长难句4students姜茜.ppt

长难句1.情态动词常考句型,1)may/might (just) as well “不妨，最好”，与had better相近； Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train. = youd better go by train. 2) cannot / canttoo “越越好，怎么也不过分”。变体cannotover.如： You cannot be too careful when you drive a car. The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized . 3) should 研英中“竟然”的意思。 I didnt expect that he should have behaved like that.,情态动词被动关系的主动表达法 1 want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动意义。 Your hair wants cutting The book is worth reading The floor requires washing. 2need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing ，两种形式都表达被动的意义 The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted. The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.,关于情态动词时态,My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room， for the first man I met asked sympathetically： “Are you feeling all right？”（1996年语法） As it turned out to be a small house party， we neednt have dressed up so formally. （1998年语法）,真题：08年翻译,In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.,他相信正是这个困难具有一个补偿性优点：迫使他长时间专注地思考每一句，因此促使他发现推理及他本人观察上的错误。,2.3“more than+形容词”表示“非常”,The USA remains more than capable of holding lraq down， while confronting North Korea and lranits next main targets. 美国在推翻伊拉克的同时，完全还有实力可以与下两个打击目标一朝鲜和伊朗来对抗。,2.4 more than 前面加修饰,As a result， Californias growth rate dropped during the l970s， to 18.5 percent-little more than two thirds the l960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.（1998年阅读第四篇） 结果，加利福尼亚的人口增长率在20世纪70年代降到18.5只是20世纪60年代增长率的三分之二强一点，比西部其他州的增长率低得多。,“no more than+数字”，表示“仅仅，只有”,Abraham Lincoln received no more than six months of formal education. 区别于：nothing more than，表示“只不过是”，类似于nothing but短语。 The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is_ an anonymous， statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience. A. everything except B. anything but C. no less than D. nothing more than （2001年语法）,变体1：no more than“A与 B同样不”。,例句 Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new， but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorters academic specialty is language history and change and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”，for example，to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the caseendings of Old English.（2005阅读第四篇）,译文 指责纵容的20世纪60年代并不是什么新鲜事，但是这还不仅仅是对教育质量下降的又一种批评。又一种批评。McWhorter先生的专业就是专门研究语言的历史与变迁，他认为像“whom”一词的逐渐消失是很正常的，如同古英语中格的消失一样，我们不必为此感到遗憾。,变体2：not.any more than.用来表示两个事物之间的类比关系的,But his primary task is not to think about the moral code，which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. （2006年第49题） 译文 但是，他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德，就如同不能指望商人专注于探讨行业规范一样。,例句 Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks， but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house. 译文 诚然，科学是建立在事实基础之上的，正如房屋是用砖块砌成的；但是简单的事实罗列不能称为科学，就如同砖块的堆砌不能成为房屋一样。,2.5 no less than/nothing less than,No less than 不少于，多达 This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive. in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50 took a loss in 1989. （2005年第48题） 这一点就足以证明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实在80个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在1989年亏损。,Nothing less than不亚于，相当的,Our reenactment promises to be nothing less than spectacular. 我们的再次表演将是相当壮观的。,2.6 rather than v.s. other than,l.“other than.”相当于“different from.”，意思是“不同于，除了以外其他的”。“rather than”意思是“而不是”，表示否定 than后边的事物。 2.“A rather than B”，这里 A和 B都是表示两个并列的成分。而如果“A other than B”，则往往是B属于A中的一种元素或一部分。简单地说， rather than连接的 A和 B两个成分是并列关系，other than连接的 A和 B两个成分是所属关系。,a. The waterwheel is a mechanism designed to harness energy from a source other than animals. b. The waterwheel is a mechanism designed to harness energy from water rather than from animals. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style_ in a personal one. A. rather than B. other than C. better than D. less than(1995年语法),rather than长句真题示例：,As a result， I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead.（2001年阅读第二篇） 因此，我相信数字化差异在未来的几年将会缩小，而不是扩大。,To see an animal in pain is enough， for most， to engage sympathy. When that happens， it is not a mistake：it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action，an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. (1997年第75题) 大多数人看到动物受苦足以产生同情。这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应受到鼓励，而不是遭到嘲弄。,other than 真题示例：,Technically，any substance other than food that alters our body or mental functioning is a drug. (97年阅读3) 从技术上来讲，除食品外，任何改变我们身体或大脑功能的物质都是“药物”。 The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. （05翻译）,the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005.（10阅读）,长难句3. 倒装结构 inversion,部分倒装 ：把谓语中的助动词或情态助动词倒装到主语之前去；将谓语的其余部分留在主语之后。,真题示例,For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been, had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. （1995） 例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长，会有多大才干。,Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.（98） 1980年美国人口普查显示出这样一幅图像：随着东北部和中西部人口增长近乎停止，地区间的竞争越来越激烈了。,Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.（98） 没有哪次调查比1980年美国人口普查更能显示出，美国人迁往最西部是为了找到更广阔的生存空间。,Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team”. （99） 如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家也想看到规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么如果管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人，那也是无可指责的。,全部倒装：主语谓语动词整个的倒装,Under that tree sits a beautiful girl. Visiting Beijing are 300 Japanese young people.,Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. （1995） 伴随着信息量不断增长的是技术的发展，这些技术使得人们能够比过去以更快的速度往更多的地方储存和发送更多的信息，这在以前是不可能的。,长难句4. 强调句,It引导的强调句，强调句子部分成分(除谓语) It is /was +被强调部分 +that+句子的其余部分 My mother met Tom in the street yesterday. 改写：强调主语 是我母亲昨天在街上遇见了汤姆 It was my mother that (who) met Tom in the street yesterday.,真题练习,At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. Its a self examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.（1997）,不过，对于成立于1990年的时代华纳公司而言，这样的质问仅仅是公司自我反思的最新表白，这是一种自我反省，在不同时期涉及责任，创作自由和公司底线问题。,Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.（1994） 在美国经济体制中，消费者个人的需求、商人获取最大利润的追求和消费者渴望最大限度地增加自己的收入共同决定应该生产什么和如何利用资源去生产这些产品。,形式主语it，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句（考研作文中的常用句型）：,1）It is+过去分词+that从句： Its reported that.据报道. Its believed that人们相信 It is generally thought that .人们普遍认为 It should be noted that应当注意 It has been found that现已发现 It must be pointed out that必须指出 可以这样用的动词还有： say, expect， know， estimate， forecast等。,例句 And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. （1993年第74题） 例句 It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily， make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.（ 1992年英译汉）,真题再现,例句 Furthermore，it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. （2000年第72题）,Furthermore，it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry。 Also, it is obvious that 【the efficiency (of its agriculture and industry)】 in turn rests upon 再者，很显然，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又依赖于各种科技人员的努力。,真题再现,例句 When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become apart of a new international trend. 当我决定放弃全日制工作的时候，怎么也没有想到我会成为一个新的国际流行趋势的一部分.,真题再现,例句 Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vise versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. （1994年第75题） 政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方面看作是驱动性的力量。,真题再现,例句 However，whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans，or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago，is，as yet，an unanswered question.（2005年阅读第一篇） 不过，这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成的，还是来自于3，500万年以前他们共同的祖先，依然是个未解之谜。,how引导的主语从句,How he fulfilled the heavy task ahead of schedule is something we dont know. 例句 How well the predictions will be validated by later predominance depends upon the amount，reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. （1995年第72题）,how well在从句中充当状语，修饰动词 validated。 这些预测能在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，取决于采用的信息数量、可靠性、适应性，及解释这些信息的技能和才智。,例句 A century ago，Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.（2005年阅读第三篇） 例句 Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”， with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.（2005年阅读第一篇）,There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. （1999年第74题） whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to or methodology refers to the research techniques appropriate to,所谓方法是指一般历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。,2 “名词+其他成分+that+陈述句”句型,例句 Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts. 例句 Dreary months dragged by before the tragic news reached her that her beloved brother had been killed for anti-Nazi activities. 例句 Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as months old.,长难句6：状语从句,例句 Strangely. some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another，_ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. A. when B. since C. for D. whereas 05年完型第9题,Long before A, 在A没发生以前就,例句 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thoughts，which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.（2004年第61题） 译文 希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。,The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.（1991年阅读第三篇） before从句虽然表示时间，但根据上下文逻辑关系，转译成条件从句，译为“只有才”。 译文 土壤里的矿物质是无法被植物直接利用的，它们只有在溶于土壤的溶液之后，才能为植物的根系所吸收。,尤其是在before从句之前接有一段时间状语，一般可以翻译成“在多长时间之后才”。 例句 It took a few months of investigation before it became clear. 经过了几个月调查之后，情况才开始变得明朗。 例句 In this factory，suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully considered.（1991语法） 在这家工厂，一项建议往往要等上数月之后才会被考虑。,6.1.2when 从句的考点,On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont _I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading “Boston”.( 2000年语法) A.which B. where C. when D. that 在一个延续动作的背景中（如was driving）突然发生了一个短暂动作。,翻译成条件句,例句 In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.( 1995年第74题) 译文 一般来说，如果所需要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而如果所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果最差。,The girl is like her mother in that she also has very delicate feeling. 这个女孩很像她妈妈，原因在于她感情也很细腻。 Britains press is unusual in that it is divided into two very different types of newspaper： the quality press and the popular press. 英国报业与众不同，原因就在于它的报纸分为内容严肃的大报和通俗的，报两种截然不同的类型。,Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elementsusually carbon， hydrogen：oxygen and sometimes nitrogen. They are different_ their elements are arranged differently.( 1996年第46题) A. in that B. so that C. such that D. except that,Seeing that its raining hard， well have to stay here for the night. They did the job very well， considering that they had no experience. Given that they are inexperienced， theyve done a good job. Now that the semester is finished, Im going to rest a few days and then take a trip.,6.4目的状语从句,so that, in order that和that Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way” so that younger， healthier people can realize their potential.（2003年阅读第四篇） 译文 人们常引用科罗拉多州前州长Richard Lamm的话说，老年多病者“有义务死去和让位”，以便让更年轻、更健康的人们发挥他们的潜能。,6.5 结果状语从句,so.that，such.that。so后边接形容词或副词，或接分词，而such后要接名词 And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorderkitchen rage. (2001年第75题) 家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病厨房狂躁症。,例句 Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to_ it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself. (2001年语法) A.as B.which C.that D.what,例句 Native American languages are indeed different， so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War 11 to send secret messages.（2004年英译汉）,so提前置句首，倒装,例句 So involved with their computers_ that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games. A.bacame the children B.become the children C.had the children become D.do the children become,On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence， but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared， and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.( 1992年第75题),总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与其他孩子相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的相关知识而被扣分。,14.7.3 musthave to do.if. be to do,例句 The first two must be equal for all who are being compared， if any comparison in terms of indigence is to made.( 1992年第74题) 译文 如果一定要从智力方面进行比较的话，那么对所有被比较者来说，前两个因素必须是一样的。,Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage _avoided. (1998语法) A is to be B to be C. We be D. has been 如果要避免粮食危机，就必须大力提高农业产量。,But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility， they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves .(2002年阅读第二篇） 但是如果一定要机器人进一步节省劳力的话，它们就必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行，并且至少能够独立做一些决定。,It is generally recognized, 29 ，that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s，radically changed the process, 31 its impact on the media was not immediately apparent. (2002年第29、31题) 29.A.indeed B.hence C.however D.therefore 31.A.unless B.since C.lest D.although,译文 然而人们普遍认为；20世纪初计算机的出现以及后来60年代集成电路的发明极大地改变了这一过程，尽管这不会立即对媒体产生明显的影响。,Getting enough vitamins is essential to life， although the body has no nutritional use for excess vitamins. Many people，_ ，believe in being on the“safe side”and thus take extras vitamins.( 1996第50题) A. nevertheless B.therefore C.moreover D.meanwhile 摄入足够多的维生素，对于我们人类来说是很重要的，尽管过多的维生素对人体来说也没有什么营养价值。不过，很多人还是坚持采取较安全的策略，仍然摄入较多的维生素。,置于句首的while一般表示“尽管”,While位于句首，一般意为“尽管”，引导让步状语从句 While the numbers of such developments are relatively small, the potential market is large. While the news, so far, has been good, there may be days ahead when it is bad. = although,例句 While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s， even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.（2005年阅读第四篇） 译文 在20世纪60年代之前，当人们伏案写作时，即使受教育不多的人也追求一种高雅的风格，而从那以后，即使是令人景仰的文章也在追求口语风格。,While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy， the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and provoking rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.（ 1999年英译汉） 尽管历史学曾经崇尚它与文学和哲学的相似性，但新兴的社会科学似乎为人们开辟了更为广阔的天地，提出了新问题，也提供了解过去的有效途径。,While there are almost as many definitions of history as