《大学英语级写作》PPT课件.ppt

大学英语四级考试 写作备考指南,中国学生写作存在的主要问题：,1)基础不牢固，很多拼写和简单的语法错误； 2)写作词汇匮乏：词汇源匮乏，表达单一，阅卷老师很难找到亮点； 3)中式思维：没形成良好的英语表达习惯，写作文总是根据汉语的表达习惯来遣词造句，字字对译，在句法结构和语法规律上经常出错。 4)作文模式化严重。 考生作文大多雷同，写得再好，叫阅卷老师如何给你高分。 5)卷面不整洁，字数不够。现在作文都是扫描阅卷，如果卷面不整洁，印象分基本没有了。,写作建议,遇到不会写的单词：换个说法，解释。 尽量不使用生僻的词汇，使用常见的短语和四级高频词汇。 尽可能多的使用亮点词汇和亮点句型，例如： .individuals, characters, folks代替(people ,persons) : positive, favorable, rosy(美好的)，promising (有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding代替good :dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse(有害的)代替bad 如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive代替 . more and more =an increasing number of/a growing number of more and more important = increasingly important,适当使用被动来代替主动，这样更能客观地反映事实。句子开头不能总是用I，my等。 不用 We should take effective measures to 而用 Effective measures should be taken to 善于使用连接词或插入语，例如 however, therefore, for example等 。Some hold the opinion that 换成Other individuals, however, take the attitude that 别看一个小小的连接词，有时候作用很大的。 今后都是扫描阅卷，卷面一定要整洁，字数只能多不能少。,结构要清晰 结尾要点题 卷面要整洁 忌用没有把握的词 多用连接性的单词 多用长句，少用短句 注意审题，拟好提纲 利用提示，调整扩充 写好第一句话，留个良好印象 文章忌讳太长，容易引起反感 如有可能，适当加上一两句名言或是谚语，以显示你见识的广博。,写作备考指南首段写法,（1） 谚语法,由于谚语一般已经被大家所接受，用谚语提出自己的观点也容易被读者所接受。 例如： As the saying (proverb) goes, “Haste makes waste.” We are now living in an age of rapid pace and high efficiency. Everyone wants to set the quickest result within the shortest time. But if too much emphasis is laid upon speed, people will ignore the quality of what they are doing, and thus yield unsatisfying results. 常用的句型有： There is an old saying that People often say It is often quoted that One of the great men once said that,（2） 定义法,定义法是通过对文章中的关键词做一些简单或正面或反面的解释，限定其范围，这样比较有利于引出主题。 例如： Fashion means a general tendency among people in a certain society, for example, their common interest in clothes, in one type of hair style and so on. Some people like fashion. 常用的句型有： Sth is / is called / is considered to be /is taken to be / refers to / means /signifies,（3） 提问法,通过提问一个或一连串的问题，可以激发读者的兴趣，从而引出主题。 例如： Do you have many friends? Are they similar to you or different from you? Which kind of friends do you prefer?,（4） 现象描述法,概括法指先总结文章内容所涉及的现状，然后引出主题。 例如： In recent years, while our industries and businesses have developed quickly, the number of trees in many big cities has dramatically reduced. Efforts are being made to prevent people from cutting more trees, but to realize the significance of making cities greener is of importance.,（5）主题句开篇法,即开门见山直接陈述主题。 例如： As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend. Society is made up of individuals, and making friends is a very important part of our life. Friends can give you a lot.,（6） 故事法,故事法指用简单有趣的故事激发读者的兴趣，从而提出自己的观点。 例如： Most of us may have such experiences: when you go to some place far away from the city where you live and think you know nobody there, you are supposed to find that you run into one of your old classmates on the streets, perhaps both of you would cry out: “What a small world!”,（7） 引语法,例如： “Just as eating without liking harms the health, learning without interest harms the memory and cant be retained.“ From Vincis words we can see how important it is to motivate the students in language learning.,（8） 调查法,为了得到读者的认可，文章的开始可以引出调查数据等，借以提出主题。 例如： It was reported that scientific studies had been made to determine whether smoking was a hazard to health. Evidence had shown that there was a serious health risk.,（9）假设法,假设法是指通过假设提出一种选择，交代文章要涉及的问题，从而提出文章的主题。 例如： Suppose you were offered two jobs, one is highly-paid but rather demanding, the other is less demanding, but poorly-paid, which would you prefer? ,（10）间接开头法,常用的句型有： People often say that, but I think it is not true. Some people say /believe / hold the view /claim / suggest that Others criticize ./ point out / maintain / argue that Nowadays it is universally / generally admitted / acknowledged / accepted / held that,写作备考指南结尾段写法,（1） 重述或总结主题,重述主题指于结论处以另外一种表达方式重申主题，与首段照应。 例如：Influence on Young Adults一文的开头段是：The process of growing up is very complex for every person. Among countless factors which influence a persons growth, there are two conspicuous aspects: the family and the friends. 结尾段：Families offer us warmth and care. Friends give us strength and horizon. They both help us understand the world as it is. Both of them are the dearest parts in our life.,（2） 提出建议,例如：Since postcards do us more harm than good, since we have many other ways to convey our feelings and promote our friendship, I hope everyone will take actions now to stop using postcards.,（3） 概括总结,例如：To sum up, in order to keep the respectable life, the students ought to behave well according to the four rules mentioned above: 1. be ambitious; 2. be broadminded; 3. be brave; and 4. be honest.,（4）提出预测和希望,例如：In a word, TV advertisement, I think, are a newborn thing in the development of our economy, of course, there is much room for improvement in the TV ads. I believe the TV ads will benefit both the advertisers and consumers.,词义辨析,alternative, choice, preference hole, cave, cavity, den, excavation, hollow, pit mill, factory, plant, works absurd, foolish, silly, ridiculous inevitable, unavoidable mist, fog, smog, vapor perfume, fragrance,大学英语四六级考试 写作实例,主讲: 林明金,The Global Shortage of Fresh Water,Most people believe that the supply of fresh water on the earth is inexhaustible. City dwellers are used to having as much clean water as they want coming out of the kitchen tap. And if you go into the countryside in most places you will see a wide variety of sources of water rivers, wells, and even glaciers. It seems that they could never be used up. But the truth is that the world is short of fresh water. The rapid growth of the rural population, the rising demand for water by industry and the increasing rate of pollution of water sources means that there is a global threat of massive water shortages. Already in some major cities there is not enough fresh water to satisfy the daily needs of their inhabitants. Therefore, it is an urgent task for us to find new ways to save water. First, we should be careful not to waste water. Second, scientists should be encouraged to improve methods of desalinating seawater and purifying polluted water. And third, industry must make extra efforts to reduce the use of fresh water.,Global Shortage of Fresh Water,People often think that water will never be used up. There is plenty of water, such as rain, water from the rivers and wells. It seems as if water is always available around us and we never have to worry about water shortage. In fact, water is rather limited on the earth. With the rapid increase of population and fast development of industries, water is more needed than before. At the same time, a large amount of water has been polluted and wasted every day. Some big cities in China are facing the problem of water shortage already. There, water supply is controlled and industry has been restrained. What should we do about the water shortage? I think, first, the people should be made aware of the real situation about the water. Everyone should consciously save water. Besides, certain law should be made to prevent water from being polluted. We have to protect the existing water resources and develop new ones. In this way I believe that our cities will not be thirsty for water in the future.,Smoking and Health,It was reported that scientific studies had been made to determine whether smoking was a hazard to health. Evidence had shown that there was a serious health risk. Cigarette smoking is believed by, most research workers in this field to be a n important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and tat of a throat. It also affects the heart and blood vessels. Smokers die much often of heart disease. While all tobacco smoking affects peoples health, cigarette smoking seems to have a much greater effect than cigar or pipe smoking. However, the taking in of nicotine is not reduced by the latter forms. Scientific research indicates that filters and low tar tobacco are to make smoking to some extent safer. They can only reduce hazards by a very small degree, but they cannot remove them altogether. So, a great number of doctors and researchers think that smoking is a dangerous thing. “Give up smoking. If you dont smoke, dont start,” they say.,Smoking,It is almost known to all that smoking is bad for peoples health. Scientific researches show that smoking can lead to heart disease, cancer and other problem. The World Health Organization says diseases linked to smoking kill at least two million five-hundred-thousand persons each year. Still, many people find it difficult to stop smoking. One reason is that smoking usually becomes a habitual behaviour, and habits, whether good or bad are not easy to be given up. Another reason is the effect of nicotine, the substance found in cigarettes works on people somewhat as drugs do. Measures have been taken to help people keep away from the harm of smoking. In many cities, smoking is forbidden in public places. The danger of smoking is warned of everywhere. And newspapers are asked not to publish advertisements for cigarettes. World “No Tobacco Day“ is observed every year as the biggest campaign against smoking.,The Taxi in Big Cities,Needless to say, taxi brings us convenience. You may have the experience to be packed like a canned sardine in a crowded bus, exhausted, bored and desperate. It is quite different when you sit in a taxi. First, it usually runs faster and can take you wherever you want to go. Second, it is more comfortable especially for children and senior citizens. Meanwhile, taxi also brings us some trouble. The increasing number of taxis makes the streets more and more crowded. What is more, most citizens cant afford to take it. On the one hand, it is a little bit expensive for the mass to take taxi. On the other hand, some taxi drivers often refuse to pick up those who want to go to a distance place. In my opinion, taxi should be encouraged and controlled to make it a real facility of the public by strengthening its administration.,The Taxi in Big Cities,Nowadays, in many big cities taxis have become an important transport means. They offer quick and convenient service to the city people. For example, if you need to get to the center of the city quickly for a meeting, a taxi can take you there on time. When someone is sick, a taxi can take him to hospital in a minute. But, some problems exist service. From time to time, some taxi drivers refused passengers, who would take a short distance trip from which the drivers cant make much money. And some taxi drivers overcharge the passengers. To solve these problems, I would like to suggest that passengers should take down the taxis number and report to the organization concerned. The city government should also make regular check-up on the taxi. At the same time, a kind of punishment should be given to those who have violated certain regulations. In this way, the situation will be improved.,Positive and Negative Aspects of Sport 运动的积极因素； 运动的消极因素 你的体会。,Sample 1 Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports,Sports benefit us in many respects. When taking part in sports, we get the chance to train almost all parts of our bodies. There is no doubt that proper sports activities keep our physical fitness. Furthermore, sports can enrich our life and maintain our psychological health. Through participation, everyone can learn that on the playground he not only struggles for himself but also fights for his team. Sports teach us about consideration, cooperation and optimism to failure. But sports can do some harm to those who cannot plan their activities properly. Too hard training may hurt their bodies, exhaust their vigor, and even cause them to become sick. In general, I love sports. I enjoy sports. For sports not only help me to live a well-balanced life, but also provide me with opportunities to get closer to nature. Sports add happiness to my everyday life when I perform in a decent way.,Sample 2,Sports do us good in many respects. It goes without saying that taking exercises can build up our physical strength. In collective sports like basketball, volleyball, or football, we will learn the importance of cooperation. While taking part in sports game, we will try our best to win and arouse in ourselves the competitive spirit. Sports can also help us relax after a period of exhausted work. As the saying goes, “every coin has two sides.” We may hurt other players or ourselves if we are not careful enough when participating in sports activities. On the other hand, excessive or severe training can do harm to our health. Generally speaking, I love sports. I feel that sports make me healthy both physically and psychologically. I have also made friends and gained much pleasure through taking part in sports activities.,Sample 3,Sports benefit us in many respects. When taking part in sports, we get the chance to train almost all parts of our body. There is no doubt that properly balanced physical activities keep us physically fit. Furthermore, sports can enrich our life and maintain our psychological health. Through participation, everyone can learn that on the playing field he not only competes for himself but also for his team. Sports teach us about consideration, cooperation and optimism, and how to cope with difficulties. But sports can do harm to those people who cannot balance their activities properly. Training too hard may hurt their body, exhaust their energy and even make them disabled. Personally, I love sports. I enjoy participating in sports. I feel that I not only gain a well-balanced life through sports, but also get more chances to move closer to nature. Sports have really added happiness to my daily life.,Practice Makes Perfect 怎样理解”熟能生巧”？ 例如：在英语学习中 又如.,Sample 1,Practice is the key to success in all fields of activity. It is practice alone that enables us to build up speed and efficiency. When we accomplish something perfectly without wasting effort, this is the result of long practice. Take the study of English, for example. Only practice can enable us to spell words correctly and master the rules of grammar. And it is only through practice that we can become fluent in speaking and writing; there is no other way. Another good example is sports. Practice is the only way to become stronger and run faster. Besides, in team games practice is what improves our sense of cooperation and helps the team to win. To sum up, there can be no achievement which is not based on a solid foundation of practice.,Sample 2,The famous saying “Practice makes perfect” is widely accepted today. It means if we practice unfamiliar things again and again, well be able to perform it perfectly. The practice of learning English is a good example. We are not living in an English speaking country. So, in order to learn it well, we need extra practice, such as reading English books, going to English corners, or communicating with foreigners. Only sitting at the desk cannot lead to the mastery of English. As another example, if we want to be skilled in using the computer, we also need to practice using it. Some children become little experts in computer, just because they play with it everyday. On the contrary, if we just stick to books, we will still feel confused when using computers. Judging from the evidence offered, we might safely draw the conclusion that practice makes perfect.,The Effect of Personal Computers on Kids,In the effort to create an extra-curriculum quality education for their kids, parents, apart from taking the trouble of accompanying them to all sorts of after school classes, very generously provide “hardware” facilities, including drawing classes, football and expensive items like pianos and personal computers (PCs). However, some parents feel uncertain about the necessity to buy their kids PCs, worrying that the games found on PCs may take too much time and energy out of the kids school work. Reasonable as it is, a PC is still a recommendable investment, as the game playing, if under control, is beneficial to kids rather than being harmful. First of all, computers are playing such an important role in everyday life that no one can afford to be ignorant about it. Secondly, when their peers talk excitedly about their yesterdays game achievements, a kid who can not join will not feel belonging, and this sense of isolation of being outsmarted, has a negative effect on the kids self-confidence. Thirdly, their fascination in games is inner motivation in the real sense. Only when ones interest is aroused can real learning begin. When learning how to start as computer and how to play a game, a kid is learning how to operate a computer. There is no learning approach easier and more enjoyable than that which combines work and play in one. Finally, the interest in games will, quite probably, lead to further exploration and discovery, or to serious professional work. In a word, PCs should be among parents shopping priorities for their kids. Right guidance and necessary discipline will help guarantee constructive results.,Computer in our life,Doing shopping at home? Borrowing books from the library without leaving your home? concluding transactions just by a knock at the keyboard? These may seem strange ten years ago, but now computer has turned them into realities. There is no denying that computer has brought a lot of convenience to our life. With computer, we can find all information you want to know; with computer, we can solve many complex calculations easily; with computer, we can always find solutions to difficult problems. In short, computer has spread into every corner of this world. With all these advantages, computer also brings us some trouble. For example, many employees might be laid off for their positions can be replaced by computer. In addition, computer games are so various ence their studies and health. Computers even bring some crimes, like hacker. We should not become the slave of it.,Home Computer,Now, compute