自考英语超完整名师授课详细笔记.doc

本课程的名称为“大学英语自学教程（上册）”，它是高等教育自学考试各专业（英语专业除外）专科阶段的公共实践课，检测好坏的标准是会不会灵活运用这门语言。考试大纲规定，大学英语的教学目标是“使学习者能比较熟练地掌握英语基础知识和语言技能，做到具有较好的阅读能力、一定的英译汉能力和初步的听、说、读、写及汉译英能力，为获得专业所需要的信息及进一步提高英语水平打下较扎实的基础”。 本课程包括较系统的英语语法知识、英语单词约3000个和词组约500个，阅读量为30000余词。本课程的重点是英语的基本词汇和语法，课程的主要目的是培养阅读能力。 本课程的主要考试内容是从词汇、语法、阅读和翻译着手的。从2000年开始考试题型已改为如下七种：A. 客观题部分：1.单项选择10%；2.完型填空10%；3.阅读理解30%；B. 主观题部分：4.单词拼写10%；5.词形转换10%；6.汉译英15%；7.英译汉15% 为了帮助大家在英语学习、考试方面能达到事半功倍的效果，以及从我这几年教受英语课程的经验来看，想给大家提几点建议，：第一，要勤读、多读。我们这里所说的“读”包括朗读和阅读，正确的发音，流利的朗读，对于熟练掌握单词、句子和课文，提高阅读速度都有根本意义；第二，记牢单词。我知道这历来是考生们最头疼的事情，但是我认为只要大家有好的适合自己的方法，那么对于大纲要求的这3000词汇来说应该只是a piece of cake(小事一庄)。发音要正确，背单词要有计划，读写结合，注意常用词的词类和变化规则，记单词要和学习课文结合起来，不能死记硬背，最后一环是和遗忘作斗争的最有效手段-复习。英语中有一句谚语：Rome wasnt built in one day!译成中文是：冰冻三尺非一日之寒。记忆单词尤应记住它；第三点，学好语法。学语法的主要目的是为了用。对于英语教学我最擅长的就是讲解语法，一般我会将语法现象融入所学课文中，让大家感觉不是那么晦涩难懂。只有在错综复杂的语言现象中学和用，才能真正掌握语法。 英语学习不是一句两句就说的完的，今后我会在教学中逐步让大家感受到学英语的乐趣，它不仅仅是我们通向事业成功的一座桥梁，也将丰富大家的日常生活。但学习毕竟是件苦事，需要毅力，最后我将四个英文字母以及一句谚语送给我们每一位自学者：IIpp-Interest, Intention, patience and persistence. Where there is a will, there is a way!(有志者事竟成！) Good luck! 下面我们开始上课。我想在第一课开始之前对大家提几点要求：1.每人都必须有课本，即高远主编的大学英语自学教程（上）；2.每讲后必须要复习、做作业；3.最好能提前看看下讲的课文；4 .每5个单元有测验，请大家务必认真完成; 5有问题随时问，学习上不要害羞。 本教程共计25个单元。每单元分A，B两篇文章，一般A 位重点文章，精讲；B为培养阅读能力的文章，略讲。 Unit one: Text A: How to Be a Successful Language Learner? .New Words: 1.successful: a 成功的； succeed v : succeed in doing something做某事成功; success n; successfully ad (*) a.She wished him success_ in his new job. b.Were you successful in finding a new house? c.I finished my training successfully. d.He succeeds in finding a good job. 2.disagree: v disagree with somebody(与某人有分歧，意见不一致), n disagreement, a disagreeable;反义词：agree, agreement, agreeable e.g. I always disagree with him.3.guarantee:n / v 保证、担保、保修 e.g.1.The watch has a two-year guarantee. (n保修) 2.The TV set is guaranteed for one year. (v 保修) 4.intelligent:a 聪明的、明智的，n intelligence 聪明、智慧 5.conversely: ad 相反地，converse a 相反的 6.similar:a 相似的、类似的，短语be similar to sth / sb in sth(*) e.g.She is similar in temper(性情、脾气) to her mother. 7.independent:a 独立的、自主的，independence n 独立、自主、自立，（*） 字根：depend(v):依靠、依赖，depend on / upon dependence: n 信赖、信任、依靠 ；dependent: a 依靠的、需要支持的 a.When you begin to make money you can live a life of independence. b.Children depend on their parents for food. c.I dont want to be dependent on my parents, because I am an adult.8.clue:n 线索、提示，常用短语：clue to something 9.adult: n 成年人；a 成年的、成熟的 a.She can do it herself, for she is an adult now. b.His behavior isnt adult.10.conclusion: n 结论、推论；v conclude. decide v 决定，decision n 决定、决心 11.communicate: v 交流、通讯、传播，习语：communicate sth to sb: 传播某事给某人；communicate with sb: 同某人交流 名词：communication: a communication satellite 通讯卫星； a communication network 通讯网，telecommunication:电讯、电信， China telecommunication中国电信 12.inexact: a 不正确的，反义词：exact incomplete: a 不完整的，反义词：complete 13.purpose: n 目的、意图，purposeful: a 有目的的，蓄意的， purposefully: ad 有目的地、蓄意地(*) a.He was a clever man whose every word was purposeful. b.We should use the language purposefully. c.She did it on purpose.14.regularly: ad 经常地、定期地，regular: a 定期的 15.technique: n 技术、技巧，16.outline: v 概括；n 轮廓、大纲 a.You should outline the story before you write it. b.You can see the outline of her face in the light of the candle. .Intensive reading: 1.Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement.大多数学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法的。 本句主语为：Most adults who are learning a second language;谓语为：would disagree with；宾语为：this statement 主语中包含有一个语法点，定语从句。这是英语中一个非常重要的语法点.顾名思义，定语从句应该在整个句中做定语，请对比如下两句: He bought an interesting book.(定语) / He bought a book which is interesting.（定语从句）。具体介绍该语法点： 修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词后面，它需由关系代词或关系副词引导。 通常引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom, (一般指人), which(一般指物)，whose, that(人、物均可).关系副词有：when(时间), where(地点), why(原因)。不管是关系代词还是副词引导定语从句时，要在定语从句中充当句子成分。上句中的who are learning a second language修饰先行词most adults, who 是关系代词，在从句中作主语。下面我们一起来看另几个例句：仔细听我的分析！ a.The man who/that will give us a talk has come. b.I know a lady whose husband is a Nobel prize winner. c.Shes the girl who/whom/that I met at the party. d.I live in the room whose window faces south. e.Did you find the bike that/which you lost? would此时为助动词，表示“可能，将会”。 需掌握的短语：disagree with sb about / on sth e.g. He disagrees with his wife about the education of their son.2.They need hundreds of hours of study and practice hundreds of:几百，当hundred, thousand, million用作不确定数目时，需用复数形式，并加介词of;当它们用作确定的数目时，不用复数形式。 e.g. five hundred people; hundreds of people 3.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. 译：语言学习不同于其他种类的学习。短语：be different from:与不同 4.Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. (*) 译：有些人很聪明，在他们自己的专业领域很有成就，但发现很难成功地学习语言。 本句主语Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，谓语find，宾语difficult to succeed in language learning，it语法上称作形式宾语:当宾语较长时，常将它移后在空出的位置上用it代替。 包含定语从句who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，修饰先行词some people, who在定语从句中作主语。 需掌握的习语：be intelligent and successful in ones field; succeed in sth / doing sth5.Conversely, some people who are very successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.(相反地) 这句话意思和结构与上句相似，口头分析。6.Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways. (*) 译：语言学习研究显示成功的语言学习者在许多方面都是相似的。 本句主语Language learning research；谓语：shows；宾语：that引导一个宾语从句。在宾语从句中successful language learners是主语；are是系动词；similar in many ways是表语 重要短语be similar (to sb/sth) in sth在方面与某人/某事相似 7.Instead of waiting for the teachers to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. (*) 译：不是等这老师解释，而是自己努力去发现各种句型和规则。 Instead of waiting for the teachers to explain,介词短语作状语，主语：they；谓语：try to find；宾语：the patterns and the rules for themselves 介词of后的动词要用动名词waiting 短语：instead of sth; wait for sb to do sth; try to do sth; 8.They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. (*) 译：他们寻找说这种语言的人，当他们说错时就请这些人帮助指正。 这是一个由and连接的并列句，其中有一个定语从句who speak the language，修饰先行词people;有一个时间状语从句when they make a mistakecorrect: v 指正、纠正，短语：make a mistake 犯错误 9.They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things. 译：他们不害怕重复他们听到的或说一些奇怪的东西。 what they hear是repeat的宾语从句 afraid的用法：be afraid of sth; be afraid to do sth; be afraid that 从句 a.She is afraid to go out alone at night. b.I am afraid of snake. c.Hes afraid that hell be late for class. 10.When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. 译：当交流困难时，他们会接受不准确或不完整的信息。 本句中包含一个时间状语从句When communication is difficult，一个定语从句that is inexact or incomplete，修饰先行词information，在从句中that作主语。11.Its more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. (*) 译：对他们来说，学会用所学的语言来思考比学会每个单词的意思更重要。 it作形式主语，真正主语是动词不定式to learn to think in the language.原句语序应是：For them to learn to think in the language is more important than to know the meaning of every word. 用形式主语的目的是因为不定式作主语太长，为避免句子头重脚轻，用it代替真正的主语。 e.g. For many people to learn English well is very difficult. =Its very difficult for many people to learn English well 短语：learn to do sth学会做; more important than 更重要 12.Its necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. = For them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them are necessary 译：对他们来说，学会这种语言以便同这些人交流并向他们学习是非常必要的 这句话较复杂，it作形式主语，动词不定式是真正的主语，in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them我们称作目的状语 短语：in order to do sth; communicate with sb; learn from sb:向学习 13.They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it. 译：因为他们想学会这种语言，所以他们发现不断地练习实际应用这种语言是容易的。 it作形式宾语，真正的宾语to practice using the language regularly，原因状语从句because they want to learn with it. practice是动词,英式英语拼写形式是practise,美式英语动词和名词拼写都是practice.作动词时，后面只能用动名词，如：practice speaking the language every day. (4段2行)14.If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. (*) 译：如果你是一名成功的语言学习者，你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。 if引导条件状语从句，主句中的have been learning是动词的现在完成进行时，表示动作从以前开始一直不间断地进行到现在。 三个副词：independently, actively, and purposefully 要会拼写。15.on the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above. 译：另一方面来说，如果你的语言学习一直不太成功，你不妨试试上面提到的一些学习技巧。 If your language learning has been less than successful是条件状语从句。 短语：on the other hand: 另一方面来说; less than successful: 不太成功; might do well to do sth:表示一种委婉语气，不妨，最好. e.g. You might do well to take the doctors advice. Thats all for this lecture, and lets continue to learn this unit next time. Dont forget to review what we have learnt. ok, see you then! The second lecture of College English Hi, everyone! Are you satisfied with the first lecture? Today well continue to learn unit one. .Review something in lecture one: A. Useful phrases: 1.disagree with (2段1行); 2.hundreds of(2段3行); 3. be different from(3段1行); 4. succeed in sth(3段3行); 5. as much as you can(4段2行); 6. practice doing sth(4段2行); 7. try to do(4段4行); 8. similar in sth(5段2行); 9. first of all(6段1行); 10. depend on(6段2行); 11. instead of sth/doing sth(6段3行); 12. wait sb to do(6段3行); 13. learn from sth/sb(6段7行); 14. make a mistake(7段4行); 15. be afraid to do(7段5行); 16. be willing to do(7段6行); 17. be interested in sth(8段2行); 18. in order to(8段4行); 19. communicate with sb(8段4行); 20. on the other hand(9段3行); 21. might do well to do sth(9段4行) B. Some important words:1.successful; 2. disagree; 3.statement; 4. guarantee; 5. intelligent; 6. conversely; 7. similar; 8. independent; 9. conclusion; 10. communicate; communication; 11. purpose, purposefully; 12. regularly; 13. technique; 14. outline. C. Key to part exercises: (from page 8 to 12)一、课文练习：.d, a, c, d, d;. 1.task; 2.intelligent; 3.tudy; 4.clue; 5.conclusion; 6.repeat; 7.communication; 8.purpose; 9.probably; 10.outline. 1. Instead of; 2.therefore; 3. morethan; 4.even; 5.first of all; 6.because; 7.on the other hand; 8.finally; 9.looking for; 10.conversely.1.见课文； 2. Language learning is active learning. Learners should take advantage of every chance to use the language. 3. Language learning should be active, independent and purposeful. 4.见一讲作业。 5. The teachers often pass on their successful experience in language learning to us.二、词汇练习：.1.2.4.见一讲词汇讲解部分； 3. cover: v 覆盖； uncover: v 揭开，为cover的反义词；discover: v 发现，同义词：find, 习题答案为：covered; uncover; discovered .1.inexact; 2.technique; 3.outlined; 4.communicate; 5.regularly; 6.clue; 7.intelligent; 8.incomplter; 9.similar; 10.statement.1.disagree; 2.independent; 3.incomplete; 4.inexact; 5.uncover/discover.1,3,4,见一讲作业3,4,5题。2见课文 5. We should learn something new independently, actively and purposefully. . Text B:要求作一般了解，属阅读理解课文，对于text B的文章来说，虽然较A篇稍长，但难度稍低，检测阅读结果的标准是能够独立地完成课后的习题。 A. Some new words: 1.instance: a single fact, event, example.例子、实例， 常用短语for instance，例如。 2.waiter: a person who serves food at the tables in a restaurant(男性)， waitress女服务员、女招待 3.traveler: a person who goes from place to place, esp. to a far away place travel: v 旅游 4.primitive: adj 原始的：of the earliest times of life or of man 5.exact 反义词inexact 6.consist; v 短语： consist of 组成 e.g. My class consists of 20 students. 7.simply: adv, simple adj 简单的 B. Some language points: 1.not onlybut also不但而且，并列连词。(连接两个并列成分) e.g. I hope to be not only your teacher, but also your good friend. , we can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways. 2.neithernor:既不也不，并列连词，连接两个并列成分。 e.g. Autumn is a good season. Its neither hot nor cold. people who can neither hear nor speak talk to each other with the help of their fingers. 3.He entered a restaurant and sat at a table.(坐在桌旁) 4.in this way:介词短语，用这种方法 e.g. I learn English by myself. In this way, I have finally got the diploma of English major. 5. The Englishman who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty looked very sad. a.本句包含有一个定语从句，who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty修饰先行词The Englishman。 b.短语：by this time到此时为止； not at all根本不 6. Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words. 译：语言是由声音组成的，但具有一定意义的声音并不都是话语。 短语：consist of, 句子结构中包含有一个定语从句。 Key to the part exercises: page 16: T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, T, F. Unit 2 Text A: Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes Main idea about the text: we know that the taxes in the United States are the highest in the world. Almost everyone need pay taxes on many things. There are three levels of government in the United States, so there are three types of taxes; they are for the federal government, state government, and city government. Even some Americans think that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes. A. New words: 1.tax: n 税；vt 对征税 a. Every citizen has the right to pay tax to our country. b. My income is taxed at source. (我的收入已扣除了所得税。) 2.generally: adv 一般地、通常，同义词：usually, 常用语：generally speaking, general adj 3.type: n 类型、种类；v 打字 a. What type of tea do you prefer? Green tea. b. She typed the letter quickly and well. 4.salary: n 工资，salaried: adj 拿工资的 5.earn: v 挣钱、赚钱，earnings n 赚得的钱 6.percentage: n 百分比、百分率； percent n 前用数词(*) a. More than ten percent of the students didnt come today. b. A large percentage of schoolbooks now have pictures. c. I am a hundred percent sure that he will come. 7.vary: v 变化、改变； varied adj 有变化的、多样的(*) a. Holiday jobs are many and varied. b. people vary very much in their ideas of many things.(注意介词in的用法) c. prices of fruit vary from season to season. 8.sale: n 出售，sell v 出售 9.charge: v 收费、控告 a. How much do you charge for repairing my shoes? b. He was charged with the guilty of murder. 10.addition: n 加法、附加物； add v 增加； additional adj 额外的、增加的(*) a. She always adds sugar to her tea. b. He earned 1000 dollars in addition to his salary. c. We will need additional help to do the work. 11. confuse: v 使混乱、混淆；confused, confusing adj; confusion n (*) a. If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get confused. b. This is a confusing word because it has two meanings. c. Do you think this will cause much confusion? d. They confused me by asking so many questions. 11.complain: v 抱怨，常跟介词of, about. complaint: n 抱怨、投诉（*） a. Students always complain about too much homework. b. She complained that the exam was too hard. c. He used to complain bitterly of his bad memory. (诉说有病) d. There is no reason for complaint. 12.useless: adj 无用的，反义词 useful; carefulcareless; helpfulhelpless; hopefulhopeless etc. 13.impractical: adj 不切实际的，反义词 practical; practice v 实践、实际 14.program: n 计划、节目、程序；v 编程序 15.tend: v 易于、倾向于， tendency n 趋势、倾向 a. people tend to get fat as they grow older. b. prices continue to show an upward tendency. (物价呈持续上升趋势。) B. Intensive reading: 1.Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes.(*) 译：美国人常说，一个人一生中只有两件事可以肯定会发生：死亡和纳税。 分析：主语：Americans；谓语：say；that引导一个宾语从句，还包含有一个省略了关联代词的定语从句，a person can be sure in life修饰two things. 当先行词在定语从句中作宾语时，常可省略。 e.g. 1. The watch that/which/省略 I found in the library is his.（why?） 2. The girl who/whom/that/省略 you met at the party is my sister. 请试着翻译句子： 1你一直在找的那个人来了。 2昨天我妈给我的钱已经被偷走了。 Answer: 1.The man who/whom/that/省略 you have been looking for has come. 2.The money that/which/省略 my mother gave me yesterday was stolen. 短语；be sure of:对确信、确定 e.g. We can be sure of his honesty. 2. Americans dont have a corner on the death market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.(*) 译：美国人并不垄断“死亡”市场，但很多人感到美国却以最重的赋税在世界上名列前茅。 短语：have a corner on something:垄断; lead with因领先 e.g. China leads the world with her silk products. 3.With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due. 译：由于高额的税款，每年4月15日人们很不开心，因为这一天是上缴联邦税款的日子。 分析：With the high cost of taxes,介词短语作原因状语，with = because of,由于, when the federal taxes are due是非限定性定语从句，修饰on April 15。When 叫关系副词。 Where, when, why是定语从句中的三个关系副词，分别在定语从句中作地点状语、时间状语、原因状语。 a. This is the house where I was born.(where = in which) b. Ill never forget the day when I entered the college.(when = on which) c. please tell me the reason why you are always late for my class.(why = for which) 另外，若定语从句和先行词之间用逗号分开称为非限定性定语从句。它对先行词只是进一步补充说明，删除后不会影响整个句子的基本语意，译成汉语时一般单独翻译。 4.Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.(*) 译：有些洲有与联邦政府类似的个人所得税。 分析：代词that指an income tax, 英文中两个进行比较的事物必须是平等的，如在口语中我们可说“北京的天气比广州干燥”，但译为英语不能写成：The weather in Beijing is drier than Guangzhou.(x)城市不能和天气进行比较，要改为：The weather in Beijing is drier than that in Guangzhou.() 5.other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.(*) 译：其他洲征收销售税，对你在该洲所买的任何商品征收一定比例的税。 分析：包含有两个定语从句，which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state是非限定定语从句，修饰a sales tax。其中还含有另一个限定定语从句which you buy in that state修饰先