动词及动词的时态与语态.docx

动词及动词的时态与语态动词行为动词及物动词（）不及物动词（）连系动词助动词情态动词一、动词的种类二、动词的主要时态和语态的种类和构成现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般do/doesdidshall/will doshould/would do进行am/is/are doingwas/were doingshall/will be doingshould/would be doing完成have/has donehad doneshall/will have doneshould/would have done完成进行have/has been doinghad been doingshall/will have been doingshould/would have been doing常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/are done6过去进行时was/were being done2一般过去时was/were done7现在完成时have/has been done3一般将来时shall/will be done8过去完成时had been done4过去将来时should/would be done9将来完成时will/would have been done5现在进行时am/is/are being done10含有情态动词的can/must/may be askedI动词八种基本时态的概述动词时态是英语学习中一个至关重要的内容，广大中学生在实际运用时，往往对时态总是倍感棘手，下面我们就归纳复习一下这几种时态。 一、一般现在时： （经常性或习惯性的动作）【概念】经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况;客观真理科学事实；在时间,条件等状语从句中代替一般将来时。【基本结构】be动词: _ 行为动词:_ 否定形式：am/is/are+ not; 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。 被动：am/is/are done【时间状语】always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, etc.e.g:1) You know the earth _ around the sun.(move)2) He usually _ basketball with his classmates.(play)3) I will tell you the news the moment I _ it.( know)4) English _ widely in the world. (use)二、一般过去时： 【概念】过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为; 在时间,条件等状语从句中代替过去将来时【基本结构】动词用过去式：规则变化在动词原形后加-ed; 不规则变化需要仔细记忆。否定形式： was/were+not; 在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。【时间状语】ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 被 动：was/were donee.g: 1) Sales of CDs have greatly increased since the early 1990s,when people _ to enjoy the advantage of this new technology. ( begin)2) He _ to help us, but he refused. (ask)三、现在进行时： 【概念】表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为；与等表示时间的副词always/constantly/forever/ all the time连用，表示说话人对主语的行为表示赞叹，赞许，表扬，抱怨，厌恶等情绪，体现出一定的感情色彩；表示按照计划安排好的将要进行的动作。【基本结构】am/is/are+doing 否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing. 一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。 【时间状语】now, at this time, these days, etc.被动：am/is/are being donee.g: 1)He constantly _his things about.( leave)2)-Whats that terrible noise? -The neighbors _ for a party.(prepare)3)The blackboard _ now.(paint)四、过去进行时： 【概念】表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作; 与always/constantly/forever/ all the time等频度副词连用，体现出一定的感情色彩；过去看来按计划将要进行的动作。【基本结构】was/were +doing 否定形式：was/were + not + doing. 一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。【时间状语】at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。被动：was/were being donee.g: 1)The reporter said that the UFO_ east to west when he saw it. (travel) 2)Has Sam finished his homework today?-I have no idea. He _ it this morning. ( do) 3)Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _ she was bitten on the leg by a snake.4) The flowers were _ when I left. (water)五、现在完成时： 【概念】过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。下列句型中常用现在完成时It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句This(That / It)is the first(second)time that + 完成时This(That / It)is the only + that + 完成时This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting + that 从句 + 完成时在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：If you _ the experiment, you will realize the theory better.(do)Dont get off the bus until it _. (stop)【基本结构】have/has + done 否定形式：have/has + not +done. 一般疑问句：have或has +主语。 【时间状语】recently, lately, sincefor,in the past few years, etc.被动 ：have /has been done1) She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book_ 50 million.(reach)2) This is the first time I _ here. (be)3) All the work _, so I want to have a break.(finish)六、过去完成时： 【概念】以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。 【基本结构】had + done. 否定形式：had + not + done. 一般疑问句：had放于句首。 被动：had been done常用过去完成时的几种情况：（1）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. (2)表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/ thought / wanted / expected等（3）“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago。（4）表示“一就”的几个句型：1）Hardly / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when + 一般过去时；2）No sooner + 主语 + 过去分词 + than + 一般过去时。We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。After he (had) left the room, the boss came in.We arrived home before it snowed.1)The bridge _ by the end of last month.( design)2) The building _ before I arrived. ( complete)七、一般将来时： 【概念】表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 【基本结构】am/is/are going to + do；will/shall + do. 一般疑问句：am/is/are放于句首；will/shall提到句首。 表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。表示一种趋向或习惯动作。Well die without air or water.表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：a)be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。b)be going to 表将来，不能用在条件、时间状语从句的主句中；而will则能（此时用will表意愿）。如：If it is fine, well go fishing.(正确)；If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)Shell tell you if you ask her.c) 单纯表示的未来的情况，不用be going to，要用will。 There will be standing room only for each of us in 600 years.Could you tell me what the world will be like in 2010?D) be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon.E) be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。Autumn harvest is about to start.【时间状语】tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc.e. g: 1)Lets keep to the point or we _ any decision. (reach)2) I have won a holiday for two to Florida. I _ my mum. (take)3)A class meeting _ next Monday. (hold)被动：八、过去将来时： 【概念】立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。 【基本结构】was/were/going to + do；would/should + do. 否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do. 一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。 【时间状语】the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc. 被动；should/would be donee.g:1)-Alice, why didnt you come yesterday? -I _, but had an unexpected visitor. 2)He was about to tell me the secret _ someone patted him on the shoulder. 3) She said the work_ soon. ( finish)注意几组时态的区别和时态中的特殊注意事项：（技巧性理解）一般过去时与现在完成时：时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。总之，现在完成时和过去、现在都有关系，一般过去时单纯表示过去某时发生的动作，与现在没有任何关系。如：What did she say about it?What has she said to make you so angry?过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则只用一般过去时即可。瞬间动词（点动词）可以用于现在完成时，但不能和表示持续的时间状语连用。如：buy, leave, begin, become, arrive, get up等。如果要与表示持续的时间状语连用时，把它们换为表示状态的相应的词。die- be dead; get up- be up; arrive, come, begin, become be ;buyhave; leavebe away from; joinbe in/be a member in; borrowkeep. He has already come.He has come for half an hour.He has been here for half an hour.在没有时间状语的情况下，如果表示一次性动作行为用过去时。如：I attended his wedding party.I picked it up and handed it to the policeman.Why did you tell her about that?注意主从复合句的时态要保持一致。注意下列固定句型中的时态运用： “was/were doing / was /were about to / had just done when.” “have done since; Its +一段时间+since .” “had doneby +过去时间” “have donein / during the last/past.”1.-The window is dirty. - I know. It _ for weeks. Ahasnt clean Bdidnt clean Cwasnt cleaned Dhasnt been cleaned2.Scientists think that the continents _always where they_ _today. Aarent; are Barent; were Cwerent; are Dwerent; were 3They _on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we _ on it as no good results have come out so far. Ahad been w