高考英语代词和介词(全国通用).ppt

专题二 代词和介词,代词思维流程,知识点一 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、 指示代词及疑问代词的用法,1.人称代词和物主代词,2.含有反身代词的习惯用语,by oneself独自地 come to oneself苏醒，恢复知觉 help oneself to随便吃/用 enjoy oneself玩得开心 teach oneself自学 make yourself at home别客气 say to oneself自言自语 be not oneself身体不舒服 behave oneself举止规矩,用括号中所给代词的适当形式填空 1.If you would like some fish, do help _ (you). 2.I dont think these jackets are Johns and Toms._ (they) must be in the next room. 3.Everybody is doing _ (they) best for the four modernizations. 4.Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard. Why _ (I)？John is sitting there doing nothing.,5.My grandpa still treats me like a child.He cant imagine _ (I)growing up. 6.Sorry, its _ (I)who am impolite to you, so I apologize to you. 答案 1.yourself/yourselves 2.Theirs 3.their 4.me 5.my 6.I,4.one，ones, the one, the ones, that，those, it作替代词时的区别,The train was crowded so we decided to catch a later one. 这趟火车太挤了，所以我们决定乘坐下一班。 His own experience was different from that of his friends. 他自己的体会和朋友们的体会不同。 I love the springit is a wonderful time of the year. 我喜欢春天这是一年中一段美妙的时节。 The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk. 桌子上面的书比桌子下面的书要好。,解答考查it，one (ones), that (those)的用法和区别的题目的关键是明确以下几点： 1.被替代的对象与上文出现的人或事物是否是同一个或同一类。 2.被替代的对象表示泛指意义还是特指意义。 3.被替代的对象是可数名词还是不可数名词，如果是可数名词，是单数还是复数。,用one, it或that填空 7.A desk made of wood lasts longer than _ made of plastics. 8.This news is less exciting than _. 9.There is only one dictionary left in the bookstore.Please go to buy _. 答案 7.one 8.that 9.it,没有一个面包像这个通过自己的辛勤汗水挣来的一样甜。 【误】No bread eaten by man is so sweet as it earned by his own labour. 【正】No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labour. 误点：_,知识点二 不定代词,1.3组不定代词对比识记,(1)either，both，neither，all，none，any,As the two dictionaries are useful, Ill take both and either of them is very important to me. 由于这两本词典都有用，我会把它们都带走，每一本对我来说都非常重要。 Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but neither of them wants to, because they have work to do. 拉里让比尔和彼得跟他一起去野餐，但他们两个都不想去，因为他们都有工作要做。 All horses are animals, but not all animals are horses. 所有的马都是动物，但是并不是所有的动物都是马。 点津 both，all，every与否定词连用表示部分否定；表示全部否定时应用neither，none。,(2)none, nobody/no one, nothing,(2016江西)Nobody can be good at something for 40 years if he doesnt love it. 没有人能持续四十年把某件事做得很好，除非他热爱它。 None of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret. 他们中没有人知道那项计划，因为它还是个秘密。,(3)the other, other, another, others,I have two books；one is English, and the other is French. 我有两本书，一本是英语，另一本是法语。 Shopping on the Internet enables people not to search for goods from one store to another. 网上购物使人们不必从一家店到另一家店地寻找商品。 You are a team star！Working with others is really your cup of tea. 你是队里的明星！与别人一起工作的确是你的所爱。 Some wanted to see one programme while others preferred another.I was happy with any programme but the others spent a lot of time arguing. 一些人喜欢看一个节目，另一些人却喜欢看另外的节目。而我任何节目都看得很高兴，但是，其余人却花大量时间去争论,2.其他不定代词,(1)each，every的区别 each 表示两者或两者以上的“每一个”，强调“个体”，倾向于把整体分开来考虑，作代词或形容词，可以作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。 Each of them has a mobile phone.(作主语) 他们每一个都有一部手机。 Each room can seat at least fifty people.(作定语) 每个房间至少能坐50人。 We each have a textbook.(作同位语) 我们每个人有一本教科书。 代词each作同位语，谓语动词与主语we保持一致。,(2) Every合成词与any合成词的区别 Every合成词强调整体、全部；any合成词强调个体，任何一。 -What do you want, an apple or a banana ? -Anything is ok. Thank you. He handed out books to everyone in the class.,1.Look! _of his hands is covered with muddy.What a naughty boy! 2.Look! _of his hands are covered with muddy.What a naughty boy! 3._ of his parents is from Hawaii.They _ come from San Francisco. 4._of the answers are not right.Some of them are apparently wrong. 答案 1.Either 2.Both 3.Neither; both 4.All,选用不定代词填空，体会其含义 5.Some people think playing computer games benefits children a lot while _hold the opposite view. 6.Can I help you? This radio doesnt work.Please show me _. 7.I am just familiar with one of the two visitors to our school._is strange to me. 8.Helping _ people in danger is a good virtue. 答案 5.others 6.another 7.The other 8.other,我不在家时有人找我吗？ 没有。 【误】Did anyone ask for me when I was out? None. 【正】Did anyone ask for me when I was out? No one. 误点：_,名词在each of之后，前面要加定冠词。,每个学生都有一本英汉词典。 【误】Each of students has an English-Chinese dictionary. 【正】Each of the students has an English-Chinese dictionary. 误点：_,若疑问句表示请求、建议，用some，不用any。如： May I ask you some questions？(请求) Would you like some coffee？(建议),单句改错 9.How many did you spend on it? 改：_ 10.Many work has been done. 改：_ 11.There wont be some trouble. 改：_ 答案 9.manymuch 10.ManyMuch 11.someany,完成句子 12._ of them have been to London. 他们中几乎没人去过伦敦。 13.There are _ mistakes in his composition. 他的作文中有几处错误。 14.Hurry up.There is _ time left. 快点，快没时间了。 答案 12.Few 13.a few 14.little,知识点三 it的用法,1.指时间、距离、天气、日期、温度等。,Its early spring, but it is already hot. 现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。,2.指代前面提到过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词this，that。,Although he didnt like it, I decided to see the movie anyway. 尽管他不喜欢这部电影，我还是决定去看一看。,3.当说话者弄不清对方是谁，不清楚或没必要知道说话对象的性别时，可以用it来指代。 What will you call it if it is a boy? 要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？ 4.作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或名词性从句。 It is dangerous for you to swim in the river. 你在这条河里游泳是危险的。(it作形式主语，to swim in the river是真正的主语) He didnt make it clear when and where the meeting would be held. 他没说清楚何时何地举行会议。(it作形式宾语，从句when and where.是真正的宾语),【归纳总结】 常用it作形式主语或形式宾语的句式： It is a pity/shame that.真可惜/丢人 It is no wonder that.难怪 It seems/appears that.似乎/看来 It looks/seems as if/though.看起来好像 It happens that.碰巧 It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb that.某人突然想起 It is said/reported/announced/believed/hoped/suggested that.据说/据报道/据宣布/人们认为/人们希望/人们建议,It is no use/good doing sth做某事没有用/好处 It takes sb some time to do sth做某事花费某人多长时间 It is certain that.是一定的 主语表示情感倾向的动词(prefer, like, hate, dislike, appreciate等)itthat/if/when.,5.用于强调句型“It is/was被强调部分that/who.”,Johns success has nothing to do with good luck.It is years of hard work that has made him what he is today. 约翰的成功和好运气没关系，是多年的努力工作才使他有了今天。,如果你把音乐关小一些，我将非常感激。 【误】I would appreciate if you would turn the music down. 【正】I would appreciate it if you would turn the music down. 误点：_,用适当的词填空 1.The doctor thought _ would be good for you to have a holiday. 答案 it 此处it would be good for you to have a holiday是宾语从句作thought的宾语。it在这个宾语从句中作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式。句意：医生认为去度假对你是有益的。,2.The fact that she was foreign made _ difficult for her to get a job in that country. 答案 it 句意：她是外国人的事实使得她在那个国家很难找到工作。用it作made的形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在宾补之后，其他词没有这种用法。,3.填一填 as it is_ It depends._ Dont mention it._ Take it easy._ believe it or not_ see to it that._,depend on it that._ take it for granted that._ make it_ 答案 照现状 视情况而定。不客气。别着急。信不信由你 确保 相信 认为是理所当然的 成功，做到,单句改错,1. The doctor advised Vera strongly to take a holiday, but he didnt help. he it 指代医生向Vera提的建议，用it。 2. The chairman thought that necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting. that it 作形式宾语，真正的宾语为to invitemeeting这个动词不定式短语。,3. The book is of great value. Everything can be enjoyed unless you digest it. Everything Nothing 句意：这本书很有价值。如果你不认真读, 你就无法从中得到乐趣。 4. If our parents do everything for us children, we wont learn to depend on us. us ourselves 反指主语we用ourselves。depend on oneself自力更生。,5. Neither side is prepared to talk to other unless we can smooth things over between them.,在other前加the 指“两者中的另一个，对方”用the other。事实上，other本身是不能单独用的，后面一定要有名词，否则，前面必有the, each；但others可单独作代词用，泛指“别人或别的事物”。,6. Surprisingly, Susans beautiful hair reached below her knees and made her almost an overcoat for her.,made her made itself 反指主语Susans beautiful hair。句意：令人惊叹的是，Susan美丽的长发垂到她的膝盖下面，就像一件外套似的。,7. New technologies have made them possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.,them it 作为形式主语，代替动词不定式短语to turn outcost。,8. Those who smoke heavily should remind them of health, the bad smell and the feelings of other people.,them themselves 用themselves反指主语those。句意：那些烟瘾很大的人应该提醒自己注意健康、难闻的气味以及他人的感受。,9. The film that I saw it yesterday is interesting. 去掉it 关系代词that已经代替film在从句中作宾语了，it多余。 10. With Mr. Smith to teach our English, our spoken English will be improved. our us 由teach sb. sth.(教某人某东西)可知teach后接双宾语。,11. I think the dog owners should be aware that his dogs have caused damage to the environment. his their 因指狗的主人要明白“他们的” 狗给环境造成的损害。 12. On hearing this, the young mans face turned red and she immediately threw the cigarette into the dust bin in the bus. she he 指代the young man。,13. My teachers often encourage we to take after-class activities. we us 作encourage的宾语要用宾格。 14. A man came in and asked who was monitor of our class. I told him that myself was monitor. 在myself前加I 因为反身代词不能单独作主语，但可作主语的同位语。,15. We can practice using English idioms in your diary-writing.,your our 要与主语we一致；当然如果将主语We改为You也可以。,介词思维流程,巧记介词in, on，at表时间的用法： at用在时刻前，亦与正午、午夜连，黎明、终止和开端，at与之紧相伴。 周月季年长时间，in须放在其前面，泛指一晌和傍晚，也要放在in后面。 on指特定某一天，日期、星期和节日前，某天上下午和夜晚，依然要在on后面。 今明昨天前后天，上下这那每之前，at, in, on都不填，此乃习惯记心间。 注：“上下这那每之前”是指last/next/this/that/every之前。,当名词前有this，that，last，next，every，each，some等词修饰时，通常不用任何介词。 this morning今天上午， last year去年,1.汉译英 在妇女节_ 在20世纪80年代_ 在一个下雪的夜晚_ 在清朝_ 答案 on Womens Day in the 1980s/1980s on a snowy night in the Qing Dynasty,2.用in，after填空 She came back_a few days. It will be finished_a few minutes. 答案 after in,【图解方位介词】,如果指三个及三个以上的人或物中的每两个之间，仍然要用between。如： Switzerland lies between France, Italy, Austria and Germany. 瑞士位于法国、意大利、奥地利和德国之间。,6.Young children are often advised not to spoil their appetite by eating sweets_the three meals. 答案 between between指在两者之间。这里的三餐指的是早中餐之间和中晚餐之间，属于两者范畴。,7.Four Chinese models were_the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competition. 答案 among among表示“三者或三者以上的同类事物之间”。根据题干中“在获奖的14个人里边，中国模特占4人”可知，填among。 8.We should talk about the things_the childrens understanding in a simple way. 答案 beyond 句意：我们应该用一种简单的方式谈论超过孩子们理解能力的东西。,9.They walked_the square，and then_the dark forest. 10.The Great Wall winds its way from west to east，_deserts, over mountains，_valleys, till at last it reaches the sea. 11.Sean has formed the habit of jogging_the tree-lined avenue for two hours every day. 12.There is a lamp hanging_the desk. 13.There is a glass on the table, a map of the world on the wall, and a clock_this map. 答案 9.across；through 10.across；through 11.along 12.over 13.above,三、工具、手段、方式介词 1.by，in，on三词都可以表示旅行的方式。,(1)by与某些交通工具名词连用，但名词须用单数，其前不加冠词或任何修饰语。 by bike，by taxi，by plane，by ship/boat，by train，by spaceship in/on当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通工具时，用in或on，名词前用冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰。 in this plane，in a car，on an early train，on my bike，on the horse,2.with，可表示“用”，不涉及交通和通讯工具。,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。 They are digging with a spade.他们正在用铲子挖。 We see with our eyes.我们用眼睛看东西。,表达“用方式”的介词短语有：in this/ that/ the same way, by means of，by this/ that means, with this/ that method,14.I went there_air. 15.He broke the window_a stone. 16.We will never forget this historical lesson written_blood. 17.They talked_the telephone. 答案 14.by 15.with 16.in 17.on,五、几个高频介词的用法 1.against的用法,2.beyond的用法,3.by的用法,单句改错 23.The coat was made with hand, not with a machine. 改：_ 24.The fruits are sold by pound. 改：_ 25.The problem is difficult to answer and its against me. 改：_,26.Everybody was touched by words after they heard her moving story. 改：_ 27.The dictionary is what I want, but I dont have enough money on me. 改：_ 答案 23.第一个withby 24.by后加the 25.againstbeyond 26.bybeyond 27.onwith,短语互译 28.beyond recognition_ 29.beyond belief_ 30.beyond repair_ 31.手工_ 32.通过无线电_ 33.碰巧_ 34.错误地_ 35.故意地_ 36.抓住某人的手take sb by_,答案 28.认不出来 29.难以相信 30.不能修理 31.by hand 32.by radio 33.by chance/accident 34.by mistake 35.by design 36.the hand,知识点二 介词短语,一、介词搭配,介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一定的成分。介词的常用搭配形式如下：,1.介词名词： in turn轮流； in danger危险中； out of order出故障； by no means决不 2.名词介词： reason for的原因； effect/influence on对的影响,3.形容词介词： angry with对(某人)生气； concerned about 关心 4.动词介词： laugh at嘲笑； agree on对达成协议 5.动词副词介词： go in for爱好；从事；put up with忍受 6.动词名词介词： take advantage of利用； pay attention to注意 7.动词sb/ sth介词： prevent sb from.阻止某人做；remind sb of.提醒某人,二、复杂介词型 1.表示原因,because of，owing to，due to，on account of，due to，thanks to等。,2.表示“除之外”的 with the exception of，except for，apart from，in addition to等。 3.表示“有关，关于” concerning，with respect to，as for，as to等。,4.表示“在之前” ahead of，in advance of，in front of等。 5.表示“支持，赞成” in support of，in favor of等。 6.表示“鉴于；按照；依据” in terms of，according to, in view of等。 7.表示“尽管”；“不管” in spite of，regardless of等。,1.When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster，many teachers would prefer to see him step aside_ favor of younger men. 答案 in 句意：在被问到他们对校长的看法时，很多老师说他们宁愿看到他让贤于更年轻的人。 2.More and more high-rise buildings have been built in big cities_ lack of space. 答案 for for lack of(由于缺乏)。,3.We give dogs time，space and love we can spare，and _ return，dogs give us their all. 答案 in 介词名词构成的固定短语也是高考的常考点，因此，熟记介词短语的意义是辨析语意的关键。常见的介词短语主要由by，for，in，on等活跃介词名词构成，如by chance/accident(偶然)，on purpose(故意)，in return(作为回报)。,易错点4 固定句式记忆不牢固,You have no idea how she finished the relay race_her foot wounded so much. 答案 with 【即时小练】 I was_the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived. 答案 on on the point of doing sth 是固定搭配，另外注意这个句子中并列连词when连接的固定句型： on the point of doing.when.，意思是“正要干这时”，这样的句型还有be about to do.when.; was doing.when.。句意：我正要给他打电话，他的信到了。,单句填空 请填入一个适当的词。,灵活运用,1. So, I just looked at her _ a questioning expression on my face. 表示脸上“带着”疑问的表情。 2. During the winter, they remind themselves, “This wont last long； well soon be out of here.” And _ the first warm day, the ants are out. 表示“在”具体的某一天。,with,on,3. The new boy looked at the teacher _ a few seconds and all the other students wondered what the boy would do. 表示某个动词或状态延续了多久，用“for +时间段”。 4. I didnt want to be laughed at for talking to him but I didnt like leaving him _ his own either. 因on ones own (=alone)是固定搭配。,for,on,5. His teacher took a deep drink and thanked his student very much for the sweet water. The young man went home _a happy heart.,名词a happy heart 在句中不作主语,也不作动词的宾语, 就应是作介词的宾语, 空格处应填介词; 由句意可知, 是指这个年轻人“带着”愉快的心情回家, 表示“带着”用with。,with,6. Jane stopped where a small crowd of men had gathered. She found some good quality pipes _sale.,固定搭配on sale, 表示“出售”。,on,7. When Jane got home, with her small but well-chosen present in her bag, her parents were already _ table having supper.,名词(table)在句中不作主语, 也不作动词的宾语, 很可能就是作介词的宾语; 由having supper可知, 填at; 因为at table表示“在餐桌边, 在进餐”, 也是习惯搭配。,at,8. He was very tired _ doing this for a whole day.,因“他感到很累”应是“在他做了一整天事之后”, 表示“在之后”, 用介词after;另外be tired from doing表示“因做某事而累”，所以也可填from。,after/ from,9. I realized that the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to who should have the honour of receiving me _ a guest in their house.,意思是“把我当作客人”来接待, 表示“当作, 作为”, 用介词as。,as,10. When the time came for me to say goodbye to my friends in the village, I wanted to reward the old woman _ the trouble I had caused her.,表示“因而酬谢/报答某人”是reward sb. for sth.。,for,11. I once took a walk along the street on a Saturday dusk, _ a Pepsi can in my hand. 构成with复合结构，表伴随。,with,12. We should take some measures to fight _ pollution. 短语：fight against同作斗争。 13. During one visit _the Pacific islands of Tonga，a specially-prepared dinner was arranged in her honor. 名词visit有“参观某地”之意，后接介词to，再接地点。,against,to,14. Wed better discuss everything _ detail before we work out the plan. 搭配：in detail详细地。句意为：我们在执行计划之前最好详细地把所有事情讨论一番。,in,15. Try on this red skirt; you will look great _ it. 表示“穿着”。,in,单句改错,1. I worked like a postman for a short time, but I am afraid of dogs and I had a lot of trouble. like as 因为work as a postman表示“当邮递员”。 2. No sooner had I got off my bicycle than a large dog ran towards the gate, barking loudly to me. to at 指狗“朝”我大声叫，用at。,3. The terrible-looking dog picked the card immediately and carried it in the house. The dog was a good postman.,in into 把明信片叼“进”房子里。into表示“进入”，in表示“在里”。,4. In a very cold and windy morning, Miss Jones walked to the school, and the cold wind went into her eyes, and big tears began rolling out of them.,In On 通常说in the morning/ afternoon/ evening，但是当它们与形容词连用表示“在一个样的上午/下午/晚上”时，或表示具体某天的上午/下午/晚上时，要用on。又如：o