对心血管疾病预防和学科发展的一些思考

1、对心血管疾病预防和学科发展的一些思考北京大学人民医院心脏中心胡大一患者等症状 如果一个患者 等到哪天有胸痛再去看病 这是非常遗憾的结局 医生等患者 如果医生只当“坐堂医生” 等患者出现症状再去做支架、溶栓、 搭桥，这是医生的无奈心血管疾病不能消极等待心血管疾病治疗应以预防为主Critchley J. Circulation, 2004;110:1236-12442500200010005000-500-100019841999胆固醇升高77%1822例新增死亡由以下危险因素的改变造成糖尿病19%肥胖4%吸烟1%医药治疗避免了642例死亡事件急性心梗治疗41%高血压治疗24%二级预防11%心力衰

2、竭10%阿司匹林治疗心绞痛10%CABG & PTCA治疗心绞痛2%北京 1984-1999年冠心病死亡的增加，77%归因于胆固醇的增加心血管疾病可防可控90%的心肌梗死可被传统因素预测-血脂异常-腹型肥胖-吸烟-缺乏运动-糖尿病-饮食缺少蔬菜水果-高血压-紧张 坚持少量饮酒（保护因素）Interheart Study动脉粥样硬化血栓形成Interheart Study10个心肌梗死，9个可被预测6个心肌梗死，5个可被预防可防可控!美国近30年来人均寿命延长6年其中3.9年归因于心血病的有效预防血 脂 控 制中国城乡居民健康营养调查1.6亿1.6亿2000万2000万6000万2亿3.5亿9亿

3、高血压患病率血脂异常糖尿病 空腹血糖受损肥胖 超重烟民 被动吸烟2007年中国血脂异常防治指南多学科合作参与适合我国国情血脂水平分层切点不同危险因素中特别提出高血压的重要性极高危定义简化LDL-C目标值与ATP-III不同重视血脂治疗的安全性“十年百项”胆固醇教育计划(卫生部科技司)学习指南领会指南掌握指南贯彻指南TNT研究：立普妥积极将LDL-C降至77mg/dL进一步降低主要终点事件*主要终点事件：CHD死亡，非致死性非手术相关性心梗，心脏骤停复苏， 致死或非致死性卒中LaRosa JC, et al. N Engl J Med. 2005,352主要终点事件累积发生率时间(年)立普妥10

4、mg LDL-C降至101mg/dL(2.6mmol/L)立普妥80mg LDL-C降至77mg/dL(2.0mmol/L)P3ULN0.21.2研究者认为，对于上述患者来说，没有与立普妥直接相关的原因（总计5个病例分别由于创伤、败血症、酗酒、肺炎呼吸衰竭等原因导致）AE = 不良反应; AST = 天冬氨酸转氨酶; ALT = 丙氨酸转氨酶; ULN = 正常上限TNT研究：立普妥积极治疗，临床获益增加的同时，不增加安全性方面的风险LaRosa JC, et al. N Engl J Med. 2005,352TNT研究：即使LDL-C 40 mg/dL ，仍能确保冠心病患者的疗效和安全性

5、在 LDL-C40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L) 亚组，共计仅发生过发生3次主要心血管事件 （2次非致死性心梗，1次非致死性卒中）患者人数 (%)LDL-C 40 mg/dL1组10 ULN 00000ALT 和/或 AST持续升高 3 ULN 2.01.10.80.90.44-10 天内监测2次AST = 天冬氨酸转氨酶; ALT = 丙氨酸转氨酶; CPK = 肌酸激酶; ULN = 正常上限LaRosa JC et al. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100:747-752. 低 LDL-C时的终点2008年ACC/ADA共识：为防治动脉粥样硬化，CVD患者应控制LDL

6、-C在50mg/dL 动物和人体的饮食和药物干预试验显示，LDL-C降低的幅度与动脉粥样硬化病变的稳定和逆转有关，这进一步支持了LDL-C“低一点，好一些”的观点，特别是在已经明确CVD的患者中。 理论上，所有人都应该将LDL-C维持在50mg/dL的“新生儿”水平，以预防动脉粥样硬化，CVD患者也应该控制在类似低的水平。JACC 2008;51(15):1512-1524稳定性冠心病 斑块稳定多项研究显示：稳定性心绞痛患者中斑块破裂的发生率可高达约30%均用IVUS检测，冠脉中至少一个斑块破裂的发生率：30% International Journal of Cardiology 2007;

7、114:78-8232.5% Circulation 2003;108:2473-247831% Circulation 2004;110:928-93722% J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:904-910 稳定性心绞痛患者中可能存在多个不稳定斑块Int J Cardiol. 2005 Jul 10;102(2):201-6 结论：在稳定性心绞痛患者中，约1/3的患者冠脉中存在多个易损斑块。易损斑块的出现具有累积效应，一个易损斑块的出现意味着可能会出现更多的易损斑块。稳定性心绞痛患者的不稳定斑块成分与ACS患者相似Chin Med J 2008;121(6):534-53

8、9 ACS (n=87)和稳定性心绞痛患者 (n=52)检测手段：血管内超声虚拟组织学*P0.05ACS稳定性心绞痛0102030405060纤维纤维脂质钙化坏死核心ESTABLISH研究：立普妥20mg治疗，斑块出现逆转Circulation. 2004;110:1061-1068立普妥n=24-13.1与基线比显著逆转P0.0001常规治疗组n=24与基线比显著进展P=0.02768.7p0.00011050-5-10-15-20逆转斑块体积变化百分比（%）进展TNT-心脏负担亚组分析：冠心病患者能从立普妥积极治疗中持续获益John LaRosa, 2008 ESC Congress 原先

9、的TNT研究，和大多数心血管终点研究一样，只评估了患者发生首次心血管事件的时间，因此可能无法完全显示强化降脂治疗的总体临床益处。冠心病患者常常发生不止一次的心血管事件，因此这项亚组分析非常重要。 Dr. John La Rosa (纽约州立大学Downstate医学中心主任和医学教授) 首次事件第2次事件第3次事件第4次事件第5次事件RRR (%)P值比值比（95%CI）19210.00012428290.000410%人群美国40岁以上人群阿司匹林使用率（%）30.341IMS: diary in Shanghai in 2003Comments from president of CMA

10、in Tiantan Intl.Stroke Congress Am J Prev Med . 2007;32(5):403-407中国糖尿病患者（一、二级预防）27.7远远高于中国患者，明显低于美国普通人群 中国高血压患者（一、二级预防）28中国医药导报,2008,5(7):111医生未处方是患者未使用阿司匹林的主要原因38.8% 医生未处方1.2% 经济困难1.2% 已用同类药8.5% 忘记服药17.4% 认为疾病 好转停药23.9% 出现副作用2.1% 其他3.1% 原因不明现场即时检验技术(POCT)Cholestech L.D.X即时，面对面的监测一滴血测胆固醇用手指血完成检测结果可

11、靠，准确5分钟检测过程可对冠心病做出风险评估CRMLN1 确认该仪器符合准确性和重复性的金标要求，该金标准是由CDC2制定，与 NCEP3 分析目标一致。 CRMLN胆固醇参考方法实验室网络认证 Cholesterol Reference Method Laboratory Network.Centres for Disease Control and PreventionNational Cholesterol Education Program一滴血测胆固醇一滴血测INR2分钟内屏幕显示结果操作简便，医患共用指血检测，减少患者痛苦结果快速可靠增加患者依从性有助于维持抗凝效果，减少出血并发症

12、 一滴血测INR74关注女性心血管健康每年有1750万人死于心脏病和脑中风，大约一半为女性世界上平均每1分钟就有16个女性死于心脑血管疾病心脑血管疾病是我国女性最大杀手女性症状不典型，易误诊误治WHF倡导“Go Red for Women”关注双心医学心血管疾病与心理疾病共病问题单纯精神心理问题医源性心理障碍关注成人先心病的随访和管理成人先心病关注程度不够治疗不及时多数合并肺动脉高压术后的随访和管理不到位数字数据data-based公益 规范 预防四 面 旗 帜创新医学的回归回归人文 回归临床 回归基本功To make the world free of cardiovascular dise

13、asesand stroke!You,cardiologists should be citizen leaders!变由心生，推动转折实现五个转折1.终末期干预 早期预防 （前移）2.经验医学 循证医学 （科学）3.大医院为中心 社区 - 农村（下移）4.铁路警察各管一段 多学科联盟 （策略）5.针对疾病 重视健康 （战略）第三次解放思想第二次创业人生常青机制Time to Change!Can We? Yes ,We Can!三十而立四十不惑五十知天命六十著书立说七十回忆人生八十游山玩水九十活不过，那是你的错谢谢！Xp!s&v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8Jb

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26、4F7IaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%v(y+B3E6H9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w)z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZr$u*x+A2D5H8KcNfQiUlXo#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWoZr$u(x+A2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRi

27、UmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D4G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%v(y+B3E6H9LcOfRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRjVmYp!t&w)z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZr$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u(x+

28、A2E5H8KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F7IaLdPgSjVnYq$t*w-A1D4G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2E6H9KcOfRiUmXp!s&v)z0C3z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B3E6H9LcOfRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!t&w)z1C4F7J

29、aMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2E6H9KcOfRiUmXp!s&v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp

30、!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWoZr$u(x+A2A2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2

31、E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%v(y+B3E6H9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRjVmYp!t&w)z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZr$u*x+A2D5H8KcNfQiUlXo#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G7JbMePhT

32、kWnZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSjVnYq$t*w-A1D4G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B3E6H9LcOfRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRjVmYp!t&w)z

33、1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F7IaL7IaLdPgSjVnYq$t*w-A1D4G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B3E6H9

34、LcOfRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZ

35、r%u(x+B2E6H9KcOfRiUmXp!s&v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2D5H8KcNfQiUlXo#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G

36、7JbMePhTkWoZr$u(x+A2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%v(y+B3E6H9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRj

37、VmYp!t&w)z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZr$u*x+A2D5H8KcNfQiUlXo#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F7IaLdPgSjVnYq$t*w-A1D4G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+

38、B3E6H9LcOfRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRjVmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfQ8KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F7IaLdPgSjVnYq$t*w-A1D4G

39、8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B3E6H9LcOfRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6IaLdOgSjVm

40、Yq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2E6H9KcOfRiUmXp!s&v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#s%v(y0

41、B3E6I9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWoZr$u(x+A2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%v(y+B3E6H9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRjVmYp!t&w)z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZr$u*x+A2D5H8KcNfQiUlXo#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G7JbM