英诗鉴赏第3次课内容.ppt

2. Classification By Its Function(功能):, lyric poem: usually a short composition depicting the speakers deepest emotions and feelings. Songs, elegies, odes, and sonnets fall into this category.,Lyric（抒情诗）:,In its Greek meaning, refers to poems written to be sung to a lyre(七弦琴), an ancient musical instrument with strings fixed to a U-shape frame. Flourished in English Elizabethan period and continued to be popular with poets throughout the literary history. During these years of development, lyrics relation with music was gradually broken.,Now the term “lyric” comes to refer to shorter poems expressive of a poets thoughts and feelings and which could not be classed under any other headings. Written in a variety of poetic genres, including verse song, hymn, ode and sonnet, and characterized by simple form and simple ideas easily adaptable to music.,Another definition:,In modern sense, any fairly short poem expressing the personal mood, feeling, or meditation of a single speaker (who may sometimes be an invented character, not the poet). In ancient Greece, a lyric was a song accompaniment on the lyre, and could be a choral lyric sung by a group (see chorus), such as a dirge or hymn: the modern sense, current since the Renaissance. Often suggests a songlike quality in the poems to which it refers. Lyric poetry is the most extensive category of verse, esp. after the decline,since the 19th century in the Westof the other principal kinds: Narrative and dramatic verse. Lyrics may be composed in almost any metre and on almost every subject, although the most usual emotions presented are those of love and grief. Among the common lyric forms are the sonnet, ode, elegy, haiku, and the more personal kinds of hymn. A writer of lyric poems may be called a lyric poet, a lyricist, or a lyrist. In another sense, the lyrics of a popular song or other musical composition are the words as opposed to the music. (Baldick, 1999: 125-126),Pastoral（田园诗）:,a form of escape literature concerned with country pleasures. It has its origin in ancient Greek literature. Usually presents a simple, idealized country environment inhabited by shepherds and shepherdesses who are engaged in tending sheep, falling in love, and having friendly poetry contest., Ode（颂诗，赋）:,the noblest kind of lyric. Like hymn which usually is a praise of God or the gods, ode is also a praise, such as Ode to the West Wind, Ode to a Nightingale, and Ode on a Grecian Urn. Elegy（悲歌，挽歌）: a poem of lamentation for the dead, ie, mourning someones death, such as Miltons Lycidas, Shelleys Adonais, Tennysons In Memoriam and so on.,Sonnet（十四行诗）,A lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic pentameters in English. The rhyme schemes of the sonnet follow two basic patterns: . The Italian sonnet (also called the Petrarchan sonnet after the most influential of the Italian sonneteers) comprises an 8-line octave of two quatrains, rhymed abbaabba, followed by a 6-line sestet usually rhymed cdecde or cdcdcd); . The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearean sonnet after its foremost practitioner) comprises three quatrains and a fina couplet, rhyming ababcdcdefefgg. (Baldick, 1999: 207),Dramatics(戏剧诗) ; Narratives（叙事诗）, dramatic poem: uses dramatic monologue or dialogue and assumes the presence of another character besides the speaker of the poem. (My Last Dutchess by Robert Browning) narrative poem: poems that tell stories, usually emphasizes action or the plot, including ballads, epics, and verse romances. (Iliad and Odyssey; The Death of the Hired Man by Robert Frost; To an Athlete Dying Young, Along the Field As We Came By by A.E. Housman),Epic(史诗); Ballad(民谣，民歌, 歌谣, 叙事歌), Epic: narrative poems. The oldest type of poetry, such as Iliad and Odyssey. Usually pass from generation to generation before they are written down. Usually about early history or the origin of a nation. Ballad: usually single, spirited poems written in 4-line stanzas, in which some popular stories are vividly told. Especially popular in the 15th century and tell stories about the famous outlaw Robin Hood and about the wars.,. The Metrical Forms of English Poetry,1. Meter(or Metre) (韵律): the recurrent pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a poetic line. It determines the rhythm of the poem. One way to identify the metrical pattern of a poem is to mark the accented(stressed) and unaccented(unstressed) syllables of the poetic line, as in the example below from a sonnet by Shakespeare:,Examples:, My mis/tress eyes / are no/thing like / the sun. 1 2 3 4 5 Shall I / compare / thee to / a su/mmers day? 1 2 3 4 5,More Examples, So long / as men / can breathe / or eyes / can see, 1 2 3 4 5 So long / lives this, / and this / gives life / to thee. 1 2 3 4 5,2. Feet （音步）:,each line of a poem is divided into feet, the basic unit of measurement, according to patterns of accented and unaccented syllables. Following are the five most common types of poetic feet（音步类型）: iambic ( ): forget（抑扬格） trochee ( ): morning（扬抑格） anapest ( ): at a house（抑抑扬格） dactyl ( ): separate（扬抑抑格） spondee ( ): come, now（扬扬格）,3. Names of Poetic Feet（一至六音步名称）：,one foot: monometer （一音步） two feet: dimeter（二音步） three feet: trimeter（三音步） four feet: tetrameter（四音步） five feet: pentameter（五音步） six feet: hexameter（六音步） iambic pentameter: one of the most common meters in English poetry and drama.,4. Rhyme Scheme（压韵格式）:,The pattern in which the rhymed line-endings are arranged in a poem or stanza. Rhyme schemes may follow a fixed pattern, as in the sonnet and several other forms, or they may be arranged freely according to the poets requirements. e.g. Limerick（五行打油诗）: aabba Petrarchan sonnet : abba abba cdecde Shakespearean Sonnet : abab cdcd efef gg,Quiz: Analyse the Meter and Rhyme! (Mark out the feet and stressed and unstressed syllables),(1)Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow. (2)The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls.,5. Caesura 诗行中间的停顿；节律的停顿，（韵脚的）休止 a pause or pauses within the poetic line：,a pause in a line of verse, often coinciding with a break between clauses or sentences. It is usually placed in the middle of the line (medial caesura), but may appear near the beginning (initial) or towards the end (terminal). If it follows a stressed syllable, it is known as a masculine caesura, while if it follows an unstressed syllable, it is feminine. (Baldick, 1999: 29) 传统英语诗体学(prosody)中的一个经典术语。指一行诗中间的停顿。在英语诗歌中，这样的停顿不是由于韵律(metrical)形式，而是由句法(syntax)、语义或标点符号来决定的，所以它们的出现无规律可循。. （胡壮麟等，2004：40）,Quiz: Masculine Caesura Or Feminine Caesura?,So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. Sonnet 18, William Shakespeare That time of year thou mayst in me behold When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang Upon those boughs which shake against the cold Bare ruined choirs, where late the sweet birds sang. Sonnet 73, William Shakespeare,a poetic line that carries its meaning and sound to the next line; （诗句之）跨行连续 e.g. But if I were to have a lover, it would be someone who could take nothing from you. 撑着油纸伞，独自/彷徨在悠长、悠长/又寂寥的雨巷/我希望逢着/一个丁香一样地/结着愁怨的姑娘。,6. Enjambment(=enjamkement):,7. Stanza （诗节）：,a group of two or more poetic lines forming the same metrical pattern or a closely similar pattern that is repeated throughout the poem. Spenserian stanza: an English poetic stanza of nine iambic lines, the first eight being pentameters while the ninth is a longer line known either as an iambic hexameter or as an alexandrine. The rhyme scheme is ababbcbcc. The stanza is named after Edmund Spenser, who invented itprobably on the basis of the ottava