《英语写作突破》PPT课件.ppt

The Development of College English Writing Skills,Zhang Wei College of Foreign Languages,Part 1 English Rhetoric and Writing 英语修辞与写作,1. Introduction 1.1 What is Rhetoric 修辞的定义 Rhetoric is the art or science of communication of words. The study of how to express oneself effectively is the main concern of rhetoric. 修辞学既是研究语言，更是研究语言的使用，着重考察人们再社会交际中的言语规律和特点。它所研究的是为了达到交际目的，怎样说、怎样写，即怎样从客观的环境和对象出发，选择恰当的语言表达方式，力求使对方容易理解和乐于接受所要表达的思想。,1.2 The Relationship Between Rhetoric and Writing修辞与写作,If you know nothing of rhetoric, you cannot appropriately express your ideas, feelings and intentions. In order to make your writing readable, interesting and attractive, you should write in a vivid way. Rhetorical devices can help you achieve this purpose. 修辞是在语法正确的基础上如何进一步使用语言技巧，提高交际效果。这里需要说明，学习了修辞与写作的基本技巧和规律，虽然不能等于会写好文章，但对于写好文章肯定会有帮助，若忽视它们，则不可能把文章写好。 写作不仅要词语、语法正确，而且要语言准确、简明、生动、得体。俗话说：“三分姿质，七分打扮。”写作也是如此，巧妙运用各种修辞格式，会使你的作文语言文采焕然，瑰丽多姿。,The Example: If you are invited out to dinner, what will you say when you cant make it because of another engagement? Here are two versions: 1) Im sorry, I cant. I have no time. Im engaged. 2) Thats very kind of you, but Im afraid I cant make it because I have another engagement. Thank you all the same. Apparently the second version is more appropriate and desirable because it not only express your polite declination but also conveys your gratitude to the inviter. If you resorted to the first version, the inviter would be offended.,The Example: The following is the words from a student to his roommate: Ive gotta be in court at 9 on Tuesday morning. For sure I wont be back for Walkers bio test. Hope the old guy lets me take a makeup. But he may say the following words to his teacher: Excuse me, sir. I have to be in court next Tuesday and so I must be absent from the biology test. Would it be possible for me to take it at some later time.,1.3 Three levels of Rhetoric 修辞的层次 Phonetic Devices 语音修辞 Semantic Devices 语义修辞 Syntactic Devices 话语结构修辞 Stylistic Devices 话语文体修辞,2. Phonetic Devices 语音修辞,2.1 Alliteration (头韵) Alliteration is the repetition of the same letter or syllable at the beginning of two or more words. It is the employment in close connection of two or more words that begin with the same letter. This device is extremely popular with both poets and writers. 头韵是指一组词、一句话或一行诗中重复出现开头音相同的单词，简明生动，起到突出重点，加深印象，平衡节奏，宣泄感情的作用。例如：,例如： No sweat, no sweet.不劳无获 I promise I will finish the task with might and main（尽力）. A good fame is better than a good face. Spare the rod, spoil the child.不打不成器 Penny wise, pound foolish.小事聪明，大事糊涂。贪小便宜吃大亏。 Good books are childrens real companions, and they are both instructive and inspiring. He is usually sensible but sometimes sensitive. He is all fire and fight. Next to health, home, happiness for mobile Americans depends upon the automobile.,2.2 Consonance (尾韵) Consonance is the repetition of consonants in words stressed in the same place (but whose vowel may differ). Also it is a kind of inverted alliteration, in which final consonants rather than initial or medial ones repeat in nearby words. 尾韵是指相同词尾辅音在一组词、一句话或一行诗中重复出现，具有悦耳的节奏感。例如： Freedom is the last and best hope of earth. Abraham Lincoln You can drive a car, but it doesnt follow that you know the nuts and bolts (基本要点) of the engine.,2.3 Assonance （半谐音） Assonance is the repetition of similar vowel sounds, precedes and followed by different consonants, in the stressed syllables of adjacent words. 半谐音也可称 “元韵”或“类韵”。 是指一组词、一句话或一行诗中几个相邻词的元音相似或相同但是前后辅音不同重复出现，它具有音乐的节奏感，可增强语言的表现力。例如： All roads lead to Rome. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hid.城造在山上，是不能隐藏的。 Little strokes fell great oaks. 滴水石穿 Large factories in China wish to be given a freer hand in the right to hire and fire.,2.4 Homoeotoleuton (谐缀) Homeotuleuton, meaning similarity of endings, refers to the use of identical or similar sounding suffixes on the final words of phrases or clauses. Homoeotoleuton is usually used in a verse but it also has a wonderful effect in a prose. 谐缀是指利用词组或句子尾词中相同或相似后缀音构成的语音修辞格，放在诗歌中的句尾就是通常我们所说的押韵。 例如： A little pot is soon hot. There is no security but opportunity on this earth. I need time to drink but I need more time to think. Thinking is one of the most wonderful and powerful tools we have. A little carelessness can prove to be fatal; a little alertness can prove to be vital. Education is not received but achieved.,More often than not, success lies more in attitude than aptitude. Believe and you will receive; Doubt and you will go without. Success is the good fortune that comes from aspiration, desperation, perspiration (出汗) and inspiration. No pain, no gain. Great talkers are little doers.人好说大话，并非实干家。 A good beginning makes a good ending. As we all know, he is creative, active and cooperative. If you want to make progress in your study，you should have diligence and perseverance. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. His grief is brief. Man proposes, God disposes. 谋事在人，成事在天 。,2.5 Onomatopoeia （拟声） Onomatopoeia means the formation of words in imitation of the sounds associated with the thing concerned. 拟声是指利用词的发音模仿人、动物或其他事物声音特点的辞格。它可以使语音生动、形象、逼真。拟声中多用名词、动词或副词。 For example: I can hear the water splashing, the bees humming, and the frogs croaking. The audience cheered and clapped. The steam escaped with a loud hissing noise. Over 150 persons were killed in the air crash in Japan according to the latest CNN News. I heard the clocks ticktack, and time went by.,The little girl giggled when she saw the funny clown. She banged her knee against a table. The ice cracked as I stepped onto it. The door creaked open. Engines were chugging (发出嘎嚓声) away beside the wells. He whispered me what had happened. He flopped (放下) down the bag and ran to help us. That bird is flying. I can see its wings flapping. The angry husband shut the door with a bang.,3. Semantic Devices 语义修辞,3.1 Simile 明喻 A simile is a comparison between two quite different things, designed to create an unusual, interesting, emotional or other effect often using words such as “like” , “asas”, “as if/though”. 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though 等。 例如：,What was experienced in my childhood is always appearing in my memory like pictures. The poem he wrote is like a colorful painting. They will never be able to save money to buy a new housethey both spend money like water. Marriage is like a beleaguered (围困) fortress: those who are out want to get in and those who are in want go get out. Just as you cant judge a book by its cover, so you cant judge a person by his appearance. He had no more idea of art than a cow. (He knew nothing of art.) The moon is like a silver plate. He is as stubborn as a mute. The two boys look as if of the same cast (容貌，外观). (They are very much alike.),3.2 Metaphor (暗喻) A metaphor is a word or phrase that describes one thing being used to describe another. It is an implied comparison between two or more unlike things; achieved by identifying one with the other. Metaphorical phrases are widely used in English. 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它直接把一种事物名称用在另一事物上，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力 例如： Money is the lens in a camera.Money can reflect the different characteristics of a person.,Society is said to be the best university, for ones vision can be broadened and experience can become more abundant. Violence is the cancer of modern society. It was the dark before dawn, and before long Shanghai would be freed. All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women merely players. William Shakespeare They are birds of a feather. (people of the same sort) All your fingers are thumbs. (clumsy with your hands) He is a bag of wind. (He talks a lot and does nothing.) He was all eyes. (He was watching attentively.) That is my cup of tea. (That is my favorite occupation.) He regards me as a thorn in his flesh. (a constant bother),3.3 Metonymy (转喻) Metonymy is a word or phrase that is used to represent something it is closely associated with although both things involved are not of the same kind. 转喻是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。 For example: When we say “The kettle is boiling”, we actually mean the water in the kettle is boiling. Here the kettle has nothing in common with water, but has something to do with it. Other examples are: the Press for newspapers in general, Wall Street for the American stock market, the Bench for the judiciary, and Dante for his works.,I am drinking Nestle. I wont let my heart rule my head. Will Mozart be played at the concert? The college students live in the ivory tower. It is said that he ruled the company with an iron fist. His wallet would not allow him that luxury. He succeeded to the crown in 1848. I enjoyed reading Tagore especially in such a lovely season like early spring. (His poems) Grey hairs should be respected. Beneath the rule of men entirely great, the pen is mightier than the sword. (pen means books or articles while sword means the instrument of force and destruction) He sets a good table. (He gives good food.) He is fond of the bottle. He must have been spoilt from the cradle. (when he was young),3.4 Synecdoche (提喻) Synecdoche is a form of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole stands for a part or in short any portion, section or main quality for the whole or the thing itself or vice versa. 提喻是用部分代全体或用全体代部分。 They say theres bread and work for all. She was dressed in silk. A hand is needed in our workshop. Two heads are better than one. He toiled all day long to earn his bread. It was reported that Korea beat China in a soccer game yesterday. Class 1 is superior to Class 2 in the crossword games.,Italy beat France in the World Cup Finals He has to work hard because he has got five mouths to feed. There wasnt a sail in sight. Great minds think alike. All the plants in the cold country are turning green in this smiling year. (spring) There are about a hundred hands here. The world is still ignorant of the fact. Yet there were some stout hearts who attempted resistance. (brave fellow),3.5 Transferred Epithet (移就) A transferred epithet is an adjective modifying a noun which it cannot logically modify, yet which works because the metaphorical remains clear. 移就指的是作为修饰语的形容词与被修饰语没有逻辑关系，但起到了通感的作用。其特点是把人的感觉沟通用于描摹客观事物形象，表现主观心理感受。 For example:,There was a short thoughtful silence. An expensive failure can be made into an asset if youve learnt from it. People listened with open-mouthed astonishment while the shocking news sank in. He closed his busy life at the age of 80. The moment he saw us, he gave us a sunny smile. The photo recorded many hopeful eyes of the small village. This is the cheapest market in this country. The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder. The old man lay all night on his sleepless bed. The question was met with an awkward silence.,3.6 Synaesthesia（通感） Synaesthesia refers to the spontaneous association of sensation of different kinds. 通感是指在日常经验里，视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉、味觉往往可以彼此打动或交通，眼、耳、舌、鼻、身各个官能的领域可以不分界限。 例如： The flowers smell sweet. She said “Hello” to me with a sweet smile. She has a soft voice.,3.7 Personification (拟人) Personification gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes to inanimate objects, or to ideas and abstractions. It is thus a form of metaphor in which the inanimate thing is seen to have some similarity with humans 拟人是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物上，使之人格化的修辞格。运用“拟人”可以使抽象的事物具体化，使无生命的东西活跃起来，增强语言的鲜明性、形象性和生动性。 例如： Great misfortune follows him all the time. A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes. Lazy clouds drifted across the sky. The flowers nodded to her as she passed. The sun kissed the green fields.,3.8 Zoosemy (拟物) Zoosemy is a reversed personification in which the names of animals or things are metaphorically used to denote human qualities. In other words, human beings are described as animals, plants, inanimate things and so forth. 同拟人相反，拟物是把人当成物来描写，包括描写成动物、植物、无生命物、抽象概念等。 例如： He is a wolf in sheeps clothes. (a hidden enemy) She is shedding crocodile tears. (insincere tears) “A lucky dog you are!” exclaimed John. He is a bookworm. Children are flowers of our country.,We have been dogged for two days by an agent. (We have been followed and watched closely for two days) Children are always eager to ape others. (imitate others) Hold your viperous tongue. (Stop talking scandal. 毒蛇的) He may serve as a good secretary, for he is as close as an oyster. They are nothing but paper toys, played, ruined, torn, and thrown into the garbage can. (prostitutes),3.9 Hyperbole (夸张) Hyperbole is overstatement or exaggerated language that distorts facts by making them much bigger than they are if looked at objectively. It is often used to express ones strong feeling or violent emotions by remarkable imagination for the effect of strong impression, humor or sarcasm. Hyperbole should go beyond facts but cannot be divorced from reality. 夸张是一种故意言过其实，或夸大或缩小事物的形象，借以突出事物的某种特征或品格，鲜明地表达思想情感的修辞方式。用于描写可以使形象更生动突出，渲染气氛，烘托意境，给读者留下深刻、鲜明的印象。 例如： John was mad for the great achievement he had made in IBM. One father is more than a hundred schoolmasters. Some movie stars wear their sunglasses even in churches; theyre afraid that God might recognize them and ask for autograph. His words made my blood freeze.,For her, there was no one but George, and George was the world. Waves high as mountains broke over the reef. Here was wealth beyond computation, almost beyond imagination. She shed floods of tears. He complains and with millions of reasons. The cost mounted to astronomical figures. Belinda smiled, and all the world was happy. From his mouth flowed the speech sweeter than honey. He has an encyclopaedic knowledge of Chinese medicine. I was scared to death when he put a red-hot boiled potato down my back.,3.10 Pun（双关） Pun is a play on words, which involves an amusing use of expressions with a double meaning or the same sound but different meanings. 双关是指同形异义词(homonym)或同音异义(homophone)词的巧妙使用，是一种文字游戏。它的效果是使语言生动幽默。 例如： The blind man can always see his father because the father is apparent (a parent). Seven days without water make one weak (week). He preferred to take to his legs rather than to lay down his arms. (weaponHe preferred to run away rather than to surrender.) Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man. (death) When Tom asked whether I had missed the football match yesterday, I said that I missed my girlfriend. Coke refreshes you like no other can. (advertisement) All is well that ends well. (cigarette advertisement) From sharp minds, come Sharp products. (Sharp advertisement),He lies first on one side, and then on the other, and remains wide awake all the time. He lies still when he dies. (He knows himself; he is a liar all his life. He still tells lies when he dies.) Is life worth living? It depends on the liver. (Here the play is upon the homonyms liver, meaning one who lives and liver, an important organ in human body.) You reckon your Dodge would help you up to all these dodges again? (That is what a policeman said to a criminal, in which the word dodge is the brand name of car and also a verb meaning escape.),3.11 Litotes （曲言） Litotes consists of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite. 曲言是通过否定反面来表达肯定的意思, 也叫间接肯定法。 例如： This is no small (a big) problem. He was a man of no mean wealth. (He was quite rich.) Its no laughing matter. (Its a serious matter.) Todays homework is no easy (difficult) to finish. It is not right (wrong) to mock at cripples.,3.12 Parody （仿拟） Parody is an imitation of a proverb, epigram, saying or idiom for humorous effect. The imitation is usually manifested in the form of given words, sentences, tones or even the whole piece of writing. Their humorous effects depend largely on the readers knowledge of the original expressions. 仿拟是根据家喻户晓的成语或谚语，临时更换其中的某个部分，造成新的成语或谚语；或者根据古今名言警句，在保持其原句不变的情况下，更换其中部分词语，这种修辞方式叫仿拟。 例如：,When in China, do as Chinese do. (When in Rome, do as Romans do.) Where there is a friend, there is a favor. (Where there is a will, there is a way.) Where there is a wish, there is a dream. Where there is a will, there is a lawsuit. Better late than the late. （A slogan on a US highway“晚了总比完了好” , from “Better late than never”） Out of classroom, out of control. (Out of sight, out of mind.) Fame and fortune wait for no man. (Time and tide wait for no man.) Because of the possibility of human error and total reliance on communications between pilots and controller, the system will “fail dangerous” rather than “fail-safe” (万全的，不会失败的). A: Its said that Jane has fallen in love with Jack. B: Yes, but she says she had hesitated for a long time before she finally walked into love.,3.13 Oxymoron (矛盾修辞法) Oxymoron is a rhetorical figure in which an epigrammatic (警句的) effect is created by the conjunction of incongruous (不相称的) or contradictory terms. It is a common device, closely related to antithesis (对立) and paradox, as in “bitter-sweet memories” and “mildly magnificent”. 矛盾修辞法是修饰语和被修饰语具有两种不相调和，甚至截然相反的特征。这种方法在矛盾中寻求哲理，语言精炼简洁，富有哲理，并产生强大的逻辑力量，产生一种出人意料，引人入胜的效果。 例如： an expected accident/surprise busy idleness virtual reality old news,No light, only darkness visible. He met his son with painful pleasure. To me, you are a familiar stranger. It is said that a public forbidden castle has been built up in that country. The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and the painful joy of childbirth. I wont say “yes” and I wont say “No”, but Im giving you a definite “Maybe”. An atmosphere of dangerous calm could be felt throughout the mining region. I like a smuggler. He is the only honest thief. Generally speaking, there are mainly three rhetorical functions of oxymoron: for sharp contrast; for emphasis; for humor,3.14 Paradox （隽语） Paradox consists of a statement of proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking may prove to be true, well-found. 隽语是指似