Landscape characteristic aesthetic structure： Construction of urban landscape characteristic time-spatial pattern based on aesthetic subjects

Frontiers of Architectural Research(201 2)1，30531 5 Available online at 1n，、Ifsciencedirectcorn SciVerse ScienceDirect WWWelseviercomIocatefoar Frontiers of ArchitecturaI Research RESEARCH ARTICLE Landscape characteristic aesthetic structure： Construction of urban landscape characteristic timespatial pattern based on aesthetic subjects Min Wang冰，Bochun Yu School of Urban and Environmental Science，Central China Normal University,Wuhan 430079，China Received 30 June 201 2：accepted 1 Ju Ly 201 2 KEYWORDS Landscape charactestc aesthetic structure； LCAS； Urban； Space； Pattern Abstract The paper presents means and models of city-Landscape characteristic structure construction on the aspect of Iandscape aesthetics subjectswhich iS called the Iandscape characteristic aesthetic structure andn short as LCASIn this paper,the steps of LCAS research are as fotows： Describes the concepts of the Iandscape characteristic aesthetic structure(LCAS)。and expounds the LCAS properties：systematic quailty,temporal and spatial quailty,and virtual existence Learns fr0m typology research methodsdiscusses the elements and types neededn a Iandscape characteristic aesthetic systemand constructs research method for patternAs for the temporaI dimensionthe dynamic evolution and interaction expressedn LCAS between the “tradition”and“modernity”Iandscapes conflictAs for the spatiaI dimension。this DaDer explores the LCAS patterns in macroscopic scope of city groupthe middle scope of single cities and the microcosmic scope of urban spaces with questionnaires and examples research Uses pattern Ianguage to express difierent LCAS typesn the temporaI and spatiaI system This project is derived fr0m Studies on Landscape Characteristic Aesthetic Structural Theories and AppLications，which is Listed in the National Natural Science Fundation Pr0jectsThis project was conducted by ProfYu Bochun Correspondin8 author E-mail address：camperol 63corn(MWang) Peer review under responsibility of Southeast University 哪 Production and hosting by Elsevier 2095-263515-see front matter201 2Higher Education Press Limited CompanyProduction and hosting by ELsevier B Atrights reserved http：lldxdoiorglO10161jfoar201207001 MWangBYu 1 IntrOducti0n 11Background We develop the patterns of various LCAS types with graphical patterned representation，as well as construct the LCAS research method and theory which is based on the general peoples aesthetic standards and sensibilities to build city characteristics and urban landscapes as a guidance 201 2Higher Education Press Limited CompanProduction and hosting by Elsevier B Atrights reserved Jn the era of globalization，cities are now experiencing a “characte rjstc crisis”The tension between“tradition” and“modernity”has generated two harmfuI trendsn city construction and urban planningFirstly,in urban planning and design methodology,various kinds of outstanding the- ories and methods are borrowed and referred to frequently yet are not appropriately adapted to【ocal conditionsMore Ove such designs fai【to fufi【aesthetic requirements of citizensThus，these designs might be considered“designer- oriented”The“designer”，with obscured design Ianguages， acts as the only creator who decides on the character1stcs Of the cities and their landscapespreventing citizens fr0m appreciating their cities and IandscapesThuscitizens experience Iess“characteristicdentification”These pro- blems result in the“character1stc crisis”in cities where similarities among Iandscapes could be found Based on the aforementioned sociaI context and demands， this paper tries to use the landscape characteristic aesthetic structure(LCAS)to ana【vze dialectically the 1nteractive relationships among urban construction，cities，and aesthetic subjectsBy taking the perspectives of citizenswho are key aesthetic subjects of urban【andscapesthis paper examines the viewpoints employed in investigating and understanding cities and landscapesFinally,this paper constructs an LCAS by means of aesthetic sensibilities of the citizens for adaptable urban construction 12Deftnitions 121Landscape characterjstics “Landscape characteristic refers to the unique aesthetic features that can distinguish one scene frOm anothern certain time and space ranges1ts the expression of the unique aesthetic features of the landscapes”fYu，2oo8)Landscape characteristic is the result of heterogeneous aesthetics，which， in turn，express the types of【andscape characteristicsFor example，the Yellow Crane Tower in Wuhan，China，s one of the characteristic Iandscapes of this cityIts shapecoour and volumeas wetl as the materials used fr0m the heterogeneous aesthetic features，which，jn turn，exhibit the Iandscape characteristics 122Landscape characteristic aesthetic structure (LCAS) “Landscape 1s a kind of objective existenceA scene whether natural or human，shalI not be taken as landscape ift cannot be or wi【not be understood by people” (Yu，1997)Landscape aestheticism is a positive reaction that occurs in the dialogue between the viewers and the landscapeA single object might trigger different aesthetic responses fn)m different viewerssimilar to the famous western saying“There are a thousand Hamlets in a thousand peoples eyes”As such，this study or霉anizes【andscapesnto an aesthetic group 1n order to Iay aside 1ndividual characteristics of Iandscapes and determine the generalities of the group accordinglyThe generalities resulted are used to construct the Therefore js the“composition relations and methods of the types of the Iandscape characteristics con- structed jn aesthetic activities by aesthetic subjects in the aesthetic system of specific time and space by means of the functions of aesthetic psychoogicaI structure of citizens”fYu， 20o6、LCAS represents the methods and pattems used to construct the Iandscape characteristics 1n time and space taking the perspective of viewers 13 Features of LCAS The basic features of LCAS include its systematic，temporal， spatial and hierarchical qualities 131 Systematic quality Of LCAS According to the Systems Theory,a system refers to any entity assembled by individua【partsSuch a system can be as tiny as an atom or as large as the universe LCAS is also regarded as a system composed of aesthetic subjects。time and space ranges，and landscape objects of aesthetic activitiesThe kinds and types of Iandscapes may vary according to difierent tempora【and spatiaI systems An LCAS system itsef may also be formed by subsystems featured bv d1fferent temporal，spatia【and landscape types 1f an LCAS system 1s taken as M andts subsystems as M1，M2，and M3 to Mn，M could be expressed as fM1，M2， M3，MnIn the formula，the braces refer to the connection of aI【subsystems as a united and integrated system 132 TemporaI and spatiaI quality of LCAS “According to philosophers，time and space are the basic artributes for the existence of a moving objectTime repre- sents the sequence and continuity of the objects movement and space represents the extensibility and flexibiity of the objectS existence”(Yang。1997)Thus。the【andscape，when understood as a“moving object”also presents its existence and evolution 1n dynamic temporaI and spatiaI systemsThe historicaI and territorial features of Iandscapes are repre sented from temporaI and spatial dimensionsrespectively Temporaf dimension：A【andscapetselfs an artwork of time，which has experienced constant evolution over the course of human historyLandscapes in the same region represent different external appearances and aesthetic sen sibiities derived frOm different historical periodsTherefore the discrepancies over time form the basis for the territoriaI features of LCAsThe historicaI feature of such evolution and discrepancies of landscapes over times jmportantn inves- tigating the dynamic evolution of LCAs Landscape characteristic aesthetic structure 307 Spatiaf dimension：The characteristic discrepancies of LCAS are representedn territoria【units at different levets Territorial units are the spatial areas measured by different scales，ranging from buildings，communities，villages，cities， regions。to gobaI citiesF0r a certain terntoriaI unit，the spatiaI features ofts landscapes have constantly changed and evolved atong with evolution of cities andnteraction between different culturesThusterritona【boundaries exhi- bit dynamic and unstable characteristics The LCAS system has a time component，which“specifi- catty refers to the systematic and dynamic temporal and spatial discrepancies of an LCAS system caused by the changes resulting fnDm the variability of temporal and spatial systemwhichs thenterna【component element of LCAS” (Oong and Gu2002) 133Hierarchical qualities Of LCAS Landscape exists in a territonaI system that breeds jtLand- scapes are one of the representational forf_ns of cutural formations of a specific territoria【unitThe territonaI spatial system exhibits multiple functional and hierarchical structures The scate and functions of cities，ttages，counties，municipals， and city agglomerations are atI hierarchically different“The territoriaI system is the sum tota【of the city itsetf and the te丌叶toriaI city systemCities are implementing different functions jn the terdtonaI city systemwhich determine the development directions of urban【andscapesFor examplethe development tendency of landscapes witl be greatty different among cities such as Shanghaithe nationaI economic center, DaUan，the economic center of Northeast China and Chang- chun，the center of Jitin Province”(Fan，2004) 1n additionthe【andscape characteristic system 1nvotves two kinds of component elementsnaturaI and artificiaI onesNaturaI elements jnctude mountains。watersfields and plants，among others，whereas artiticia【elements include buildings，structures，streets，squares，gardens and green spaces，environmenta【embellishments，etcDifferent types of landscapes form LCASs with difierent hierarchies and types 2Methodology 21 Studies on aesthetics and types in urban landscape science This study is interdisciplinary in nature and combines aesthetics with aesthetic，city,and landscape science Table 1 Comparisons of different typotogies Although severaI studieswhich jnclude those on the city beautiful movementarchitectura【aesthetics and philoso- phy,city coours and aesthetics，tourism aesthetics，and 【andscape aesthetics，etc，have provided the foundations for defining urban aestheticsNo systematic research on theories and methodol0砭es of such subjects as urban aesthetics and aesthetic activities and【andscape aesthetics and aesthetic activities has been presented so farThere- f0rethis study attempts to fitl these gaps in the Iiterature 1n modern typoogies，architectural，linguistic，and archaeoogica【typotogies are relatively widey usedTypo logica【researches on different subjects represent different emphasesThus，the dominant ideology,research methods and contents of these typotogies are somehow di erent fr0m one another fTable 1) By comparing typotogiesn different subjects1t can be seen that typotogical research may acquire a high value if jt can dialectically examine the relationships between history, tradition and modernity,among which“changing”and “unchanging”factors are also examinedTypotogicaI study is used to analyze history and tradition of a specific population The data gathered are tittered to obtain historical and cuturaI facts，which are then presented to modern societiesThese facts，combined with particular needs of the population，serve as the basis for recreating and redesigning Iandscapes Popularly speaking，typologicaI analysis results in“formed connotations without imitating appearances”or“traditiona【 connotations with modern appearances”Such features of typoofurther support the need for cross-time and trans space studies for LCAsconsidering changes in tempora【and spatia【systems to give nuance to the definition of“tradi- tiona”and“modern”cities and【andscapesThusthe short- sighted view on“studying cities based on cities onty”can be avoided These prevalent typoogies serve as good reference for investigating LCAS types and patternsHowever,the refer- ence must be adapted to local conditions rather than merely copied without purpose 22Typological means for LCAS patterns In this study,the investigation of the LCAS pattern was conducted in a dynamic spatiotemporal system to arrive at a research method compatible for the types and patterns of various spatiotemporal systems based on self-attributes and characteristic featuresThis study aims to investigate MWang，BYu Figure 1 Schematic of LCAS typological taxonomic approach Iandscape characteristics fr0m the v1ewpoints of aesthetic subjects 1n order to create a kind of IirestyIe that not only embodies the histoHcaI connotations of the city,but also meets requirements for modern societiesThese requirements involve making flexible adaptations on urban Iandscapes and their characteristics geared to practica【situationsThe research method that compares the relationship between history and modernity dialectically 1s also the typotogical method applied in this paper 1n this paper,the authors compare the analyses of architecturaI typology,linguistic typology and archaeologi ca【typotogy in terms ofnvestigated subjectsresearch methods and characte ristics in order to classify the LCAS f1 l For characteristic studies based on types，the ctassifica- tion methods applied both in LCAS pattern investiga- tion andn Iinguistic typologyThe subjects of both typotogies differ accordin8 to systems and population F_0r examplethe subjects investigated in linguistic typotogy make up of a dynamic system composed of severaI subsystems，which can be expressed as M=M1， M2，M3，Mn】0Such composition methods similar to that of an LCAS systemTherefore，studies on LCAS can be conducted using systematic classification meth- ods to divide the system into subsystems(M1，M2 to Mn) before these component element types can be classified as LCAS subsystems f2)These systematic element classifications are hierarchi- caI in nature due to the systematic and hierarchica【 qualities of the subject investiated fsuch as the LCAS and【inguistic system，etc1The systematic attributes of LCASn terms of time and space also require that spatio-tempora【classification should be performed before Iandscape element classification is conducted f3)The pattern lanRuage and Rraphic expressions of a buildings typology can favourabty show the hierarchicaI “M”here refers to a given system；M1，M2 to Mn is the series of subsystems formng the M systemFor example，in an LCAS pattern system，M is a certain pattern system for LCAS relationships of the system，which can be referred to in the patterned expression of LCAS 23Typological research framework of LCAS patterns ln summar this paper studies the classification of LCAS types and pattern structure in terms of the following aspects： (1 1 Studies oneneratities and individuatities Comparisons and conclusions are made using existing research methods and with1n the research scopes of LCAS On its elements and hierarchies in order to ctassify the LCAS of landscapes according to spatial ranges and types Subdivisions are also made based on tempora1spatiaI and Iandscape elements to achieve analogies and conclusions (2)Studies on historica【and synchronic basis Studies of LCAS types can be conducted by two means namely,historically and synchronicallyAccording to sys- tematic and spatiotemporal attributes of LCAS，historica【 studies consider the dynamic nature of time，whereas synchronic studies consider the variations fn space，both underpinninstudies on the types and patterns that form LCASn terms of time and space f3)Comparisonconclusion studies Comparisonconclusion approach is applied to make subdivisions of typologies In this pape6 the LCAS type is divided according to the results of vertical and transverse comparisons with the f0rmer referring to comparisons in timeemploy1ng a historica【research methodand the lalter referring to comparisons within territoHa【and spatia【ran sTwo major types of LCAS patterns have resulted fr0m these comparisonsnamety,temporal and spatial patterns f4)Pattern Ian叠ua叠e The LCAS patterns studied jn this paper are expressed by pattern language The pattern【anuages of the types are expressed by schemasThese schemas involve abstracts。structures and Landscape characteristic aesthetic structure Figure 2 Sub-projects and framework of the project group codes based on LCAS theoriesThis paper utilizes a layered graphic pattern language to express the LCAS modes The structural framework of LCAS-type patterns and the different typological research methods applied are shown in Figure 1 3Case study 31Precedent studies by the task group In these precedent studies，specific cities and urban agglom- erations were selected as research subjects and substantive case studies with such research methods as questionnaires， onsite investigations，and transverse and veicacomparisons on classifications，summaries and conclusions were conducted 1 would like to express mv sincere gratitude to the members of the project group in the Urban and Landscape Design and Research Center of Huazhong University of Science and TechnoogThe members of this group include Zhang Xuheng，Zhu Meng，Wang Ting， He Wei，Xu Zhonghua，Liu Yuhui，Li Linhui，Sheng Lingying，Zhang Jing，Zhang l ing，Zhou Ting，Liu Zhicheng，Chen Shaoqin8，and Duan Yimen叠Their case studies form the basis of the reference for this papen The results on LCAS were achieved by systematic abstractions， conclusions and summarizations The sub-projects and framework of the project group are shown jn Figure 2 32Case analysis 321 0bject selection The analysis was based on cities of various levets 1n East Central，and West ChinaF0r example，Shenzhen，a developed city on the east coast of Chinawas selected for the LCAS studies；Wuhan，a megalopolis at CentraI China，was also selected1n Wuhan casethe characteristic Iandscape types (natural and historicaI buildingsaesthetic structures)and the aesthetic consciousness and 1udgment of its citizens were examined through investigations on the evolution of LCAS fr0m 1 949 to 1 980These studies alsonvolved LCASs on urban aglomerations in East，Centra【and West China，inctudin provincial capitats，such as urban agglomerations in Jiangsu province and the famous scenic sites in the tourism cities of Guizhou provinceMoreover,questionnaires were distributed n Wuhan，Qjngdao，and other cities，1n order to investigate the aesthetic behaviours and c0nsc1Ousness of their citizens 31O MWang，BYu Evofution of-uhan c 18612006)Data Soce：Zheni XvhgStudies on the Evolution of LCAS in Ruhen 18612006 “ = 二 ： 二 三 、 “ 二 二 r 二 、： 。 一 ：、 l、 一一、 一一 一 ，一、 、 、 涵 翎 翎 、 翎 钼 、 二 三 、 ： 一 一 L nI】 一 ri ： -11I t _l_ ，。 主。 一： 耋 - r ， 差 + 一 一 一 ， = 。 = i 。 h： + ，一 I 0 ： - 0 一 ：。 。ll 一 是 r_ 一 l_ LCAS of NaturaI-d HIstoricI Landscapes ii1 lUhan hta S瑚L YtiJiStudi|-椰LGItS of llatur=I H Ito I L c nl-I舯 LCAS of ProvncI I-舳itals in IMst i哺 D-tS0uc：Dram Y_吨St -1邮LcS of P，ovcpItiI LCS of Famous SeenIc Sttes n izhou Provic DQta SaJ哺 M Lin1wie StiesLrS ef Fmmus Sn Site$in I zhw Pr口viace I 囝 Sensiti ve轴ce0 of Urban Charactersti Landscaoes Data Souce：+leIStudieon SnBitve SO 0ce$of Urban Characteristic Landsc ofuh扪 _-：兰三：= 曼 j基 一一一 一 - LCAS of Shenzhen Oata SoL e：Ll Linhui Studtes on LCS of Sbenzh(in Ll sn ProvincaI Citie8 of JianSu Data S啪Jce：Zhu liensStudi0on LeAS i n Provinclal Citas Figure 3 List of findings of project group in key case studies The project generally takes an individual territorial unit as an investigation siteand LCASs are selected frOm urban spaces with different ranges and functions and within differ ent regions and time intervals 322 1nterpretati0n of results fr0m case studies The results of case studies show that： (1)LCAS in a spatial system clustering， which is represents a feature of hierarchy mainly in spatial dimension The research findings of key case studies by the project group fFigure 3)are obtained fr0m the fotrowing studies：Studies on Evoution Of LCAS jn Wuhan by Zhang XuhengStudies On LCAS of Natura【and Historical Landscapes in Wuhan by Liu YuhuStudies on Landscape Characte r1stic T pes of Provincia【Capitals in West China by Duan YimengStudies On LCAS jn Provincia【Cities by Zhu Meng Studies on Sensitive Spaces of Urban Characte r1stic Landscapes by He WeiStudies on LCAS of Famous Scenic Sitesn Guizhou Province by Sheng Lingyingand Studies on LCAS of Shenzhen by Li Linhui Hierarchies are spatially constructed as provinces，muni- cipals，and towns according to their 1urisdictiona【scopes LCASs also vary accordinglyLCASs are classified according to types and are clustered into complete LCAS constitutive relations according to component elements (2)LCAS in a tempera【system represents a feature of time sharingoverlayingOn one hand，the evolution of LCAS s dynamicn an urban spaceLandscapes that conform to modern aesthetic features are passed down and conservedHowever,new fOrms of Iandscapes are also created to satisfY new aesthetic requirements as time goes byDifferent time periodsdifferent aesthetic requirementsdifferent【andscape characte r1st1csand different LCASs jointly fOrm time-sharing evolution of LCASOn the other handdifferent Iandscape charac teristics may often be overlaid over different time periods，shaping a space or urban area with certain ntegrated【andscape characte ristics1n shortIand- scapes that are passed down and those are created coexist simultaneously 一 Landscape characteristic aesthetic structure 311 f31 LCAS reflects the aesthetic behaviours and c0nsciOusness of the public and represents a feature of“temporally and spatially dynamic convergencedifferentiation”On one handthe aesthetic behaviours and cOnsc10usness of the public represent temporal and spatial convergence，that s。citizens Iiving in the same region，Leading the same Iife Styes and underpinning the same cultural structures， share sjmilar Iife experiences and cuttura【1dentities PubLic aesthetics include the perceptions and 1dentifica- tions on the finer things in Iifewhich are formed based on their experiences of the beauty of IifeThe aesthetic of people【iving jn the same region and sharing a similar culture system also exhibits a fixed LCAS1n accordance with the LCASwe can construct a suitable landscape that fulfills the needs of the publicOn the other hand，as a result of different regions and cultures，the aesthetic behaviouand consciousness of the public also present a k1nd of differencewhich is the differentiation of space Based on the differentiationn LCASwe can also construct the citys characteristicwhich unfods a citys identity that is adaptable to its regionaI environmentThe con vergences and differentiations of aesthetic behaviours and consciousness of the public are relatively dynamic and vaing，which can be reflectedn the LCAS and forms the basis of urban planning and Landscape design 4 Results 41Timesharing-overlaying mode of the LCAS temporal system 411Time differentiation and time-sharing features of LCAS in a temporal system (1)Time-sharing features of LCAS The spatial scale is made constant to investigate LCAs modes in a temporal systemIn other wordsthe LCAS mode was studied using different time periods in a given spatial Scalewhich is smlar to diachronic studies on LCAS The term“d仟erent time periods”discussed here is the time differentiation of landscape characteristics between different turning points of time jntervalsJn shortin a tempora【system，social，economic and cuLtural factors can make it possible for the time di仟erentiation to have some impacts on Iandscape characteristicsAs time goes by,old【andscape characte r1stics might disappear or new fOrms and types might be createdThusobvious changes t0 LCAS become evident in a certain time period compared with the previous structureDifferent LCAS modes are generated in different time 1ntervaLs defined by time di仟erentiationThis characterjstc 1s the time sharing feature of LCAS in a temporal system (2)Timesharing feature of LCAS：dynamic evolution mechan- ism of heterochrony type and simultaneity type In the tempora【system with the time differentiation has two types，namely,heterochrony type and simultaneity 七vpe1n a specific spatial scaLe，the charactedstic relations and modes of an urban Landscape are composed of characteristic types of different time periodsThis kind 0f LCAS js categorized as heterochrony type1f such relations and modes are composed of【andscape charac七eriStic types of the same time，then this tyDe 0f structure is cated simuttaneity tyDe 0f LCAs SpecificaLly,in a specific spatiaI scalethe【andscape characteristics may vary over time and might be con servedevolved or replacedLandscape character1stcs that【ast for multiple time intervasointty fOrm the heterOchrOny type of LCAS，whereas those that fail to keep pace with the times are gradually eliminated and only exist at a certain moment jn history,formjng the simultaneity type of LCASThe dynamic evolution mechanisms of heterochrony type and simultaneity type 0f LCAS are shown in Figure 4 412Timesharing-overlaying mechanism of LCAS in a temporal system T1me sharing refers to two levels of meaningThe first is dividing a time interval into several time periods，while the second refers to the time-sharing of LCAS itself，which is LCAS Time-sharinfl Ovedavincl：Formation of LCAS In a Time Period fA-B ! A_B timesharing：Unit time AUnit time B LCAS timesharing：LCAS of Period A I-1I 八Actual sIence L LH mumltean eity州typAe” eI 1 31 A ， J_f= l “。S m丁 umlteanPeeitny。tdypBe”LcAs m。del 口日 O Legae nd：All gra桶phics representd旧iffer enttsypes Figure 4 Dynamic evolution mechanism of the heterochrony type and simultaneity type 312 MWang，BYu dividing LCAS of heterochrony type into smatter LCASs，where each LCAS isn accordance with their corresponding time units “Overlaying”refers to continuity of timeAccordingLy,I_C：AS modes that aren accordance with their time units can also be overlaidF0r exampleboth heterochrony type and simuttane- tyDe of LCAS 1n a unit time period or severa【time periods call be overlaid jnto one LEAS mode with a larger time interva1 The relationship of time-sharingoverlaying between het- erochrony type of LCAS and simultaneity type of LCASs shown in Figure 5 42Hierarchyclustering mode of LCAS in a spatial system In LCAS spatial mode study,the types of space should be first establishedThe LCAS spatial modes of a specific type Time pe riod： I 11 Time of landscape are then divided according to the types of landscape characteristics in such spatial types 421Hierarchy feature of LCAS in a spatial system The basic units of urban geographical spaces include jurisdic tional regions，such as cities，towns，and so onThis study defines city as the unit with which an urban geographical system can be divided into three hierarchies： (1)ThenternaI urban space takes a single urban unit as a basic unitThese units include cities and townsThe nternaI urban space primarily refers to built-up urban areas，including urban areas with various functions These areas fOrm the most basic cores of urban geO graphical spaces in terms of spatfal agglomerations and radiations A B C 111 IJ E F G rl Simultaneity type 一一1 ； Figure 5 Schematic of LCAS timesharing。overlaying mode I l I I一 Figure 6 LCAS mode of internal space of city Landscape characteristic aesthetic structure 313 (2)The externaI urban space indudes the outskirts of a city (town)and ruraI areas，which are possible spaces for urban development and expansion (3)The space group of cities and townsnctudes regional spaces composed of cities and towns，as wet【as urban agglomerations consisting of severandividuaI units The studies on LCAS can be divided into three tiers， name LCAS mode of internal urban space，LCAS mode of external urban space，and LCAS mode of urban space group 422 Clustering fe-ature of component elements of LCAS jn a spatial system The clustering feature of component elements of LCAS 1n a spatia【system mainly refers to landscape clustering During the formation of LCAS1andscape elements of various types，regardless of their scopes，jointly f0rm the LCAS in a certain spatia【scale with various typesEach landscape type can independently form LCAS with specific【andscape tyDe 1n the same spatiaI scaeF0r examplethe of historic buildings is formed accordJng to different historic buildings。 The fcIrmation of landscapes based type 1s called “clustering” 423Hierarchyclustering mode of LCAS in a spatiaI syste