车辆工程外文翻译--- 麦弗逊式独立悬架的模式图

附录外文翻译MCPHERSONMODELOFTHEINDEPENDENTSUSPENSIONMCPHERSONFRONTSUSPENSIONINTHECARONTHEOTHERISTHEBREADTHOFAPPLICATIONOFTHEHOISTINGSECONDTONONETOTHEBIGBMWM3,PORSCHE911SUCHHIGHPERFORMANCECARS,SMALLFIATSTILO,FORDFOCUS,EVENBEFORECHINASHAFEIVANMAIFUXUNSHIHOISTINGANDAREBASEDONTHEDESIGNWHATISTHEREASONINTHEENDALLOWTHEHOISTINGOFTHEMCPHERSONSUCHWIDEAPPLICATIONTHISSOCOMMONLYUSEDHOISTEDINTHEENDWHATCHARACTERISTICSITWESTARTWITHTHEDESIGNOFSTRUCTURALUNDERSTANDINGFROMTHEBARDIAGRAMBELOWISATYPICALEXAMPLEOFTHEHOISTINGOFTHEMCPHERSONCONSTRUCTIONOFTHE1FIGURE1MCPHERSONHOISTEDCHARTMCPHERSONUSUALLYHOISTEDBYTWOBASICCOMPONENTSAPILLAROFSHOCKABSORBERSANDFONTSCAREARMTHEREASONISBECAUSEITISTHEPILLAROFSHOCKABSORBERDAMPINGISALSOAVAILABLEINADDITIONTOSUPPORTINGTHEROLEOFTHEWHOLEBODY,HISSTRUCTUREISCOMPACT,THESHOCKABSORBERDAMPINGANDSPRINGTOGETHERTOFORMAMOVEMENTFROMTOPTOBOTTOMCANSLIPCOLUMNUNDERABOOMISUSUALLYENTRUSTEDTHEDESIGNFONTS,FORTHEWHEELSTOPROVIDESOMEOFTHELATERALSUPPORTANDDIRECTIONTOBEARALLTHESTRESSBEFOREANDAFTERTHEWEIGHTOFTHEENTIREBODYANDVEHICLEMOVEMENTTOBEARALLTHEWHEELSONTHEIMPACTOFTHESETWOCOMPONENTSCOMMITMENTSOMCPHERSONONEOFTHEGREATESTFEATURESOFTHEDESIGNISSIMPLE,SIMPLESTRUCTUREWILLBRINGDIRECTBENEFITSOFTHETWOTHATISTHEHOISTINGOFLIGHTWEIGHTANDSMALLSPACEWEKNOWTHATTHECARBELONGSTOTHEHOISTINGOFMOVINGPARTS,MOVINGPARTSTHELIGHT,THENHOISTEDRESPONSERATEOFSPEEDANDRESILIENCEWILLBESOONER,SOTHEHOISTINGOFTHESHOCKABSORPTIONCAPACITYOFMORESTRONGANDREDUCETHEQUALITYOFTHEHOISTINGOFSPRINGALSOMEANSREDUCINGTHEQUALITY,THENINBODYWEIGHTCERTAINCIRCUMSTANCES,THECOMFORTISALSOBETTERSPACEONTHEDIRECTBENEFITSOFTHEDESIGNERISINSTORELAYOUTENGINEUNDERGREATERENGINEANDTHEENGINECANBEPLACEDARBITRARYMANNERINMEDIUMSIZEDCARENGINECANBEPUTASIDELARGE,SMALLCARINTHEMEDIUMCANALSOLAYDOWNTHEIRENGINES,SOTHATALLTHEMATCHINGENGINEMOREFLEXIBLEWEALLKNOW,THEBMWINLINESIXCYLINDERENGINEISDESIGNED,INTHEPURSUITOFSPORT,THELAYOUTOFITSCENTEROFGRAVITYINTHEFRONTAXLE,SOTHEENGINETOUSEUPALOTOFWAREHOUSESPACEOFTHEENGINE,THENTHECHOICEOFASIMPLESTRUCTURE,THEHOISTINGOFTHESMALLSPACEITISBYDESIGNISIMPORTANTMCPHERSONSUSPENDEDFROMTHEUPWARDJOURNEY,THATIS,INTHEEVENTTOROLL,WHEELANGLE,WILLAUTOMATICALLYINCREASE,SOTHATTIRESCANBETTERINTEGRATEWITHTHEROAD,THEVEHICLETOPROVIDEGREATERLATERALFORCE,TOIMPROVETHECONTROLLIMITHAVEEXCELLENTCONTROLANDRESPONSIVENESSCOUPLEDWITHTHETIGHTSTRUCTURE,ITISCLEARONABMWDESIGNERSBEFOREHOISTINGTHEPREFERREDOPTIONFORSMALLCARSANDMINICARS,ASFARASPOSSIBLEINASMALLENGINESTORESMAKEROOMLAYOUTENGINEBECOMESEVENMOREIMPORTANT,SOTHEYHAVENOCHOICEBUTTOSELECTMCPHERSONHOISTEDMOREOVER,IFAREASONABLEMATCH,MCPHERSONWHETHERMANIPULATIONANDCOMFORTAREVERYGOODTHATSOMUCHHASBEENHOISTEDATTHEMERITSOFMCPHERSON,THETALKABOUTTHESHORTCOMINGSITISALSOPRECISELYBECAUSEMCPHERSONISTOOSIMPLESTRUCTURE,CAUSINGTHEHOISTINGOFTHESTIFFNESSLIMITEDASMCPHERSONHOISTEDONLYCAREARMANDSHOCKABSORBERTOWITHSTANDASTRONGPILLAROFTHEWHEELIMPACT,ITISEASIERINGEOMETRYDEFORMATIONTHISDEFORMATIONOFTHEDRIVINGEXPERIENCE,ISTHATMOTORISTSWILLOBVIOUSLYFEELTHESTABILITYOFPOORBODYWHETHERTURNINGROLLORBRAKENODPHENOMENON,AREVERYOBVIOUSOFCOURSE,THEDESIGNERSALSOLIKEALOTOFWAYSTOSOLVETHEPROBLEMOFINSTABILITYWEHAVEOFTENHEARDTHATTHEHORIZONTALWENDINGGAN,THEANTIROLLBARS,BALANCE,ETCAREUSEDTOINCREASETHEHOISTINGOFMAIFUSGEOMETRICSTIFFNESSANDLATERALSTABILITYOFTHECOMPONENTSHOWEVER,WENDINGGANOPTICALINCREASEBYIMPROVINGTHEPERFORMANCEISLIMITED,THEUSEOFWENDINGGANDESIGNCANIMPROVETHESTABILITYOFCERTAINEXTENT,GEOMETRYANDSUSPENSIONSTIFFNESSIFINORDERTOFUNDAMENTALLYSOLVETHESEPROBLEMS,WEMUSTCHANGETHEHOISTINGOFTHEGEOMETRICSHAPES,ANDTHENMULTILINKDOUBLEROCKERHOISTEDONBEHALFOFTHEHOISTINGOFAHIGHPERFORMANCEMCPHERSONADDITIONTOTHEHOISTINGOFSTABILITYANDRIGIDITYINREGARDTOINFERIORTOMULTILINK,ONTHEDURABILITYANDMULTILINKCANNOTBEHOISTEDATPARASMCPHERSONHOISTEDPILLARSNEEDTOBEARTHESHOCKABSORBEROFTHEHORIZONTAL,FROMTOPTOBOTTOMATTHESAMETIMEACAMPAIGNTOREDUCETHEPURPOSEOFVIBRATION,SHOCKABSORBERSUPPORTINGBARTHEFRICTIONISVERYUNEVEN,SHOCKABSORBEROILSEALTOWEARAHYDRAULICOILDAMPINGEFFECTOFREDUCINGLEAKAGE麦弗逊式独立悬架的模式图麦弗逊在汽车前悬挂上的应用之广是其他悬挂无法比拟的。大到宝马M3，保时捷911这类高性能车，小到菲亚特STILO，福特FOCUS，甚至国产的哈飞面包车前悬挂都是采用的麦弗逊式设计。到底是什么原因能让麦弗逊悬挂的应用如此广泛这种如此常用的悬挂到底有哪些性能特点呢我们先从它的设计结构了解起吧。如下图就是一套最典型的麦弗逊悬挂的构造图1图1麦弗逊悬挂结构图麦弗逊悬挂通常由两个基本部分组成支柱式减震器和A字型托臂。之所以叫减震器支柱是因为它除了减震还有支撑整个车身的作用，他的结构很紧凑，把减震器和减震弹簧集成在一起，组成一个可以上下运动的滑柱；下托臂通常是A字型的设计，用于给车轮提供部分横向支撑力，以及承受全部的前后方向应力。整个车体的重量和汽车在运动时车轮承受的所有冲击就这两个部件承担。所以麦弗逊的一个最大的设计特点就是结构简单，结构简单能带来两个直接好处那就是悬挂重量轻和占用空间小。我们知道，汽车悬挂属于运动部件，运动部件越轻，那么悬挂响应速度和回弹速度就会越快，所以悬挂的减震能力也就越强；而且悬挂质量减轻也意味着弹簧下质量减轻，那么在车身重量一定的情况下，舒适性也越好。占用空间小带来的直接好处就是设计师能在发动机仓布置下更大的发动机，而且发动机的放置方式也能随心所欲。在中型车上能放下大型发动机，在小型车上也能放下中型发动机，让各种发动机的匹配更灵活。大家都知道，宝马的6缸发动机是直列设计的，为了追求运动性，把其重心布置在前轴之后，因此发动机要占用大量的引擎仓空间，那么，选用一款结构简单，占用空间小的悬挂设计就显得由为重要。麦弗逊悬挂在向上行程时，也就是在发生转向侧倾时，车轮外倾角会自动加大，使轮胎能更好的跟路面结合，给整车提供更大的横向力，提高了转向操控极限。拥有出色的操控和响应性再加上紧凑的结构，很显然就成了宝马设计师设计前悬挂时的首选方案。对于小型车和微型车来说，尽可能的在狭小的发动机仓腾出空间布置发动机就更加重要了，所以他们也不得不选择麦弗逊悬挂，况且，如果做出合理的匹配，麦弗逊无论是操控和舒适性都是相当出色的。说了这么多麦弗逊悬挂的优点，也该谈谈缺点了。也正是因为麦弗逊结构过于简单，造成悬挂的刚度有限。由于麦弗逊悬挂只能下托臂和减震器支柱来承受强大的车轮冲击力，所以较易发生几何变形。这种变形体现到驾驶感受上，就是驾驶者会明显的感觉到车身稳定性较差。无论是转弯侧倾，还是刹车点头现象，都非常明显。当然，设计师们也想了不少办法来解决稳定性问题。我们经常听说的横