固体废物处理与处置：Chapter_1-introduction

1、固体废物处理与处置 Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal,Society,Resources,Garbage,Overall View,固体废物处理与处置 Treatment and Disposal of Solid Waste,固体废物处理与处置 Treatment and Disposal of Solid Waste,KUST Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering,Abandoned ore,固体废物处理与处置 Treatment and Disposal of Solid Waste,固体废物

2、处理与处置 Treatment and Disposal of Solid Waste,KUST Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering,E-waste (electronic waste),Table Contents,Chap. 1 Introduction Chap. 2 Solid Waste Collection, Storage and Transport Chap. 3 Pretreatment for Solid Waste (compaction/grinding/seperation/dewatering/stabi

3、lization) Chap. 4 Biological Conversion Technologies for Solid Waste (composting/anaerobic digestion) Chap. 5 Thermal Conversion Technologies for Solid Waste (incineration/pyrolysis) Chap. 6 Landfill of Solid Waste Chap. 7 Transformation and Management of Hazardous Wastes Chap.8 Issues for Typical S

4、olid Waste Reuse,固体废物处理与处置 Treatment and Disposal of Solid Waste,Chapter 1 Introduction,Definition, Sources, Composition, Properties and Management of Solid Waste,WHAT IS SOLID WASTE?,Solid or semi-solid materials (including gases and liquids in containers) which are non soluble in nature are solid

5、waste. It may be hazardous or not and includes agricultural refuse, construction waste, industrial waste, mining residues, municipal garbage, and sewage sludge.,固体废物处理与处置 Treatment and Disposal of Solid Waste,1,来源与分类,固 体 废 物 定义,丧失原有利用价值 抛弃或放弃 固态、半固态和置于容器中的气 态物品、物质 法律、行政法规规定纳入固体废 物管理（有害）的物品、物质,性质、特征,

6、生产 生活 其它活动,来 源,固体废物与废气怎么区分?,固体废物与高浓度废水怎么区分?,“放错地点的原料”，“废”具有时间和空间的相对性,SOURCES OF WASTES,HOUSEHOLDS BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIES,AGRICULTURE HOTELS,TYPES OF SOLID WASTES,residential,industrial,commercial,agricultural,mining,construction,Municipal solid waste,Hazardous waste?,TYPES OF SOLID WASTE,Solid wast

7、e can be classified into different types depending on their sources: Household waste or municipal waste: includes food, paper, cardboard, plastic, textiles, leather, glass, metal, ashes, electronics waste etc. Industrial waste: includes toxic chemicals, oil, debris from construction site, packaging

8、waste, ashes etc. Agriculture waste: includes pesticides, crops, water coming from the fields also consists of small amount of toxic chemicals.,Nuclear waste: includes radioactive substances coming from reactors, fuel (uranium, thorium, plutonium etc). Its highly dangerous and requires proper dispos

9、al. Hazardous waste: includes toxic chemical, acids, corrosive, ignitable and reactive materials, gases etc. Biomedical waste or hospital waste: medicine bottles, expired medicines, syringes, medical instruments such as scissors, blades etc.,US waste: 11 billion metric tons/year Mining waste Agricul

10、tural waste Industrial waste Municipal solid waste (MSW) Sewage sludge,TYPES OF SOLID WASTE-USA,Wasting Resources,SOLID WASTE COMPOSITION-Asian,Whats in our trash?-EU/NA,CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES ACCORDING TO THEIR PROPERTIES,Bio-degradable can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others) Non-biodegr

11、adable cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, containers and others),CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES ACCORDING TO THEIR PROPERTIES,Non-hazardous waste Hazardous waste,固体废物处理与处置 Treatment and Disposal of Solid Waste,Hazardous waste,24,DETAILED SOURCES OF HAZARDOUS WASTE,Sources of hazard

12、ous wastes include: Research and academic laboratories Shops and repair facilities Art and theater departments Facility maintenance and grounds Power Plant operations Experimental Farm operations,固体废物处理与处置 Treatment and Disposal of Solid Waste,Hazardous waste,放射性,pH 钢腐蚀深度,鉴别标准 GB 5085-2007,中华人民共和国危险

13、废物名录/黑名单（HW49，08年）,Characteristics,26,EFFECTS OF WASTE IF NOT MANAGED PROPERLY,Affects our health Affects our socio-economic conditions Affects our coastal and marine environment Affects our climate,EFFECTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE,When hazardous wastes are released in the air, water, or on the land, they

14、 can spread or contaminate our environment. When rain falls on soil at a waste site, it can carry hazardous waste deeper into the ground and the can pollute groundwater. Every year, major health problems result from hazardous waste like cancer, repertory condition, heart diseases etc, so it required

15、 proper disposal.,固体废物处理与处置 Treatment and Disposal of Solid Waste,固体废物处理与处置 Treatment and Disposal of Solid Waste,2,危害与污染控制,污染控制 与资源化 方法,Waste Disposal Methods,SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY,Dealing with Material Use and Wastes,Producing Less Waste,Waste management high waste approach Burying, bur

16、ning, shipping Waste prevention low waste approach Reduce, reuse, recycle,Solutions: Cleaner Production,Ecoindustrial revolution Resource exchange webs waste from one industry is raw material for another see figure Biomimicry (mimic nature) no waste in nature Service-flow economy more in a moment,In

17、dustrial Ecosystem in Denmark,Solutions: Selling Services Instead of Things,Service-flow economy Dow Chemical - solvents Uses a minimum amount of material Xerox copy services Products last longer Products are easier to maintain, repair, and recycle Carpet tiles Eco-leasing,Reuse,Extends resource sup

18、plies Saves energy and money Reduces pollution Creates jobs Reusable products,Recycling,Primary (closed-loop) Secondary (open loop) Pre-consumer waste Post-consumer waste,Characteristics of Recyclable Materials,Easily isolated from other waste Available in large quantities Valuable,Benefits of Recyc

19、ling,Case Studies: Wastepaper and Plastics,49% of wastepaper recycled in US Chlorine-based compound in paper production 10% or less of plastic recycled in US Plastics can be very difficult to recycle,Burning Wastes,Mass burn incineration Air pollution Waste to energy,Burying Wastes,Landfills most co

20、mmon method of waste disposal - cheap and convenient. Open pits no longer acceptable. Complex impermeable bottom layers to trap contaminants Daily deposits are covered by layer of dirt. Methane gas and leachate monitoring wells,Sanitary Landfill,Sanitary Landfills: Trade-offs,The Love Canal Story,Lo

21、ve Canal was a waterway built in the 1800s next to Niagara Falls, NY. Hooker Chemical Company purchased the site and used it for a chemical dump 1942-53. Site was sold to local govt for $1. A housing development and school were constructed on the site in the 70s. Chemicals began seeping into basemen

22、ts. Housewife and resident Lois Gibbs brought problems to national attention in 1977. Some families moved right away, some cleanup done.,The Love Canal Story,Of remaining families, miscarriage rate 50% higher than normal. Of 17 pregnancies in 1979, 2 normal, 9 had birth defects, 2 still born, 4 misc

23、arriages. In adults tested, nerve impulses slower, 30% had broken chromosomes. 1980, govt relocated everybody, started massive cleanup. 1990 cleanup done, new development called Black Creek Village opened. Houses cheap.,Hazardous Waste Regulation in the United States,Resource Conservation and Recove

24、ry Act (RCRA) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund) National Priority List Polluter-pays principle,Dealing with Hazardous Wastes,What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your Home?,What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your Home?,Cleaning Disinfectants Drain, toilet, and window cleaners Spot removers Septic tank, cleaners,Paint Latex and oil-based paints Paint thinners, solvents, and strippers Stains, varnishes, and lacquers