健康管理外文翻译

健康管理外文翻译本科毕业论文设计外文翻译题目A企业员工健康管理问题分析及对策研究学院商学院专业人力资源管理班级学号学生姓名指导教师外文题目HEALTHMANAGEMENT外文出处ENCYCLOPEDIAOFPUBLICHEALTH,200805P618625外文作者WOLFGANGBOCKINGANDDIANATROJANUS原文HEALTHMANAGEMENTINTRODUCTIONWHILEHEALTHPOLICYFOCUSESONDEFININGHEALTHGOALSANDCREATINGTHESURROUNDINGSOFADESIREDHEALTHSYSTEM,HEALTHMANAGEMENTFOCUSESONACHIEVINGTHOSEGOALSSINCETHEREISABROADVARIETYOFHEALTHGOALSWHICHAREPARTLYCOMPETINGAGAINSTEACHOTHER,SUCHASREDUCINGCOSTWHILEIMPROVINGTHEQUALITYOFHEALTH,HEALTHMANAGEMENTDEALSPRIMARILYWITHTHEALLOCATIONOFLIMITEDRESOURCESTOWARDSHEALTHORIENTEDGOALSTHEVARIETYOFACTORSANDGOALSINHEALTHCARESYSTEMSLEADSTOAVARIETYOFHEALTHMANAGEMENTPRACTICESBEINGAPPLIEDHEALTHMANAGEMENTCANFURTHERBEDEFINEDASASYSTEMATICAPPROACHTOOPTIMIZEORGANIZATIONANDPROCESSESINORDERTOACHIEVEPREDEFINEDHEALTHRELATEDGOALSPATIENTSONEOFTHEPRIMARYTARGETSOFHEALTHMANAGEMENTISTOIMPROVEPUBLICHEALTHFORINDIVIDUALSPATIENTSWITHINAHEALTHSYSTEMTHISTARGETINCLUDES,AMONGSTVARIOUSOTHERTARGETS,THEIMPROVEMENTOFAHEALTHINDUCEDQUALITYOFLIFEANDAGROWINGLIFEEXPECTANCYWHILELIFEEXPECTANCYISEASYTOMEASURE,ITISMUCHMOREDIFFICULTTOMEASURETHEIMPROVEMENTINTHEQUALITYOFLIFEVARIOUSAPPROACHESHAVEBEENMADETOFINDAMETHODOFMEASURINGTHEQUALITYOFLIFEHOWEVER,NOCOMPREHENSIVESYSTEMHASBEENESTABLISHEDONAGLOBALBASISTHATHASBEENCONSISTENTLYUSEDBYCOUNTRIESTOMANAGETHEOUTCOMEOFHEALTHCAREONACOMPARABLEBASISBESIDESSETTINGGOALSFORHEALTHCAREANDHEALTHINSURANCEPROVIDERS,ANDBESIDESBEINGAMAJORSOURCEOFFUNDINGFORMOSTHEALTHSYSTEMS,PATIENTSALSOHAVESIGNIFICANTCONTROLOVERHEALTHRELATEDFACTORSTHEMSELVESTHESEAREASCANBECATEGORIZEDINTOPREVENTATIVEACTIONSANDCOMPLIANCE,WHICHCANHAVEASTRONGIMPACTONAPATIENTSHEALTHSTATUSINTHEPREVENTATIVEACTIONSAREA,VARIOUSMEASURESOFCAUTIONANDHEALTHYLIFESTYLECANBEMAINTAINEDIENOTSMOKING,EXERCISINGREGULARLY,HEALTHORIENTEDDIETSINORDERTOMANAGEONESPERSONALHEALTHRISKBETTERCOMPLIANCEREFERSTOHOWCLOSELYAPATIENTFOLLOWSINSTRUCTIONSDURINGANDAFTERATREATMENTORSURGERYVARIOUSSTUDIESHAVESHOWNTHATALACKOFCOMPLIANCE,ESPECIALLYINTHEAREAOFMEDICATION,CANHAVEAHIGHIMPACTONTHERECOVERYRATEOFAPATIENTINTHISSENSE,PATIENTSPLAYAROLEINTHEIROWNHEALTHMANAGEMENTWHICHISNOTNEGLECTABLEBUTATPRESENT,ONLYFEWHEALTHCARESYSTEMSEDUCATETHEIRPATIENTSANDAPPLYINCENTIVESACCORDINGLYBESIDESINFORMINGPEOPLEABOUTTHEIRABILITYTOINFLUENCETHEIRHEALTHDIRECTLY,ANUMBEROFINCENTIVESCOULDBEINSTITUTIONALIZED,SUCHASHEALTHINSURANCETARIFFSTHATARELINKEDTOAPERSONSMANAGEABLERISKSASOPPOSEDTONONMANAGEABLE,CHRONICDISEASERISKS,SUCHASALLERGIESINSTEAD,THEREAREMULTILAYEREDCONFLICTSTHATEXISTBETWEENPATIENTSANDHEALTHINSURANCECOMPANIESONTHEONEHAND,HEALTHINSURANCECOMPANIESNEEDPATIENTSASCUSTOMERSTORAISEMONEYFORTHEINSURANCECLAIMSINTHATREGARD,INSURANCECOMPANIESNEEDTOAPPEALTOTHEINTERESTOFTHEPATIENTSONTHEOTHERHAND,THOSEPATIENTS,IECUSTOMERS,EXPECTREIMBURSEMENTFORTHEIRINSURANCECLAIMSTHEYEXPECTTHEPAYERSTOOFFERAWIDEVARIETYOFOPTIONSFORHEALTHCOVERAGEACCORDINGTOTHEIRINDIVIDUALNEEDSTHEPAYERS,HOWEVER,NEEDTOKEEPPAYMENTSLOW,ORTHEYWILLFACEANINCREASEINOVERALLEXPENSES,WHICHLEADSTOHIGHERTARIFFSAND,THEREFORE,MOSTLIKELYFEWERCUSTOMERSINTHEFUTUREIDEALLY,PAYERSWANTTHEPATIENTSTOSEEKONLYNEEDEDCARE,FOLLOWPROVIDERSINSTRUCTIONS,ANDRECOVERQUICKLYIFRESTRICTIONSBECOMETOOTIGHTTHOUGH,APATIENTMAYCHOOSETOCHANGEINSURANCEPROVIDERSTHEMENTIONEDCONFLICTSBETWEENPATIENTSANDINSURANCECOMPANIESAREONLYANEXAMPLEOFPOSSIBLECONFLICTSBETWEENPATIENTSANDOTHERSTAKEHOLDERSINAHEALTHCARESYSTEMTHISDEMONSTRATESTHATHEALTHMANAGEMENTHASTODEALCONSTANTLYWITHOPPOSINGSTAKEHOLDERGOALSANDPATIENTGOALS,ALTHOUGHTHEOVERALLGOALREMAINSTHEACHIEVEMENTOFTHEBESTHEALTHOUTCOMEFORTHEINDIVIDUALPATIENTWITHINTHEFINANCIALANDORGANIZATIONALRESTRICTIONSOFTHEHEALTHCARESYSTEMHEALTHINSURANCEHEALTHINSURANCECOMPANIESAREIMPORTANTSTAKEHOLDERSINTHEHEALTHMANAGEMENTCONTEXTASTHEYARERESPONSIBLEFORTHEPAYMENTOFHEALTHSERVICESFORINDIVIDUALSINCASEOFSICKNESSORINJURYINCOUNTRIESWITHWELLDEVELOPEDHEALTHCARESYSTEMSTHEREARETHREEFORMSOFHEALTHCAREFINANCING1TAXBASEDHEALTHCARESYSTEM,INWHICHINDIVIDUALSCONTRIBUTETOTHEPROVISIONOFHEALTHSERVICESTHROUGHTAXESTHATARETYPICALLYPOOLEDACROSSTHEWHOLEPOPULATIONTHEGOVERNMENTISINCHARGEOFTHEPROVISIONOFHEALTHCARESERVICES,USUALLYFROMAMIXOFPUBLICANDPRIVATEPROVIDERSANDALLOCATESTHEEXISTINGRESOURCESTOTHEDIFFERENTAREASOFHEALTHCAREEXAMPLESOFHEALTHCARESYSTEMSMAINLYBASEDONTAXATIONARETHEUNITEDKINGDOM,IRELAND,SPAINANDPORTUGAL,DENMARK,SWEDENANDFINLAND2SOCIALHEALTHINSURANCESYSTEM,INWHICHCONTRIBUTIONSFROMWORKERS,THESELFEMPLOYED,ENTERPRISESANDTHEGOVERNMENTAREPOOLEDINTOASINGLEORMULTIPLESICKNESSFUNDONACOMPULSORYBASISTHESESOCALLEDSTATUTORYSICKNESSFUNDSAREEITHERDIRECTEDBYTHEGOVERNMENTORINDEPENDENTNONPROFITORGANIZATIONSTHEYTYPICALLYCONTRACTWITHAMIXOFPUBLICANDPRIVATEPROVIDERSFORTHEPROVISIONOFAWELLDEFINEDHEALTHCAREBENEFITPACKAGEEXAMPLESOFCOUNTRIESWITHASOCIALHEALTHINSURANCESYSTEMAREGERMANY,FRANCE,THENETHERLANDSANDBELGIUM3PRIVATEHEALTHINSURANCESYSTEM,INWHICHPREMIUMSAREPAIDDIRECTLYBYINDIVIDUALS,EMPLOYERSORASSOCIATIONSTOINSURANCECOMPANIESPOOLINGRISKSACROSSTHEIRMEMBERSHIPBASEPRIVATEHEALTHINSURANCECANBEACOMPLETESUBSTITUTEFORSOCIALINSURANCETYPICALLOFAMARKETBASEDSYSTEMSUCHASTHEUSITCANALSOSUPPLEMENTANEXISTINGSOCIALINSURANCESYSTEMASISTHECASEINFRANCE,BELGIUMANDTHENETHERLANDSPRIVATEHEALTHINSURANCESYSTEMSARE,INGENERAL,VOLUNTARYINCONTRASTTOSOCIALINSURANCESYSTEMSTHATTENDTOBECOMPULSORYHOWEVER,INSOMECOUNTRIES,PRIVATEINSURANCEMAYALSOBECOMPULSORYFORCERTAINSEGMENTSOFTHEPOPULATIONREGARDLESSOFTHESPECIFICFORMOFHEALTHINSURANCE,ALLFACEFINANCIALCONSTRAINTSDUETOMEDICALPROGRESSANDIMPROVEMENTSINTECHNOLOGY,EXPANSIONOFCOVERAGEBYPUBLICHEALTHSYSTEMSANDAGINGPOPULATIONSINTHEINDUSTRIALWORLDWITHHIGHERLEVELSOFCHRONICDISEASESANDDISABILITYHOWEVER,THEFUNDINGFORTHEUPWARDSPIRALOFMEDICALEXPENSESISINALLHEALTHCARESYSTEMSLIMITEDINTAXBASEDHEALTHCARESYSTEMSGOVERNMENTSAREUNABLETOCONTINUOUSLYRAISETAXESINSOCIALINSURANCEBASEDSYSTEMSTHECOMPULSORYCONTRIBUTIONHASTOREMAINBEARABLEFOREMPLOYEESANDEMPLOYERSPRIVATEINSURANCEMODELSDEPENDONINDIVIDUALWILLINGNESSTOSPENDMONEYONHEALTHCARE,ESPECIALLYIFTHEPRIVATEINSURANCECOMESASASUPPLEMENTTOCOMPULSORYSOCIALINSURANCEEGFRANCEINTHISCONTEXTHEALTHINSURERSAREOBLIGEDTOTAKEMEASURESAFFECTINGTHEBALANCEOFDEMANDANDSUPPLYAIMINGTOREDUCEMEDICALEXPENSESIFAGROWTHINTHECONTRIBUTIONRATESHOULDBECOMEUNBEARABLEFORTHEINSUREDDEMANDSIDEMEASURESTHEBENEFITPACKAGEISRESTRICTEDBYTHEHEALTHINSURANCEPATIENTSAREASKEDFORCOPAYMENTSTHATMAYCONCERNDRUGS,DENTISTRYCHARGES,SPECTACLESANDCHARGESFORVISITSTODOCTORSHEALTHINSURANCEIMPROVESTHECOSTAWARENESSOFTHEIRMEMBERSBYGIVINGINCENTIVESNOTTOCONSUMEHEALTHCAREEGPREMIUMREWARDSSUPPLYSIDEMEASURESHEALTHINSURANCESETSBUDGETSFORHOSPITALSANDDOCTORSUNDERDIRECTCONTRACTIMPLEMENTATIONOFDISEASEMANAGEMENTPROGRAMSDISEASEMANAGEMENTPROGRAMSTOIMPROVECAREFORCHRONICALLYILLPEOPLEWHILEREDUCINGCOSTSTHROUGHANAUTOMATICANDSTREAMLINEDCAREPROCESSEVENIFAGROWINGINSURANCEPREMIUMISNOTONLYINTHEINTERESTOFTHEHEALTHINSURERBUTALSOINTHEINTERESTOFTHEPATIENTS,WHOAREMOSTLYCONTRIBUTORSASWELL,THEREARESTILLCONFLICTSBETWEENPATIENTSANDPAYERSOFHEALTHCARETHATINFLUENCEHEALTHMANAGEMENTPRACTICESONTHEONEHAND,PATIENTSEXPECTPAYERSTOOFFERAWIDEVARIETYOFOPTIONSFORHEALTHCOVERAGETHATCANBECUSTOMIZEDTOTHEIRSPECIFICNEEDSONTHEOTHERHAND,PAYERSWANTTOMAINTAINORLOWERTHEIRCOSTCONTRIBUTIONTHEYWANTTHEPATIENTTOSEEKONLYNEEDEDCARE,FOLLOWPROVIDERSINSTRUCTIONS,ANDRECOVERQUICKLYPATIENTSSHOULDALSOSEEKTOREDUCETHEIRHEALTHRISKBEHAVIORSTHROUGH,FOREXAMPLE,DIET,EXERCISEANDSMOKINGCESSATIONGOVERNMENTTHEGOVERNMENTPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINHEALTHMANAGEMENTASITMAINLYACTSASADECISIONMAKERTOSETTHERULESFORTHEFUNCTIONINGOFAHEALTHCARESYSTEMTHATFULFILLSTHEVALUESANDHEALTHPOLICYIDEALSOFTHECOUNTRYWITHINTHEREGULATORYFRAMEWORKTHEGOVERNMENTMAYREGULATEVOLUMEANDQUALITYOFTHEHEALTHCARESERVICES,ISRESPONSIBLEFORLEGISLATIONONHEALTHCAREFINANCING,CORPORATENEGOTIATIONS,MAJORPROFESSIONALREGULATIONSANDPUBLICHEALTHMEASURESSUCHASPREVENTIONANDHEALTHPROMOTIONTHEGOVERNMENTADMINISTRATIONOFHEALTHEGMINISTRYOFHEALTHFORMULATESANDADMINISTERSTHEGOVERNMENTPOLICYINHEALTH,SETSSTANDARDSFORTHEREGULATIONANDLICENSINGOFHEALTHCAREPROVIDERSASWELLASFORMEDICALPERSONNELINHOSPITALSOTHERGOVERNMENTALAGENCIESTHATSETPUBLICHEALTHSTANDARDSARETHEFOODANDDRUGREGULATIONAGENCIESANDAGENCIESREGULATINGOCCUPATIONALHEALTHANDSAFETYINTHEWORKPLACEINMOSTCOUNTRIESWITHWELLDEVELOPEDHEALTHCARESYSTEMSTHEGOVERNMENTISINCHARGEOFANUMBEROFPUBLICHEALTHSERVICESWHICHAREFOCUSEDONTHEHEALTHSTATUSOFTHEWHOLEPOPULATIONPUBLICHEALTHPROGRAMSARETYPICALLYPROVIDEDBYTHEMINISTRYOFHEALTHOROTHERGOVERNMENTAGENCIESINORDERTOPROMOTE,PROTECTANDIMPROVEPUBLICHEALTHPROGRAMSENCOMPASSDISEASEPREVENTIONMEASURES,HEALTHEDUCATION,IMMUNIZATIONPROGRAMS,CONTROLOFCOMMUNICABLEDISEASES,SANITARYMEASURES,ANDPROTECTIONAGAINSTENVIRONMENTALHAZARDSINCOUNTRIESLIKETHEUKWITHANATIONALHEALTHSERVICENHS,THEGOVERNMENTACTSNOTONLYASADECISIONMAKERANDPROVIDEROFPUBLICHEALTHSERVICESBUTALSOASAPAYERANDPROVIDEROFINDIVIDUALHEALTHCARESERVICESHEALTHMANAGEMENTWORLDWIDEIN1998,MANYCOUNTRIESTOOKAGREATERINTERESTINIMPROVEMENTOFHEALTHMANAGEMENT,CONSIDERINGBETTERMANAGEMENTOFTHEIRNATIONALHEALTHSYSTEMSTOBEAMONGTHEIRMAJORNEEDSANDPRIORITIESDURINGTHISYEAR,WHOREPRESENTATIVESOFFICESIN16COUNTRIESMANAGEDWHOTECHNICALCOOPERATIONATCOUNTRYLEVELANDPROVIDEDPOLICYSUPPORTTOMINISTRIESOFHEALTHONVARIOUSASPECTSOFHEALTHDESKOFFICERSATTHEREGIONALOFFICECONTINUEDTOPROVIDESUPPORTFORCOUNTRIESWITHOUTWHOREPRESENTATIVESOFFICESINADDITIONTOSERVINGASANINTERLOCUTORANDFOCALPOINTFORCONTACTSBETWEENWHOANDITSCOUNTRIES,THEWHOREPRESENTATIVESPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEGLOBALHEALTHPOLICYSTRATEGYHEALTHFORALL,LIAISINGWITHOTHERUNAGENCIESASWELLASBILATERALDONORSANDNONGOVERNMENTALORGANIZATIONSTHEINCREASINGRELIANCEINRECENTYEARSONEXTRABUDGETARYSOURCESOFINCOMEDUETOACOMBINATIONOFHIGHERDEMANDSONWHOANDLOWERREGULARBUDGETRESOURCESINREALTERMSUNDERLINETHEIMPORTANCEOFTHEWHOREPRESENTATIVESROLEINRESOURCEMOBILIZATIONEVERYEFFORTISBEINGMADETOMAKEUSEOFRECENTTECHNOLOGICALADVANCESTOESTABLISHCOMMUNICATIONLINKSBETWEENWHOHEADQUARTERS,ITSREGIONALOFFICESANDCOUNTRYOFFICESASWELLASCOUNTRIESTOPERMITANEFFICIENTFLOWOFINFORMATIONBETWEENALLPARTIESINMOSTDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES,HEALTHSERVICESAREWEAKDUETOALACKOFRESPONSIBILITYINTHEGOVERNMENT,ALACKOFINVESTMENTINHEALTHINFRASTRUCTURETODELIVERHEALTHSERVICESASWELLASPOORTRAININGANDCAREERSTRUCTURESFORMEDICALPROFESSIONALSINORDERTORESPONDADEQUATELYTONATIONALANDREGIONALEXPECTATIONS,NEEDSANDPRIORITIES,GREATEFFORTSAREBEINGMADEBYTHEREGIONALOFFICETOPROVIDENECESSARYSUPPORTTOCOUNTRIESINTHEDEVELOPMENTANDIMPROVEMENTOFHEALTHMANAGEMENTINTHEREGIONSTHISHASBEENDONETHROUGHAVARIETYOFAPPROACHESINCLUDINGCONTRACTUALSERVICESAGREEMENTS,FELLOWSHIPS,NATIONALTRAININGACTIVITIES,CONSULTANCYSERVICESANDREGIONALCONSULTATIONS,PARTICULARLYONDEVELOPINGANDEXPANDINGTHEUSEOFTHEDISTRICTTEAMPROBLEMSOLVINGDTPSTECHNIQUEREGIONALOFFICEEXPERTSAREREGULARLYDEVELOPINGGUIDELINESFORRESTRUCTURINGTHENATIONALHEALTHSYSTEM,PROPOSINGPOSSIBLEREASONSFORRESTRUCTURING,ASWELLASMECHANISMSOFRESTRUCTURING,ANDTHERESOURCESREQUIREDTOBEMADEAVAILABLEFORTHISPROCESSTHEREGIONALOFFICECOLLABORATESWITHTHEMINISTRIESOFHEALTHANDDEVELOPSAQUALITYMANAGEMENTTRAININGCENTERFORTHECOUNTRIESTHEYAREINCHARGEOFTHECENTER,WHICHENJOYSFULLSUPPORTFROMPOLICYMAKERS,ISANINNOVATIVESTRATEGYTOIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFHEALTHCAREANDHEALTHSTATUSTHROUGHQUALITYORIENTATION,HEALTHSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTANDMANAGERIALCAPACITYBUILDINGTHECENTERFOCUSESONTHECOREHEALTHPROCESSES,PROBLEMSOLVINGANDTEAMWORKTHE12MONTHMODULARTRAININGPROGRAMISACTIONORIENTEDANDPRODUCTORIENTEDANDFOLLOWSALEARNINGBYDOINGAPPROACHDESIGNEDTOBUILDONTHEKNOWLEDGEANDEXPERIENCEOFTHETRAINEESTHEREGIONALOFFICECONTINUEDITSSUPPORTTOANUMBEROFCOUNTRIESINSTRENGTHENINGTHEIRPLANNINGCAPABILITIESATCENTRALANDDISTRICTLEVELSEFFORTSWEREMADETOPROMOTESTRATEGICPLANNINGINMINISTRIESOFHEALTHANDTODISSEMINATEWHOLITERATUREONHEALTHFUTURESSUPPORTWASPROVIDEDTHROUGHWHOCOLLABORATIVEPROGRAMSTOTHENATIONALINSTITUTESOFHEALTHMANAGEMENTENCYCLOPEDIAOFPUBLICHEALTH,200805P618625译文健康管理前言健康政策集中在规定健康目标和发觉周围对健康体系的期望,健康管理就集中在实现这些目标上。健康目标是非常广泛的,在这些目标中部分目标是完全对立的,就像减少支出要提高健康质量之间的对立,健康管理首先解决的是分配有限的资源来实现以健康为目的的目标。在健康福利系统中多种多样的因素和目标导致了在健康管理中实施多种措施。健康管理可以进一步被定义为用系统的方法来完善组织和程序来实现与健康相关的预定义目标。患者健康管理的初级目标之一就是通过健康系统提高患者的公共健康。这个目标包括了几乎其他所有的目标,健康的改善包括生活质量的提高和平均寿命的延长。平均寿命的测量比较容易,而对生活质量是否提高的测量则比较困难。然而,还没有建立一种全世界的国家都可以使用的一致的综合性系统在可比较的基础上来衡量健康福利的效果。除了为健康福利和健康保险的提供者建立目标,除了是健康系统资金主要来源,患者自身也在控制与健康相关的因素上起着重要的作用。这些因素可被划分为提前预防的和顺从的,这些因素对患者的健康状况有的重要的影响。在提前预防因素方面,包含了许多关于告诫和健康生活方式的方法例如,戒烟,规律性的锻炼,健康规律的饮食以便于更好的进行健康风险管理。健康风险管理针对人群各个健康状态的风险因素,以及发病率高、危害大,且医疗费用较大的一些慢性非传染性疾病进行风险评估及干预,以期维持或改善人群的健康水平,降低慢性非传染性疾病的发生率、恶化率和并发症发生率,并合理控制人群医疗费用维持在适度范围。相对于一般所说的健康管理,健康风险管理更强调群体健康的整体提升。服从指的是在治疗或者外科手术之后患者完全的按说明书进行治疗。很多研究表明缺少服从,尤其是在药物治疗方面,会严重影响患者的恢复率。在这种意义上说,患者在他们自己的健康管理中扮演了不可忽视的角色。但是目前,只有少数的健康福利系统对他们的患者进行相应的培养和使用鼓励。出了告诉人们他们对自身健康的直接的影响能力,部分鼓励是可以制度化的,例如健康保险价目表就联系这个人的可控风险相对于不可控制的,慢性的疾病风险,如过敏。然而,在患者和健康保险公司之间存在着多层次的冲突。一方面,健康保险公司需要患者作为消费者为保险赔款筹集资金。在这个意义上,保险公司需要引起患者的兴趣。另一方面,这些患者,或者说是消费者,希望保险公司报销他们的保险赔款。他们希望付款人根据患者的个人需要提供多种多样的关于健康保险项目的选择。然而付款者要尽量保持付款低,否则他们将面临总费用的增长,这可能导致更高的收费,因而可能导致在未来消费者的减少。理论上,付款者希望患者只寻找他们需要的福利,在提供者的指导下更快的恢复。如果约束变得太严格,患者就可能选择变换保险提供者。前面提到的关于患者和保险公司之间的冲突只是在健康管理系统中患者和其他利益相关这之间可能存在的例子。这证明了健康管理必须要不断地解决利益相关者和患者相反的目标,尽管总的目标是在健康福利系统的财政和组织性的限制下实现最好的个人健康结果。健康保险在健康管理中健康保险公司是重要的利益相关者由于他们在个人发生疾病或受伤时负责提供赔款服务。在健康福利系统比较完善的国家有三种健康福利融资方式以税收为基础的健康福利系统,个人通过纳税成为了健康服务资金的主要提供者这也是一种全民合伙方式。政府负责提供健康福利服务,通常混合公共的和私营的提供者,将现有的资源分配到健康福利的不同领域。健康福利基于税收的国家有英国,爱尔兰,西班牙和葡萄牙,丹麦,瑞典和芬兰。社会健康保险体系,资金贡献主要来源于在强制的基础上工人,个体经营者,公司和政府的合伙形成单一的或者复杂的疾病基金。这些所谓的法定疾病基金不是受政府指导就是依赖于非营利性组织。这种典型的将公共和私营的提供者提供的资金混合起来的方式被定义为健康福利利益包。实行社会保险系统的国家有德国,法国,荷兰和比利时。私营的健康保险系统,保险费直接由个人雇佣者或者保险公司的协会在会员关系的基础上共同集资。私营健康保险完全是社会保险的代理人,美国是典型的以市场为基础的保险体系。私营健康保险系统也可以蒲冲现存的社会保险体系的不足如法国,比利时和荷兰。私营健康保险系统,一般来说,和日渐趋于强制的社会保险来比是自愿的。然而,在一些国家,私营健康保险对某些部分群体仍然是强制的。不管健康保险的特殊形式,所有的健康保险都受到财政的约束,由于治疗在技术方面的进步和提高,公共健康系统覆盖范围的扩大以及在工业化国家慢性病和残疾的数量不断剧增。然而,医药费用不断的上升在所有系统中都受到限制在以税收为基础的健康福利体系中,政府不可能持续提高税收。在社会保险体系中强制的集资必须在雇佣者和受雇者能承受的范围之内。私营保险依赖于个人对健康福利的花费意愿,尤其是党私营保险成为强制社会保险的补充时如法国。这种情形迫使健康承保人采取措施来以减少医药费为目标的供给和需求,如果保险费率不断提高可能会使投保人无法接受。需求供给方面的措施利益是受健康保险限制的。要求患者合作支付费用可能关于药物,牙科的费用,眼镜盒看医生的费用健康保险通过激励手段提高其成员的费用意识使成员意识到他们并不只是在健康福利上消费如津贴,奖金供给方面的措施在合同的指导下健康保险机构为医院和医生作预算。疾病管理实施方案疾病管理方案通过自动的流线型福利项目减少费用来提高慢性病患者的福利水平。虽然不断增长的保险津