替代单数名词，one的复数形式ones只能替代复数名词。1. it代替前面提到的同一事物,该事物既可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名词。 The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him, _? A. did they B. didnt they C. did it D. didnt it 2. one代替前面提到的同类事物中的一个。该事物只能是可数名词,前面可以有冠词,也可以被this、that或形容词修饰,其后也可以有定语。 -Why dont we have a little break? -Didnt we just have_? A. it B. that C. one D. this 3. that代替前面提到的同类事物中特指的一个。该事物既可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名词,要有后置定语,但不可以有前置修饰语。 Few pleasures can equal _ of a cool drink on a hot day. A. some B. any C. that D. those My child doesn”t like this bookShow her a more interesting one9. every和each用法：A：each可作代词和形容词，而every只能用作形容词。Every one of us should do housework two hours a day.B：each可指两个或两个以上中间的每一个，而every只可指三个或三个以上中间的每一个。There are trees on each side of the street. 动词不定式用法小结 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式，其结构为“to动词原形”，其中to不是介词，而是动词不定式的符号，称为小品词，动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。动词不定式和其后面的名词等构成不定式短语，在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等。1. 动词不定在句中的语法功能(1)动词不定式（短语）作主语 To love is to be loved. 爱别人就是被人爱。 To teach is to give. 教书就是奉献。 注意：1）在口语中，动词不定式作主语时常用形式主语it，而真正的主语则被置于句子后部。 It always pays to be honest. 老实不吃亏。 It is of great importance to solve the housing problem. 解决住房问题是很重要的。 It will take me three hours to do this job. 干这个工作我花了三个小时。 2）假如动词不定式要带逻辑主语，则需用介词of 或for来引导。It is really important for students to learn English well. 对学生们来说，学好英语很重要。It is stupid of John to help such a shameless girl. 约翰真傻，竟去帮助这样一个无耻的女孩。能用于介词of结构的形容词有：good, nice, kind, bad, cruel, wicked, clever, bright, wise, silly, foolish, stupid, selfless, sensible, selfish, insensible, polite, fair, generous, rude, unfair, mean等。这些形容词主要表示做这件事的人的品格或素质。能用于介词for 结构的形容词有：important, necessary, impossible, better, worse, easy, difficult heavy, light等。3）在疑问句或感叹句中, 要用it来作主语. Is it worth our while to hold such a long meeting? 值得我们开这样长时间的会吗?What good news it is for me to hear that my brother has got his visa (viz n. 签证) to America！对我来说, 听到弟弟拿到去美国的签证该是多好的消息啊!(2) 动词不定式（短语）作宾语I will leave it to you to make the final decision. 我将由你来做最后的决定。She decided to quit her job at last. 最后，她决定辞职。 I hope to see you soon. 我希望很快见到你。注意： 1） 在以下这些动词后面只能跟动词不定式（短语）作宾语：afford, agree, aim, ask, claim, choose, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, threaten, wish, want等。然而以下动词后面既可跟动词不定式（短语）又可跟动名词（短语）,但意思有的有差别，有的相同：attempt, begin, continue, deserve, disdain(dsdeinvt.不屑), dread, endure, fear, forget, hate, help, intend, learn, like, love, mean, need, neglect, omit(umitvt. 遗漏;省略;删去), prefer, proceed(prsi:d开始,着手,出发+to-v), propose,regret,remember,start,begin,try,want 等。He disdains going to the cinema. 他不屑于去看电影。He disdains to sit with people like us. 他不屑与我们这等人同席而坐。He neglected to write and say Thank you. 他因疏忽而未写信道谢。Dont neglect writing to your mother. 别忘了给你母亲写信。 2）在should (would) like, love, prefer 等之后必须用动词不定式（短语）。Id like to give you a big hand. 我想用掌声欢迎您。Id love to come to China again someday 我愿意来日再访中国。3）在下列及物动词后一般可跟疑问词 + 动词不定式短语：advise, ask, decide, find out, instruct, know, forget, imagine, learn, observe, remember, tell, think, understand, wonder等。I dont know what to do. 我不知道该怎么办。The children are learning how to play the game. 孩子们在学做游戏。 (3)动词不定式（短语）作表语The most important thing for the United states to do now is to rescue the wounded. 现在，对美国来说，最重要的是抢救伤员。注意：1）动词不定式（短语）作表语，可用主动形式表示被动含义的结构有to blame, to let. Who is to blame? 谁该受到责备？ The house is to let. 该房屋出租。Suspects are still to find out. 凶手还有待查明。 2）be to 含有按计划，按排命令将做的事或应该，可能，注定将发生的事。We are to meet once a week. 我们按计划将一个月碰一次头。（安排） When is the examination to be held? 考试按规定什么时候举行？（计划或规定）You are to come at once.你得按指令马上来。（命令） What is to be done? 应该怎么办？ （应该）The key is nowhere to be found. 哪儿也找不到钥匙。（可能）Am I never to see her again? 难道我就永远见不到她了吗？（注定）(4) 动词不定式（短语）作宾语补足语或在被动语态中作主语补足语 宾语与其宾补或主语与其主补形成逻辑上的主谓关系。Wed love you to give us a hand. 我们想让你帮个忙。He was made to repair the broken chair. 要他修理弄坏的椅子。She was seen to draw a wonderful picture. 有人见她作了幅美丽的画儿。 注意：1）在一些动词后，用作宾语补语的动词不定式符号to 要省略掉。这类动词包括感官动词以及使役动词，如feel, spot, look at, listen to, observe, see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let 等。但如果句子为被动语态，动词不定式（短语）为主补时，要带to（let 除外）。I heard her sing a song in the next room yesterday. 我昨天听见她在隔壁唱过一首歌。（She was heard to sing a song in the next room yesterday.）I had John fix my bike. 我让约翰修理我的自行车。 The boy was made to go to bed early. 这男孩被迫早上床睡觉。She was seen to walk into the classroom with a book under her arm. 有人看见她胳臂下夹着一本书走进了教室。2）有些动词后面的宾语补语常是to be，这样的动词有：believe,consider,declare,find,imagine,know,prove,suppose, understand等。I will consider him to be an honest man. 我会认为他是一个诚实的人。She was believed to be innocent. 大家都相信她是清白的。 3）下列动词后不能跟名词或代词+动词不定式结构admit, confess, demand, explain, hope, propose, suggest 等。My mother suggested that we (should) finish our homework before watching TV. 妈妈建议我们做完作业后才看电视。(不能说My mother suggested us to finish our homework before watching TV) I hoped that the bus would come early. 我希望公共汽车能快点来。(不能说I hoped the bus to come early. 但可以说I hope for the bus to come early. 类似结构有wait for sb. to do；arrange for sb. to do 等)(5)动词不定式（短语）作定语： 动词不定式（短语）作定语需后置。与所修饰的词有主谓或动宾关系。When the question was out, he was the first one to raise his hand. 问题一提出，他第一个举起手。This terrorist attack is a lesson to remember. 这次恐怖袭击事件是个应该记取的教训。 I am afraid I cannot attend your party,for I have too many things to do.恐怕我不能参加你的晚会了,因为我有好多事情要做。 注意： 1） 当被修饰的是不定代词如everything, anything, much, little 等，或被修饰的名词前被形容词最高级，序数词，the only等强调结构修饰时，非谓语动词作定语则只能用动词不定式。He was the last to realize the importance of this problem. 他没有及时意识到问题的重要性。 2）如被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑宾语，且动词不定式的动词是不及物动词,则后面需跟成为搭配的介词。 Who is the man to talk to? 要谈话的人是谁？ He is a tough teacher to deal with. 他是个很难对付的老师。I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支笔写字(6) 动词不定式（短语）作状语 动词不定式（短语）作状语可以表示目的，结果，原因等。 目的状语The whole family came out to see my performance. 全家人出来看我表演。 He called to say goodbye. 他打电话来道别。 注意：如要表示强调，可以把动词不定式（短语）置于句首，前面加上in order, 但不能用so as。否定必须用in order not + 动词不定式（短语）或so as not + 动词不定式（短语），不能用not + 动词不定式（短语）。In order to catch the first bus, we have to get up early. 为了赶上早班车，我们只得早起。Lets hurry so as not to be late for class. 咱们快点，免得上课迟到。 结果状语We rushed to the railway station only to find (表示出乎意料) the train had just left. 我们匆匆赶到火车站，结果发现火车刚刚离开了。 He studied hard only to fail. 他学习很努力，但却没及格。 She went to South China five years ago, never to return. 她五年前去了华南，结果从未返回。 注意：1）soas to, suchas to, enough to以及 too to 等结构中的动词不定式（短语）都表示结果。This basket player is so tall and strong as to be like a giant. 这个篮球运动员又高又壮，就像一个巨人。Her intense feelings are such as to move the present into tears. 她的感情如此之切，使在场的人都流下了眼泪。He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头，结果却砸了自己的脚。I am too tired to move. 我太累了，竟无法走动。 2）在too to 结构中，若too 后面的形容词为ready, eager, easy, inclined, anxious, apt, willing, glad, pleased 等词时，动词不定式(短语)不再含否定的意思。too 在此可以被理解为very 的意思。 在tooto的变体only / but / all too to; cant (can never) be too to ; too not to 中，句子不再含否定的意思。 She is too ready to help. 她极其乐于帮助别人。 I am too pleased to see you again. 又见到你，我简直太高兴了。We are too apt to overlook our own faults. 我们很容易忽视自身的错误。 I am only too delighted to accept the gift. 我非常高兴接受这件礼物。You know but too well to hold your tongue. 你深知保持缄默的好。 Thats only too true. 那是千真万确的。 原因状语动词不定式（短语）常跟在一些形容词后面，说明产生这些情绪的原因。这类 形容词有：happy, ashamed, surprised, grieved, frightened, sorry, glad, delighted, eager, disappointed, right, excited, ready, clever, bored等。I am sorry to interrupt you. 对不起，要打扰你了。 The father was surprised to learn that his son spent money like water. 得知儿子花钱如流水,父亲感到很吃惊。We will be very happy to work on this project with you. 和您一起合作这个项目,我们感到很高兴。 (7) 动词不定式（短语）作独立成分动词不定式（短语）可以用来作句子的独立成分。这些短语有：to begin with（首先）, to tell the truth (truth to tell) （说实在的）, to make a long story short（长话短说）, so to speak（可以这么说）, to be brief（简言之）, to be exact（确切地说）, to be frank （坦率地说）, to do sb.justice（说句公道话）, to conclude（总而言之）等。To begin with, Id like to introduce myself to you all. 首先，我想给你们作一下自我介绍。 He has already, so to speak, been a living dead. 他可以说已经是一具行尸走肉了。To be frank with you, I dont love you any more. 老实对你说吧，我已经不再爱你了。To conclude, energy is exhaustible, so we have to preserve it for our future generations. 总而言之，能量并不是用之不竭的，因此我们必须为后代保留一些。 (8) 动词不定式（短语）作同位语，说明被修饰名词的具体内容 My hope, to be a doctor, has been realized. 我当医生的梦想已经实现了。His wish, to land on the moon, will hardly come true. 他登上月球的愿望很难成真。2动词不定式的省略（1）动词不定式省略to 的各种用法 在感官动词和使役的动词后面作宾补。（请参阅4） 在do nothing (anything / everything)but(except) 后面 We can do nothing but wait. 除了等待,我们别无他法。 She can do everything but dance. 除了不会跳舞,她什么都行。 在and, or, than后面当几个动词不定式具有同样的功能，由and, or, than连接，则to 只用于第一个不定式之前。 If you want to earn a lot of money and live a better life, you have to work harder. 假如你想多赚钱，过上好日子，你就得更加努力地工作。Do you want to go shopping or go fishing? 你想去购物还是去钓鱼？It is better to go fishing than go shopping. 钓鱼比购物好。 在why, why not 后面当why, why not 表示建议时，后面的动词不定式省去to。Why not come and see me? 何不到我这儿来？Why get up so early? 为何起的这么早？ 在下面这些短语后面时，动词不定式省去to. rather than; would rather than; would sooner than; had better; cant (couldnt) help but; cant but 等Id like to stay at home rather than go to school. 我宁愿呆在家里，也不愿去上学。He would rather die than give in. 他宁死不屈。 Wed better stop arguing. 我们最好不要争执了。Most people would sooner take up a job at home than try their luck abroad now. 如今,好多人宁愿在国内工作也不愿去国外碰运气。We cant help but go home on foot. 我们没法子，只能步行回家。 主语是由what 引导的主语从句或由all或the (most important) thing + 定语从句构成，而从句中的谓语动词是do (did, does) 时, 作表语的动词不定式（短语）是解释do (did, does) 的具体内容，则引导动词不定式的to可省去。 The most important thing I should do is (to) find a job. 对我来说眼下最要紧的是找份工作。What he must do now is (to) apologize to his teacher for being late. 他现在必须做的是因迟到而向老师道歉。All I can do is (to) cry. 除了哭，我别无法子。 在make do with (设法应付), make believe (假装), let go of (放开,解雇), hear tell of (听到), go hang(不再被关心,不管,见鬼去) 等固定搭配中动词不定式不用toWe have to make do with the second best. 我们只得将就地使用二手货。 We cant let things go hang. 我们不能任其自然。 He made believe he knew nothing about it. 他假装对此事一无所知。Let go of my hand. the girl shouted. 那女孩大喊道：放开我的手。Ive often heard tell of the wonderful performance he gives, but Ive never seen them. 我经常听人说到他的演出很好，但我从未见过他表演。 (2) 动词不定式中原形动词的省略 为避免重复，有时可用不定式的符号to来代表动词不定式。-Would you like to have some coffee? 您要来点咖啡吗？ -Yes, Id like to. 好的，来一点。If you dont want to buy it, you dont need to. 假如你不想买的话，你就不要买。 注意：可以这样省略主要动词的动词不定式结构有:hope to, agree to, be willing to,wantto,refuse to,fail to,manage to,would like to,offer to等。 3. 动词不定式的否定式动词不定式的否定结构由not 或never 加动词不定式（短语）构成。We decided not to go there. 我们决定不去那儿了。 I wished never to see him again. 我希望永不再见到她。The background music in an assembly line is designed not to be listened to. 流水线里的背景音乐不是供人欣赏的。 4动词不定式的主动语态表示被动的情况 主语+系动词 + 表语 + 动词不定式 当作表语的某些形容词被动词不定式修饰时，动词不定式与句子主语之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系，动词不定式可以用主动式代替被动式。This problem is difficult to solve. 这个问题很难解决。 That novel is easy to read. 那本小说较容易读。 注意：可以这样用的形容词有： fine,hard,heavy,important,nice,painful,pleasant,possible,safe,simple,strange,difficult,easy,expensive, dangerous, convenient 等 there + be句型中在there be 句型中，动词不定式用主动式来表示被动的含义。There are a lot of people (for me) to visit. 有好多人要拜访。 There is much work to do. 有许多工作要做。 have + 宾语 + 动词不定式作定语结构中当have 表示有，而动词不定式与宾语之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系，并且句子的主语是动词不定式动作的执行者时，动词不定式一般用主动式。I have a lot of meetings to attend this week. 本周我有许多会议要参加。 He has many things to do. 他有好多事要做。 在too to, enough to 结构中，动词不定式总是用主动语态。This essay is too difficult to read. 这篇文章很难读。 This problem is easy enough to deal with. 这个问题处理起来很简单。 5动词不定式的时态和语态 时态： 动词不定式的一般式动词不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生或将在其后发生的。They are learning to sing and dance.他们在学习歌舞。 We have to get some money to buy a TV set. 我们得赚些钱来买台电视机。 动词不定式的进行式动词不定式的进行式表示的动作是与谓语动词的动作同时发生的，而且正在进行中。该结构也常与always, constantly, rapidly, fast, slowly等副词连用。The weather seems to be improving. 天气似乎在好转。 He seemed always to be washing his hands. 他好象老是在洗手。Come on, its time to be making for (前往,走向) school. 好了，是上学的时候了。动词不定式的完成式动词不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语的动作之前。I am pleased to have seen you. 见到了你，我很高兴。He prete