大学英语四级语法考点透析

芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁第一章动词的时与体TENSEHEMUSTHAVESTUDIEDLASTNIGHT他这次英语测试的成绩全班最高。他昨晚一定在好好学习。2）CANT/COULDNTHAVEVEDCANT/COULDNTHAVEVED为MUSTHAVEVED的否定形式，指现在对过去已发生的事或可能出现的情况进行推断和猜测，表示过去不可能发生某事。THEYCANTHAVECOMEHEREINTHEIRCARYESTERDAY,FORITWASTHENUNDERREPAIR他们昨天不可能开车到这里，因为那时他们的车还正在修理当中。THEROOMISINAMESSITCANT/COULDNTHAVEBEENCLEANED3）MAY/MIGHTHAVEVED表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了。HEMAY/MIGHTHAVECHOSENANOTHERCAREERIFHEHADHADENOUGHMONEYTOFURTHERHISEDUCATION如果他那时有足够的钱继续受教育，他也许会选择另一个职业。IMIGHTHAVEFULFILLEDTHEWORKEARLIER我本可以早一些完成这件工作的。4）OUGHTTO/SHOULDHAVEVED和OUGHTNOT/SHOULDNTHAVEVED对以发生的情况表示“不满”、“责备”，分别表示“本应该”和“本不应该”IWONDERWHYTHEYHAVENTARRIVEDYETITOLDTHEMHOWTOGETTHERE,BUTPERHAPSIOUGHT/SHOULDGIVETHEMAMAP（含有“后悔”或“自责”之意）YOUOUGHTTOHAVETOLDMETHATYESTERDAY你早在昨天就该把那件事告诉我了。5）NEEDNTHAVEVED表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要”。YOUNEEDNTHAVEHURRIEDSHENEEDNTHAVECOMEINPERSONALETTERWOULDHAVEBEENENOUGHYOUNEEDNTHAVEDONEALLTHOSECALCULATIONSWEHAVEACOMPUTERTODOTHATSORTOFTHING14用在WAS/WERE,PLANNED,INTENDED,HOPED,WISHED不定式完成体表示事实上并未实现的计划或行为。（详见33不定式完成体）WEWERETOHAVESTARTEDAT8LASTNIGHT,BUTITSNOWEDHEAVILYTHEYINTENDEDTOHAVEGONECAMPING,BUTTHEYLATERCANCELLEDITIHOPEDTOHAVEFINISHEDITLASTWEEK,BUTIWASTOOBUSY练习1SUCHCRIMESMAYBESOCOMPLEXTHATMONTHSORYEARSGOBYBEFOREANYONETHEM（2002年12月）ADISCOVERSBDISCOVEREDCWILLDISCOVERDWOULDHAVEDISCOVERED2INFACT，PETERWOULDRATHERHAVELEFTFORSANFRANCISCOTHAN_INNEWYORK（2002年6月）ATOSTAYBSTAYINGCSTAYEDDHAVINGSTAYED3THEREHASBEENAGREATINCREASEINRETAILSALES，_（2002年6月）ADOESTHEREBHASNTTHERECISNTITDISNTTHERE4THEBOYSPENTASMUCHTIMEWATCHINGTVASHE_STUDYING（2002年1月）ADOESBHADCWASDDID5THEARTICLESUGGESTSTHATWHENAPERSON_UNDERUNUSUALSTRESSHESHOULDBEESPECIALLYCAREFULTOHAVEAWELLBALANCEDDIET（2002年1月）AISBWERECBEDWAS6BYTHEENDOFTHISMONTH,WESURELY_ASATISFACTORYSOLUTIONTOTHEPROBLEMAHAVEFOUNDBWILLBEFOUNDCWILLHAVEFOUNDDAREFINDING7THECONFERENCE_AFULLWEEKBYTHETIMEITENDSAMUSTHAVELASTEDBWILLHAVELASTEDCWOULDLASTDHASLASTED8“MAYISPEAKTOYOURMANAGERMRWILLIAMSATFIVEOCLOCKTONIGHT“IMSORRYMWILLIAMS_TOACONFERENCELONGBEFORETHEN“（2000年6月）AHADGONEBWOULDHAVEGONECHASGONEDWILLHAVEGONE9SHEOUGHTTOSTOPWORKSHEHASAHEADACHEBECAUSESHE_TOOLONG（2000年1月）AHASBEENREADINGBHADREADCISREADINGDREAD10THECARELESSMANRECEIVEDATICKETFORSPEEDINGHEHAVEDRIVENSOFAST（2002年12月）ACANTBMUSTNTCWOULDNTDSHOULDNT11INVESTIGATORSAGREEDTHATPASSENGERSONTHEAIRLINER_ATTHEVERYMOMENTOFTHECRASH（2002年6月）AOUGHTTODIEBMUSTHAVEDIEDCMUSTBEDYINGDSHOULDHAVEDIED12YOU_HIMSOCLOSELYYOUSHOULDHAVEKEPTYOURDISTANCE（2000年6月）ASHOULDNTHAVEBEENFOLLOWINGBCOULDNTHAVEBEENFOLLOWINGCMUSTNTFOLLOWDSHOULDNTFOLLOW13THECONSTRUCTIONOFTHELABORATORYBYTHEENDOFTHISYEARAWILLHAVECOMPLETEDBWILLHAVEBEENCOMPLETEDCWILLBECOMPLETEDDWILLCOMPLETED14JACKHASJUSTPHONEDTOSAYTHATHEBACKTILLSUNDAYNEXTWEEKADOESNTCOMEBWILLCOMECHASNTCOMEDISNTCOMING15TAKETHEUMBRELLAINCASEITAISRAININGBISGOINGTORAINCRAINSDWILLRAIN16BYTHEENDOFLASTYEAR,IINTHISUNIVERSITYFORTENYEARSAHADWORKEDBWORKEDCWASWORKINGDWOULDWORK17PICKMEUPAT9OCLOCKIMYBATHBYTHENACANHAVEHADBWILLHAVEHADCWILLBEHAVINGDMAYHAVE18IAGLASSWHILEITHEDINNERABROKEWASCOOKINGBWASBREAKINGWASCOOKINGCWASBREAKINGCOOKEDDBROKECOOKED19“MICHAELLEFTFORNEWYORKTHISMORNING”“OH,ITHOUGHTHEUNTILNEXTWEEK”AHADNTBEENGOINGBWASNTGOINGCISNTGOINGDWONTBEGOING20ITHASBEENALONGTIMESINCETHEYLASTEACHOTHERAWEREMEETINGBWERETOMEETCMETDMEET21EVERSINCETHEFAMILYMOVEDTOTHESUBURBSLASTYEAR,THEYBETTERHEALTHAHADENJOYEDBAREENJOYINGCHAVEBEENENJOYINGDCOULDHAVEENJOYED22YOUSHOULDHAVEPUTTHEMILKINTHEICEBOXIEXPECTITUNDRINKABLEBYNOWAHADBECOMEBBECOMECHASBECOMEDBECAME23THISISONEOFTHERARESTQUESTIONSTHATATSUCHAMEETINGAARERAISEDBHAVEEVERBEENRAISEDCISRAISEDDHASEVERBEENRAISED24WHENHEHURRIEDTOTHEAIRPORT,HEFOUND,TOHISGREATDISAPPOINTMENT,HISTICKETATHOMEATOHAVEBEENLEFTBHADLEFTCWERELEFTDHADBEENLEFT25THENOVELISSAIDINTOSEVENLANGUAGESINCLUDINGRUSSIANATOHAVEBEENTRANSLATEDBTOBETRANSLATEDCHAVETRANSLATEDDHAVINGTRANSLATED26WEOUROWNBUSINESS,BUTWENEVERHADENOUGHMONEYAHOPEDTOHAVESTARTEDBHOPEDTOSTARTCHOPETOSTARTEDDHOPETOHAVESTARTED27WHENSHESTARTEDCOMPLAININGANOSOONERHADHEARRIVEDBSCARCELYDIDHEARRIVECHARDLYHADHEARRIVEDDNOTUNTILHEARRIVED28THEREWASAKNOCKATTHEDOOR,ITWASTHESECONDTIMESOMEONEMETHATEVENINGAWOULDHAVEINTERRUPTEDBTOBEINTERRUPTEDCTOHAVEINTERRUPTEDDHADINTERRUPTED29TURNONTHETELEVISIONOROPENAMAGAZINEANDYOUADVERTISEMENTSSHOWINGHAPPY,BALANCEDFAMILIESAHAVEOFTENSEENBWILLOFTENSEECOFTENSEEDAREOFTENSEEING30THEYHURRIEDTHEREONLYTOFINDTHEMEETINGCANCELLEDINFACT,THEYATALLANEEDTOHAVEGONEBWOULDNTHAVEGONECNEEDNTHAVEGONEDMUSTNTHAVEGONE第二章被动语态PASSIVEVOICE21主动态表示被动意义1）一般说来，表示被动意义要用被动态，构成被动态的动词必须是及物动词，不及物动词是没有被动态的。但是，英语里有些不及物动词在SVA结构中却含有被动意义，用来表示主语的某种特征、属性。ENAMELWARESCLEANEASILY搪瓷器皿容易弄干净。THISBOXDOESNTCLOSEPROPERLY这箱子关不拢。THESEAPPLESCOOKWELL这些苹果适于烹煮。THISMETALCUTSEASILY这种金属容易切削。THEPIPEDOESNOTDRAWWELL这烟斗不大畅通。NYLONDRIESQUICKLY尼龙织物干得快。THISMATERIALDOESNOTDYEWELL这料子染不好。ITEATSWELL这东西吃上去味道好。THEHALLSOONFILLED那大厅不久便坐满了人。DAMPWOODWILLNOTFIRE潮湿的木头不会着火。THISWHEATGRINDSWELL这种麦子很好磨。THEBRAKEDOESNOTGRIPPROPERLY刹车不灵。THISCARHANDLESWELL这车很好驾驶。THEDOORWONTLOCK门锁不上。THECOWMILKSWELL这头母牛出奶率高。THESEBOOKSPACKEASILY这些书易于包装。THESEPOTATOESPEELEASILY这些土豆皮很容易剥。HISNEWNOVELISSELLINGWELL他的新小说销路良好。THEWINDOWWONTSHUT这窗关不上。SOMEKINDSOFWOODSPLITEASILY有些木材容易劈开。SOMEKINDSOFFOODSOONSPOIL有些食物很容易变坏。THISLINENC1OTHSPOTSEASILY这麻布容易沾污。WHITECLOTHESSTAINEASILY白色衣服容易弄脏。THEDAMPMATCHWONTSTRIKE这潮湿的火柴擦不着。THISPAPERTEARSEASILY这种纸一撕就破。NOTEVERYIDIOMTRANSLATESWITHSUCHEASE不是每个习语都能这样容易地译出来。THECLOTHWASHESWELL这布很耐洗。THISMATERIALWONTWEAR这种材料不耐久。THEDOORWONTOPEN这门打不开。从以上的例子可以看出，句中的谓语动词具有下面的三个特点之一谓语动词用否定式；动词之后有副词或小品词；动词之后有形容词或介词短语。2）当NEED,WANT,REQUIRE,BEWORTH后面接DOING时，表示的是被动意义。THEDOORNEEDSREPAIRINGTHEDOORNEEDSTOBEREPAIRED门该修了。THISBOOKISWORTHREADING这本书值得一读。YOURHAIRWANTSCUTTING你的头发该理了。THEFLOORREQUIRESWASHINGTHEFLOORREQUIRESTOBEWASHED地板需要冲洗。22带宾语分句的句子转换成被动态带宾语分句（主要是THAT分句）的句子可以转换为两种被动句型。【例如】PEOPLETHINKTHATSHEISHONESTAITISTHOUGHTTHATSHEISHONESTBSHEISTHOUGHTTOBEHONESTCB以IT作形式主语，将A中的动词变为被动态，保留A中的THAT分句；C将分句的主语变成被动句中的主语，将A中的动词变为被动态，再将A中的THAT分句改为不定式短语，放在被动态后面。能这样用的动词主要有THINK,CONSIDER,ASSUME,SUPPOSE,SAY,REPORT,ACKNOWLEDGE,FEEL,BELIEVE,FIND,PRESUME,KNOW,UNDERSTAND,ETC如果THAT分句的动词是进行体，这时分句要改为不定式进行体。THEYSUPPOSETHATSHEISCOMINGITISSUPPOSEDTHATSHEISCOMINGSHEISSUPPOSEDTOBECOMINGTHEYSUPPOSEDTHATSHEWASCOMINGITWASSUPPOSEDTHATSHEWASCOMINGSHEWASSUPPOSEDTOBECOMING如果THAT分句的动作或状态发生在主句之前，这时分句要改为不定式完成体。PEOPLEFEELTHATLITTLEWASDONETOPREVENTTHEACCIDENTITISFELTTHATLITTLEWASDONETOPREVENTTHEACCIDENTLITTLEISFELTTOHAVEBEENDONETOPREVENTTHEACCIDENTTHEYREPORTTHATBOTHSIDESHAVEREACHEDANAGREEMENTITISREPORTEDTHATBOTHSIDESHAVEREACHEDANAGREEMENTBOTHSIDESAREREPORTEDTOHAVEREACHEDANAGREEMENTPEOPLETHINKTHATSHEWASHONESTITISTHOUGHTTHATSHEWASHONESTSHEISTHOUGHTTOHAVEBEENHONEST23短语动词的被动语态短语动词通常被视为一个整体，转化为被动语态时，词组内的介词、副词、名词等不能拆散或省略。THEOLDHOUSEWILLBEPULLEDDOWNTOMORROWTHELITTLEBOYWASMADEUSEOFBYTHEDRUGPUSHERTOCARRYDRUGSFORHIMTHATSORTOFTHINGSHOULDBEDONEAWAYWITHTHESPORTSMEETISTOBEPUTOFF另外，有些短语动词不能用被动语态，如TAKEPLACE,LOOKLIKE,BELONGTO,DEPENDON,CONSISTOF,AGREEWITH等。THEACCIDENTTOOKPLACEYESTERDAYONTHEEXPRESSWAYHELOOKSLIKEANOLDMANTHEHONORBELONGSTOUSHEISTHEPERSONTODEPENDON练习1THESHIRTSMOOTHAISFELTBISFEELINGCFEELSDISTOBEFELT2LARGESUMSOFMONEY_EACHYEARINPAINTINGTHESTEELWORKOFBRIDGES,SHIPS,ANDOTHEREXPOSEDSTRUCTURESAHAVETOBESPENTBHAVESPENTCHAVETOSPENDDSPEND3THEPROBLEMNOWISADIFFICULTONEAISDISCUSSEDBISTOBEDISCUSSEDCBEINGDISCUSSEDDTOBEDISCUSSED4HEISSAIDHOMEFROMABROADLASTWEEKATOCOMEBACKBCOMEBACKCTOHAVECOMEBACKDCOMINGBACK5THERADIOBYMYYOUNGERSISTERRIGHTNOWAISBEINGREPAIREDBREPAIREDCBEENREPAIREDDBEINGREPAIRED6HISLATESTNOVELWELLAISSOLDBSOLDCISTOSELLINGDSELLS7BYTHEENDOFLASTYEARTHEGYMNASIUM_AWASBEINGCOMPLETEDBHADBEENCOMPLETEDCHADCOMPLETEDDWOULDBECOMPLETED8SHETOLDMETHATHERPROPOSAL_ANEEDEDTOBETAKENINTOCONSIDERATIONBNEEDEDTOHAVETAKENINTOCONSIDERATIONCNEEDEDTOTAKEINTOCONSIDERATIONDNEEDEDTOBETAKINGINTOCONSIDERATION9WEALLSUGGESTTHATHISADVICEAADOPTSBISADOPTEDCWASADOPTEDDBEADOPTED10ITSPAYDAY,ANDWEREWAITINGATOBEPAIDBTOHAVEPAIDCTOBEPAYINGDFORPAYING11THISLAWTHENUMBEROFACCIDENTSCAUSEDBYCHILDRENRUNNINGACROSSTHEROADWHENTHEYGOTOFFTHEBUSAINTENDSREDUCINGBINTENDEDREDUCINGCINTENDINGTOREDUCEDISINTENDEDTOREDUCE12THENEWTYPEOFMACHINE_THEYEARAFTERNEXTAISGOINGTOTURNOUTBISGOINGTOBEINGTURNEDOUTCISGOINGTOHAVETURNEDOUTDISGOINGTOBETURNEDOUT13THEWORK_,WEHADAGOODDRINKFORCELEBRATIONAHADDONEBHADBEENDONECHAVINGDONEDHAVINGBEENDONE14ISUPPOSETHATWHENICOMEBACKINFIVEYEARSTIME,ALOTOFBUILDINGSHEREAWILLHAVEBEENBUILTBWILLBEBUILTCWILLHAVEBUILTDWILLBEBUILDING15JACK_AJOBINAFACTORY,BUTHEREFUSEDTOTAKEITAHASBEENOFFEREDBWASOFFEREDCOFFEREDDHADOFFERED16HESAIDSUCHATHING_TOHAPPENAOUGHTNOTTOHAVEALLOWEDBOUGHTNOTTOBEALLOWEDCOUGHTNOTTOBEALLOWINGDOUGHTTOBENOTALLOWED17HEHASMADEITKNOWTHATMUCHOFHISCOLLECTIONTOTHENATIONALLIBRARYAHASLEFTBISTOLEAVECLEAVESDISTOBELEFT18BEFORELIBERATION,MYFATHERWASMADEALLDAYATOWORKBWORKINGCWORKDWORKED19SHEIN1970AMARRIEDBGOTMARRIEDCWASMARRIEDDDIDMARRY20ONTHERUINSOFTHEOLDBOMBEDSITEAGOODMANYMODERNBUILDINGSANDASUPERMARKETAARESTOODBHAVEBEENSTOODCSTANDDSTANDING第三章不定式INFINITIVE31不定式在句子中充当的作用1）作主语不定式作主语一般表示具体的某次动作。TOCOMPLETETHE30STORIEDBUILDINGINONEYEARWASQUITEADIFFICULTTASKTODOTHATIMPLIESTAKINGRESPONSIBILITYFORTHERETOBESOMODERNALIBRARYINTHISRURALAREAISSURPRISING当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用IT做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。ITISIMPORTANTFORMODERNYOUNGPEOPLETOMASTERATLEASTTWOFOREIGNLANGUAGESIT做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中AITIS形容词EASY,IMPORTANT,DIFFICULT,FOOLISH,INCONVENIENT,UNNECESSARY,RIGHT,WRONGFOR/OFSB不定式ITISESSENTIALTORESERVEATABLEINADVANCEOFCHRISTMASEVEITISHARDTOPUTMYHOPESINTOWORDSITISNOTEASYTOCATCHFISHWITHYOURHANDSONLYITISIMPORTANTFORUSYOUNGPEOPLETOLEARNENGLISHANDMASTERITBITIS名词APLEASURE,APITY,APLEASANTTHING,ONESDUTY,ANHONOR,ASHAME,ACRIME,NOEASYJOB不定式ITISASHEERWASTEOFTIMETOREADTHATKINDOFTRASHITISAPITYTOHAVETOGOWITHOUTHERITISAGLORIOUSDEATHTODIEFORTHEPEOPLECITTAKES/TOOKSBSOMETIMEHOURS,MONTHS,DAYS,ALOTOFTIME,PATIENCE不定式ITTAKESMETHREEHOURSTOLEARNENGLISHEACHDAYITTOOKTHEMHALFTHENIGHTTOGETHOMEINTHESNOW2）作表语不定式作表语，常表示将来的动作，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如WISH,IDEA,ASK,PURPOSE,DUTY,JOB等。THEMOSTIMPORTANTTHINGFORONESHEALTHISTOHAVEPLENTYOFEXERCISEMYCHIEFPURPOSEHASBEENTOPOINTOUTTHEDIFFICULTIESOFTHEMATTERTHEPURPOSEOFTHEORGANIZATIONISTOGREETALLNEWCOMERSTOTHECITYANDTOPROVIDETHEMWITHANYNECESSARYINFORMATIONWHATIWANTEDWASTOGETTHEWORKDONEASQUICKLYASPOSSIBLE注意当主语中有DO的任何形式时，作表语的不定式中的TO通常省略。WHATHEWANTSTODOMOSTISTOENJOYHIMSELFEVERYDAYWHATTHEYDIDLASTNIGHTWASTOPLAYCARDSTOTHEIRHEARTSCONTENT3）作宾语不定式作宾语，通常用在下列结构中A“动词不定式”结构不定式直接跟在动词后面。这类动词有AFFORD,AGREE,APPLY,ARRANGE,ASK,ATTEMPT,BEG,BEGIN,CARE,CHOOSE,CLAIM,CONSENT,DEMAND,DECIDE,DESIRE,DETERMINE,EXPECT,FAIL,HOPE,HESITATE,HATE,INTEND,LEARN,LIKE,MANAGE,MEAN,NEGLECT,OFFER,PLAN,PREPARE,PRETEND,PROMISE,REFUSE,RESOLVE,SEEK,TEND,THREATEN,WANT等。ILIKETOGOOUTFORWALKSINTHEWARMSUNSHINEINSPRINGMYMOTHERHATESTOMOVEFROMPLACETOPLACE,FORSHEFEELSTIREDIDECIDETOWORKHARDANDGETADOCTORSDEGREESHEFAILEDTOFINISHTHEASSIGNMENTINTIME,ANDSHEWASWORRIEDABOUTITTHEREISAMANATTHERECEPTIONDESKWHOSEEMSVERYANGRYANDITHINKHEMEANSTOMAKETROUBLEIDLIKETHERETOBEAROOMOFMYOWNIDONTWANTTHERETOBEANYMISUNDERSTANDINGBETWEENUSB不定式作宾语还常用在下面结构中“主语动词IT形容词不定式”WEFOUNDITIMPOSSIBLETOGETEVERYTHINGREADYINTIMEITHINKITIMPORTANTTOLEARNENGLISHWELLINCOLLEGE使用这种句型的常见动词有BELIEVE,CONSIDER,DECLARE,FEE