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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-内蒙古警察职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.案例题

InReadingPassageIthereareseveralsections.Choosethemostsuitableheading(I-IX)fromtheboxbelowwhichbestmatchestheSectionsA-G.

NOTE:Thesearemoreheadingsthansectionssoyouwillnotuseallofthem.Youmayuseanyoftheheadingsmorethanonce.

ListofHeadings

ⅠApositiveaspectofhacking

ⅡTougherpunishmentsforhackers

ⅢResponsetoInternetsecurity

ⅣGrowthoftheInternet

ⅤResponsibilitiesofmanagers

ⅥHackersVsadministrators

ⅦDifficultyofdetection

ⅧGovernmentagencies

ⅨCommonsecuritymeasure

Example:

ParagraphAAnswerIV

1.ParagraphB()

2.ParagraphC()

3.ParagraphD()

4.ParagraphE()

5.ParagraphF()

6.ParagraphG()

【答案】1.VI

2.III

3.Ⅸ

4.Ⅱ

5.I

6.Ⅶ

【解析】1.根据文章第三段,“the‘worm’wasintroducedontheInternettoinvade,attackandreplicateitselfonthenetwork.”,可知“蠕虫”病毒被引入互联网,在网络上入侵、攻击和复制自己,下文继续提到了CERT小组来应对病毒的入侵。可判断出B段的主要内容为黑客和管理者。选项VI符合题意。

2.根据文章第四段,“OneoftheproblemswithInternetsecurityisthefactthattheincidentsareincreasinginsophistication.”,可知本段主要讨论的是互联网的安全问题,紧接着下文提到了对这个问题一系列的回应。可判断出C段的内容为对互联网安全问题的回应。选项III符合题意。

3.根据文章第五段,“Thethingtorememberwithsecurityisthatthesystemadministrationsmustgetitrightallthetime”,可知对于互联网的安全问题,系统管理人员必须保持准确。可判断出D段对于安全问题提出了常见的应对措施。选项Ⅸ符合题意。

4.根据文章第六段,“TheninJuly2002,theHouseofrepresentativesapprovedtheCyberSecurityEnhancementAct.Nowifacybercrimeresultsinthedeathofanindividual,theoffendercouldfacealifesentence.”,可知在2002年7月,众议院通过了《网络安全加强法案》。现在,如果网络犯罪导致个人死亡,犯罪者可能面临终身监禁。结合整段内容,可判断出E段的主要内容为对黑客的惩罚。选项Ⅱ符合题意。

5.根据文章第七段,“someex-hackersusingtheirextensiveknowledgeandexperiencetojoinforceswithsecurityforcestoaidthefightagainstterrorism.”,可知一些前黑客利用他们广泛的知识和经验与安全部队合作,协助打击恐怖主义。可判断出F段的主要内容为黑客积极的一面。选项I符合题意。

6.根据文章第八段,“evenwiththeincreasedthethreatsofpunishment,computervirusesandincidentsofhackingcontinuetobewidespread.”,可知即使受到惩罚的强度增加,计算机病毒和黑客事件仍然普遍存在。可判断出G段作者想要表达的意思是对黑客事件检测的困难性。选项Ⅶ符合题意。

2.单选题

Themostimportantpartsofthecollectionareinaccessibletoscholar.

问题1选项

A.notuseful

B.notattractive

C.notclear

D.notavailable

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。inaccessible表示“难接近的,难达到的”;A项notuseful“没有用的”,B项notattractive“不吸引人的”,C项notclear“不清楚的”,D项notavailable“难以获得的,不能利用的”。句意:学者们无法看到收藏的最重要的部分。因此D项正确。

3.翻译题

17世纪后期至18世纪末,是中国清代的鼎盛时期,史称“康乾盛世”。那个时期,中国的工业产量位居世界前列。但正是在这个时候,欧洲诸国先后开始了近代资产阶级革命和产业革命,社会生产力迅速发展,后来居上。而中国当时的政治者对这一历史性大变革却茫然无知,仍沉迷于盲目自大之中,视西方科学技术为“奇技淫巧”。“康乾盛世”之后的100多年,中国的发展大大落后了,国际地位急剧衰落,沦为半殖民地,备受外强欺辱。

中华人民共和国成立后,中国人民掌握了自己的命运,民族的独立和解放使中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。但在20世纪60、70年代世界经济蓬勃发展和新科技革命浪潮兴起的时代,中国搞了长达10年的“文化大革命”,错失了又一次发展良机。值得欣慰的是,从70年代末开始,我们纠正了过去的错误,选择了改革开放的正确道路,对内实行改革,对外实行开放,开放也是改革。改革开放使我们抓住了新的历史机遇,实现了近30年的高速发展,综合国力显著增强,人民生活得到很大改善,国际地位不断上升。

【答案】Inthelate17centurytotheendof18thCentury,ChineseQingDynastywasinitsheyday,knownastheGoldenAgeof“KangxiandQianlong”.Duringthisperiod,China’sindustrialproductionhasbeenattheforefrontontheworldstage.ButitwasatthistimethatEuropeancountriesbeganthemodernbourgeoisrevolutionandindustrialrevolution,whichrockettherapiddevelopmentofsocialproductivityinthewesternworld,leavingtherestoftheworldoutofsightbehind.However,Chinesepoliticiansatthattimewerecompletelyignorantofthishistoricchange,andstillindulgedinblindarrogance,regardingwesternscienceandtechnologyas“diabolictricksandwickedcraft”.Duringthepast100yearsfromthattimeonward,Chinafellfarbehindindevelopment,sufferedasharpdeclineinitsinternationalstatus,wasreducedtoasemi-colonyandsubjectedtobullyingandhumiliationfromforeignpowers.

SincethefundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,accompanyingwiththenationalindependenceandliberation,Chinesepeoplehavebecomethemasteroftheirowndestiny.AllthishasbroughttremendouschangestoChina.However,inthe1960sand1970s,whentheworldeconomywasboomingandthenewwaveofscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionwasemerging,Chinaconductedthedecade-long“CulturalRevolution”andmissedanothergoodopportunityfordevelopment.Thegoodnewsisthatsincetheendof1970s,withtheimplementationofreformingdomesticallyandopening-uptotheworldwehavecorrectedthemistakesofthepast,directingthewholenationtotherightwayofreformandopening-up.Undertheguidanceofreformandopening-uppolicy,weseizedthenewhistoricalopportunitytopromotearapidsocialdevelopmentinthelast30years.Thispolicynotonlyheightenchina’scomprehensivepowersandpeople’slivingstandards,butalsothegrowinginternationalclout.

4.单选题

Whilemanytechnologicaladvancesoccurinanevolutionarymanner,occasionallyarevolutionarytechnologicalappearsonthehorizonthatcreatesstartlingnewconditionsandprofoundchanges.SuchisthecasewiththeprivatelydevelopedMollerSkycarwhichisnamedafteritsinventor.Theruggedized(加固的)MollerSkycarvariantthemilitaryisevaluatingiscalledthelightaerialmultipurposevehicle,orLAMV.

TheLAMVisaverticaltake-offandlandingaircraftthatcanflyinquick,quiet,andagilemanner.Itisanewtypeofvehiclethatcombinesthespeedofanairplaneandtheverticaltake-offcapabilityofahelicopterwithsomecharacteristicsofagroundvehicle,butwithoutthelimitationsofanyofthoseexistingmodesoftransportation.TheLAMVisnotoperatedliketraditionalfixed——orrotary-wingaircraft.Ithasonlytwohands,whichtheoperatorusestodirecttheredundantcomputercontrolsystemtocarryoutdesiredflightmaneuvers.Theleft-handcontroltwiststoselectthedesiredoperatingaltitudeandmovesforeandafttoselecttherateofclimb.Theright-handcontroltwiststoselectthevehicle’sdirectionandmovesside-to-sidetoprovidetransverse(横向的)movementduringthehoverandearly-transition-to-flightphasesofoperation;italsomovesforeandafttocontrolspeedandbraking.Simplyput,theLAMVisuserfriendly.

TheLAMVdesignincorporatesanumberofsafetyfeatures.Forstarters,theLAMVhasmultipleengines.Unlikeanylighthelicopterorairplane,theLAMVhasmultipleenginenacelles(机舱),eachwithtwocomputer-controlledRotapowerengines.Theseenginesoperateindependentlyandallowforaverticalcontrolledlandingshouldeitherfail.

TheLAMVisaerodynamicallystable.Intheunlikelyeventthatsufficientpowerisnotavailabletolandvertically,theLAMV’sstabilityandgoodglideslopeallowtheoperatortomaneuvertoasafeareabeforeusingtheair-frameparachutes(降落伞).SincecomputerscontroltheLAMV'sflightduringhoverandtransition,theonlyoperatorinputistocontrolspeedanddirection.Undesirablemovementscausedbywindgustsarepreventedautomatically.

TheLAMV'spotentialmilitaryuseswillbenumerous.Theyincludeaerialmedicalevacuation,aerialreconnaissance(侦查),commandandcontrol,searchandrescue,insertionofspecialoperationsforces,airassaultoperations,airborneoperations,forcible-entryoperations,militarypolicemobilityandmaneuversupport,communicationsretransmission,battlefielddistributionforunitresupply,transportofindividualandcrewreplacements,weaponsplatform,noncombatantevacuationoperations,battlefieldcontractortransport,andbattledamageassessment.

Ofcourse,theLAMVbringswithitsomeobviouschallenges.Itslimitedpayloadwillbeanegativefactor.ItsusewillcomplicateArmyairspacecommandandcontrol.HowtheLAMVwillbeusedinconjunctionwithforcesunderthejointforceaircomponentcommanderwillhavetobedetermined.LAMVsupportissuesalsorequireresolution.Forexample,operatorselectionandtraining,leadertraining,employmentdoctrine,LAMVbasis-of-issueplans,andLAMVlife-cyclemanagementallrequiretheArmy'sattention.

1.Accordingtothepassage,LAMV().

2.WhatshouldtheoperatorofLAMVdowhenpowerforverticallandingisinsufficient?

3.Lighthelicopterorairplanemay().

4.WhichofthefollowingcanbeapossibledisadvantageofLAMV?

问题1选项

A.cantakeoffuprightandflyfast

B.isdevelopedbyanacademy

C.can’tflyasfastasanairplane

D.isappliedinciviltransportation

问题2选项

A.Heshouldaskthemonitoringcenterforhelpviacomputer

B.Hecaneffectivelycontroltheaircraftwithsomesimpleinput

C.Hemustleavetheaircraftimmediatelywiththehelpofparachutes

D.HejustwaitsLAMVtoregainenoughpowerforlanding

问题3选项

A.havetwohandstocontrolitsspeedanddirection

B.havenocomputer-controlledRotapowerenmeshinitssystem

C.havelessenginenacellesthanLAMVandthereforelesssecurity

D.lackflexiblecomputercontrolinitstakingoffandlanding

问题4选项

A.FewpeoplewouldsupporttheapplicationofLAMV

B.LAMVcanonlycarryasmallcreworlittlecargo

C.Notallforcesarewillingtobecommandedjointly

D.Armyairspacecommandandcontrolwouldbeindisorder

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“根据文章所述,LAMV……”。文章第二段第一句话提到LAWV是一种垂直起降飞机,能够以快速、安静和敏捷的方式飞行(TheLAMVisaverticaltake-offandlandingaircraftthatcanflyinquick,quiet,andagilemanner),由此可知选项A“能垂直起飞,且飞行速度快”符合题意。

2.细节事实题。题目问的是“当垂直降落的动力不足时,LAMV的驾驶员应该怎么办?”文章第四段提到“在不太可能的情况下,没有足够的力量垂直降落,LAMV的稳定性和良好的下滑坡度允许驾驶员在使用机体降落伞之前操纵飞机飞到一个安全区域”(Intheunlikelyeventthatsufficientpowerisnotavailabletolandvertically,theLAMV’sstabilityandgoodglideslopeallowtheoperatortomaneuvertoasafeareabeforeusingtheair-frameparachutes),因此选项B“通过一些简单的操作有效控制飞机”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。题目问的是“轻型直升机或飞机可能……”。文章第三段第三句话提到“不同于任何轻型直升机或飞机,LAMV有多个发动机舱,每个机舱都有两个由计算机控制的Rotapower型发动机”(Unlikeanylighthelicopterorairplane,theLAMVhasmultipleenginenacelles,eachwithtwocomputer-controlledRotapowerengines),由此可推测出轻型直升机或飞机没有LAMV那么多的机舱,选项C符合题意。

4.细节事实题。题目问的是“下列哪项是LAMV的劣势?”文章最后一段提到了LAMV不利的一面。LAMV的支持问题也需要解决,例如,驾驶员的选择与训练(LAMVsupportissuesalsorequireresolution.Forexample,operatorselectionandtraining…),因此选项A符合题意。

5.单选题

Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedasslowlyfortwothousandyears—andwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimes—arequestionswhichhaveinterestedthemodernphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodernphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemoderneraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents—totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?

Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodernsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodernscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction—bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.

Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservation—thesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemoderns;butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodernispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesitexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.

Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“facts”and“theories”or“facts”and“ideas”—intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter—provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts—aparticularclassoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.

Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,anddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.

25.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis?

26.Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis____.

27.Theunderlinedword“ascertain”inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans____.

28.Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”____.

29.Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis____.

30.Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled____.

问题1选项

A.Philosophyofmathematics

B.TheRecentGrowthinScience.

C.TheVerificationofFacts.

D.MethodsofScientificInquiry.

问题2选项

A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiods

B.thatitwasanactofGod

C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethod

D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod

问题3选项

A.findout

B.confirm

C.announce

D.makesure

问题4选项

A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmation

B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformer

C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeks

D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod

问题5选项

A.aninductivescience

B.inneedofsimpleverification

C.adeductivescience

D.basedonfactandtheory

问题6选项

A.ametaphor

B.aparadox

C.anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethods

D.apun

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:C

第6题:B

【解析】25.【选项释义】

Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis?最能表达这篇文章观点的题目是?

A.Philosophyofmathematics.A.数学的哲学

B.TheRecentGrowthinScience.B.科学的最新发展

C.TheVerificationofFacts.C.事实的核实

D.MethodsofScientificInquiry.D.科学探究的方法

【考查点】主旨大意题。

【解题思路】

1)分析文章行文结构:本文的结构大致为“提出问题——对已有的解释进行分析”。

第一段提到“现代哲学家感兴趣的问题,为什么归纳和数学科学,在希腊文明达到顶峰时第一次快速发展(theirfirstrapiddevelopment)之后,两千年来发展缓慢(slowlyfortwothousandyears),以及为什么在接下来的二百年中,自然科学和数学的发展(sovastlyexceeds)大大超过了以前所知道的一切”;

第二段否定了解释1——“古人在科学研究中主要采用演绎法(deduction),而现代人则采用归纳法(induction),这种解释过于狭隘(toonarrow),经仔细考察,无法充分(fails)清楚地指出古代和现代科学学说和研究之间明显的对比”;

第三段否定了解释2——“没有使用或充分使用这些局部方法中的任何一种,在观察和实验的艺术和资源上的缺陷,在观察中粗心,忽视相关事实,诉诸于实验和观察”;

第四段否定了解释3——古人试图通过将“事实”与“理论”或“事实”与“观念”对立来解释这一现象;

第五段肯定了第四段中将“事实”与“理论”进行区分的可取之处,即这种区分包含了真正方法的一个重要特征。

2)提炼复现词:methods“方法”。

综上所述,D选项“科学探究的方法”最适合做本文的标题。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“数学的哲学”,本文并未提及,属于无中生有;

B选项“科学的最新发展”,只是在开头第一段引入问题时被提到,属于背景信息,并不能概括全文,不适合做本文标题,属于本末倒置;

C选项“事实的核实”,只是本文第四、五段的内容,并不能概括全文,不适合做本文标题,属于本末倒置。

26【选项释义】

Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis____.作者认为,古希腊和现代科学发展的一个可能原因是____。

A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiodsA.这两个时期的相似之处

B.thatitwasanactofGodB.是上帝的杰作

C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethodC.他们都试图发展归纳法

D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethodD.由于演绎法的衰落

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干关键词thegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimes可定位到本文第1段最后一句,该句说到“或者,我们是否应该把这两个时期的特点归因于所谓的历史偶然性——归因于环境中结合的影响?这种影响,除非以指导我们的上帝的全能和智慧(theomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence)来解释,否则是无法解释的。”由此可知,作者认为上帝是一个可能的原因。“God”是“aguidingProvidence”的同义替换。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“这两个时期的相似之处”,原文并未提及,属于无中生有;

C选项“他们都试图发展归纳法”,原文虽然提到了归纳法,但并没有说这两个时期都试图发展归纳法,该选项属于无中生有;

D选项“由于演绎法的衰落”,原文虽然提到了演绎法,但并没有说演绎法的衰落,该选项属于无中生有。

27.【选项释义】

Theunderlinedword“ascertain”inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans____.第三段中划线的单词“ascertain”的意思可能是____。

A.findoutA.发现

B.confirmB.证实

C.announceC.宣布

D.makesureD.确保

【考查点】词汇推测题。

【解题思路】

句中前后信息衔接:根据题干关键词thethirdparagraph定位到原文第3段。本段第1句破折号后ascertain所在部分的句意是“无论是古代还是现代,这些都是导致不能____真理/真相的错误。”

2)上下文语义衔接:由第一题的解析可得,本文的主题是“科学研究的方法”,第3段第1句破折号前的句子是展开介绍在科学实验中犯的错误,那么此处的truth指的应该是科学真理,由此可知,ascertain是搭配“真理”的动词,“宣布真理”和“确保真理”不能搭配,由此可排除C、D选项;

3)分析词汇本身:ascertain中certain是“确实,确信”的意思,因此B选项“证实”更符合题意。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D三个选项均不符合原文。

28.【选项释义】

Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”____.“事实”和“理论”的区别____。

A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmationA.是后者需要证实

B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformerB.在于前者的简单性

C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeksC.是现代科学家和古希腊科学家的区别

D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethodD.帮助我们理解演绎法

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干关键词Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”定位到原文最后一段。该段最后两句提到“如果一个理论是正确的,它就具有事实的所有特征,只是它的证实(exceptthatitsverification)只能通过间接的、遥远的和困难的手段。”“将理论转化为事实就是增加了简单的验证(addsimpleverification),从而使理论获得了事实的全部特征。”由此可知,理论得到验证之后就会变成真理,因此,A选项“是后者需要证实”就是“事实”和“理论”的区别。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“在于前者的简单性”,可定位到原文最后一段第2句,该句说“事实是简单的命题”,原文虽然提到了“事实”很简单,但并没有说这是两者之间的区别,该选项属于无中生有;

C选项“是现代科学家和古希腊科学家的区别”,原文并未提及,该选项属于无中生有;

D选项“帮助我们理解演绎法”,原文并未提及,该选项属于无中生有。

29.【选项释义】

Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis____.据作者介绍,数学是____。

A.aninductivescienceA.归纳科学

B.inneedofsimpleverificationB.需要简单的验证

C.adeductivescienceC.演绎科学

D.basedonfactandtheoryD.以事实和理论为基础

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】原文并未直接介绍数学是什么科学,只在首段引入话题时提到了数学。根据原文第一段第1句“为什么归纳和数学科学(theinductiveandmathematicalsciences),在希腊文明达到顶峰时第一次快速发展之后,两千年来发展缓慢”,由此可知,数学是一种科学,根据作者将归纳科学(inductivescience)与数学(mathematicalscience)并列可推断,作者认为两者非同类的科学,“归纳和演绎”是相对的两种科学方法分类,因此,作者认为数学是一种演绎科学。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“归纳科学”,根据【解题思路】可排除该选项;

B选项“需要简单的验证”,可定位到原文最后一段最后一句,该句提到“理论变成事实需要简单的验证(Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification)”,由此可知,该选项表述的是一种科学方法,不是对数学的介绍,属于偷换概念;

D选项“以事实和理论为基础”,原文在最后两段提到了“事实和理论”,但并未涉及数学,该选项属于无中生有。

30.【选项释义】

Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled____.“理论就是事实”这句话可以叫作____。

A.ametaphorA.比喻(暗喻)

B.aparadoxB.悖论

C.anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethodsC.对归纳和演绎方法的赞美

D.apunD.双关

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干关键词Theories和facts定位到原文最后两段。倒数第2段第2句提到“事实和理论不是完全对立的(theantithesisisnotcomplete)”,后一句又说“事实和理论不是协调的类别(notcoordinatespecies)”由此可知,事实和理论不是完全对立又不是完全统一的。第4段最后一句说到“如果理论是正确的(Theories,iftrue),那么它就是一类特定的事实(aparticularclassoffacts)”,由此可知,正确的理论是事实,错误的理论不是事实。因此题干中“理论就是事实”的表述是B选项“悖论”。(注:悖论是“如果其中一部分是正确的,那么另一部分就不可能是正确的”的陈述。)

【干扰项排除】A、C、D三个选项均没有依据,属于无中生有。

6.填空题

TheUnitedStatesisanationofsuburbs.The1990census(人口普查)makesitofficial.Nearlyhalfthecountry’spopulationnowlivesinsuburbs,upfromaquarterin1950andathirdin1960.

ThethirdcenturyofAmericanhistoryisshapingupasthesuburbancentury.Until1920mostAmericanslivedinruralareas.By1960thecountrywasathirdurban,athirdrural,andathirdsuburban.Thatbalancedidn’tlastlong,however.By1990theurbanpopulationhadslippedto31percentandtheruralpopulationwasdowntolessthanaquarter.Wearenowasuburbannationwithanurbanfringeandaruralfringe.

ThefirstcenturyofAmericanlifewasdominatedbytheruralmyth:thesturdyandself-reliantJeffersonianfarmer.Bytheendofthenineteenthcentury,however,Americansweregettingoffthefarmsasfastastheycould,toescapethehardshipandbrutalityofrurallife.

Mostofthetwentiethcenturyhasbeendominatedbytheurbanmyth:themeltingpot;NewYork,NewYork;thecitiesasthenation’sgreatenginesofprosperityandculture.Allthewhile,however,Americanshavebeengettingoutofthecitiesassoonastheycanaffordtobuyahouseandacar.Theywanttoescapethecrowdinganddangersofurbanlife.Butthereismoretoitthanescape.AsKennethT.JacksonarguesinCrabgrassFrontier,ahistoryofsuburbanizationintheUnitedStates,thepullfactors(cheaphousingandtheidealofasuburban“dreamhouse”)havebeenasimportantasthepushfactorspopulationgrowthandracialprejudice).

The1990Censustellsthestoryoftheexplosivegrowthofsuburbs.Thatyearfourteenstateshadamajoritysuburbanpopulation,includingsixofthetenmostpopulousstates(California,Pennsylvania,Ohio,Michigan,Florida,andNewJersey).

Suburbangrowthisnotlikelytoendanytimesoon.Accordingtothepolls,43percentofBostonresidents,43percentofpeoplewholiveinLosAngeles,and60percentofthosewholiveinNewYorkCitysaytheywouldleavethecityiftheycould.WhentheGallupPollaskedAmericansin1989whatkindofplacetheywouldliketolivein,only19percentsaidacity.

Isthereasuburbanmyth?Surethereis.IthasbeenastapleofAmericanpopularculturesincethe1950s,fromtelevisionshowslikeTheAdventuresofOzzieandHarrietandLeaveIttoBeavertomovieslikeE.T.ThedebunkingofthesuburbanmythhasnowreachedAmericanpopularculture,wheretelevisioncomediesaboutlowermiddle-classfamilieslikeRoseanneandtheSimpsonsportraytheharshrealitiesofsuburbanlife-unemployment,troubledfamilies,and,aboveall,stress.

Write“A”forTrueor“F”forFalseinthebrackets:

_____61.ThegreaterpartoftheAmericanpopulationnowlivesinthesuburbs.

_____62.CheaphousingisoneofthereasonsforAmericanswantingtoliveinthesuburbs.

_____63.IntheU.S.ahouseinthesuburbsisasymbolofprosperityandculture.

_____64.In1989mostAmericansstillsaidtheypreferredlivinginurbanareas.

_____65.ThemainpartofAmericanpopularculturesincethe1950shasbeendominatedbythesuburbmyth.

【答案】F

T

F

F

F

【解析】1.定位到第一段Nearlyhalfthecountry’spopulationnowlivesinsuburbs,upfromaquarterin1950andathirdin1960.(美国现在有近一半的人口住在郊区,而1950年只有四分之一,1960年只有三分之一。)题干与原文不符,因此不对。

2.定位到第四段thepullfactors(cheaphousingandtheidealofasuburban“dreamhouse”)havebeenasimportantasthepushfactorspopulationgrowthandracialprejudice.(牵引力因素——廉价住房和郊区“梦想之家”的理想与人口增长和种族偏见一样重要),可以得知廉价的住房也是他们离开的原因之一,因此题干表达正确。

3.定位到第四段thecitiesasthenation’sgreatenginesofprosperityandculture.(城市是国家繁荣和文化的重要引擎。)而不是美国的房子是繁荣和文化的象征。因此题干和原文的表达是不符的,错误。

4.定位到倒数第二段WhentheGallupPollaskedAmericansin1989whatkindofplacetheywouldliketolivein,only19percentsaidacity.(1989年,盖洛普民意测验询问美国人他们想住在什么样的地方,只有19%的人回答是城市。)这一句和题干不相符,只有19%的人们表示喜欢居住在城市,并不是题干说的大部分,因此错误。

5.定位到第三段和第四段ThefirstcenturyofAmericanlifewasdominatedbytheruralmyth:thesturdyandself-reliantJeffersonianfarmer.Bytheendofthenineteenthcentury,however,Americansweregettingoffthefarmsasfastastheycould,toescapethehardshipandbrutalityofrurallife.Mostofthetwentiethcenturyhasbeendominatedbytheurbanmyth(美国人生活的第一个世纪被乡村神话所主宰:强壮而自立的杰斐逊式农民。然而,到了19世纪末,美国人开始尽可能快地离开农场,以逃避农村生活的艰难和残酷。20世纪的大部分时间里,都市神话一直占据着主导地位)原文并没有说是具体哪一年被谁主导,因此题干的表述也是不对的,错误。

7.单选题

Thesmallbuildingwasmarkedwithamodestbrass(

,statingthenameandthebusinessoftheoccupiers.

问题1选项

A.plaque

B.plateau

C.plague

D.plaster

【答案】A

【解析】考查形近名词辨析。plaque“匾额”;plateau“高原”;plague“瘟疫”;plaster“石膏”。句意:这座小小的建筑有一块黄铜匾额,上面写着主人的名字还有营业内容。选项A符合题意。

8.单选题

Whenhecameouttothelobbytohelpusfindataxiaswewereabouttoheadforthe

airport,wethankedhimforallthehelpshehadgivenusduringourstayandinvited

himtolookusupinShanghaiifheeverfoundhimselfthere.

问题1选项

A.aswewereabouttoheadfor

B.helpshehadgivenus

C.lookusupin

D.everfoundhimselfthere.

E.没有错误

【答案】B

【解析】语法题。名词的数误用。Helps改为help。Help表示“帮助”时,是不可数名词。

9.单选题

Progressiveandreactionarypopulistmovementsarenotnecessarily_______:eachmay,andusuallydoes,possessfeaturesoftheother.

问题1选项

A.subversive

B.efficacious

C.untenable

D.dichotomous

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项subversive“破坏性的”;B选项efficacious“有效的”;C选项untenable“(理论等)站不住脚的;不能维持的”;D选项dichotomous“二元对立的”。句意:进步和反动的民粹主义运动不一定_______:相互可能,而且是通常具有对方的特征。根据语境,这里指的是进步和反动的民粹主义有相同的特性,不是完全对立,所以dichotomous“二元对立的”符合题意。因此D选项正确。

10.单选题

Howmightwestabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphere?Thatquestionloomslargeintheeyesofscientistsandpoliticalleadersasthelevelsofcarbondioxidegrow.Carbondioxideandmethanehavelonglivesintheatmosphereand,oncetheyarethere,Earthmaybedestinedtobecomewarmer.Ifwefindthattheclimateisbecomingtoowarm,thereisnoeasyorrapidwaytoremovethegasesandreturntoanearlierclimatepattern.

Wemaybeabletocontrolfossilfueluseandratesofdeforestation,butthereisnodirectwaytocontroltheaccelerationofdecayexceptbystoppingthewarming.Tostabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphereimmediately,wewouldhavetocutpresentreleaseabout4billiontonsofcarbonannually.Itisnotnowpossibletoaccomplishthiswithoutreducingbothdeforestationandourconsumptionoffossilfuels.

Mostscientistsbelievethatifimmediateglobalactionisnottaken,therapidincreasesofatmosphericcarbonfromdecaywillexceedthereductionsmadepossiblethroughcontroloffossilfueluseandmanagementofforests.In1990,theUnitedNationsgatheredmanyscientistsfromaroundtheworldtoreviewtheseissues.Thisgroup,theIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,concludedthatanimmediate60percentreductioninfossilfuelusewouldbenecessary.ButbyApril1992,nonationhadacceptedthegoal,thoughseveralhadrecognizedaneedforreducingemissionsby20percent.

AttheEarthSummitinJune1992,leadersfrommostindustrializednationsagreedinprincipletoreturntoearlierlevelsofcarbondioxideemissions—thoughoppositionfromtheUnitedStatespreventedthemfromagreeingtospecifictargetsforemissions,asmanyscientistshadhoped.Theleadersalsoagreedtoassistdevelopingnationsinlimitingtheirreleasesofgreenhousegases.

Humanbeingsareonlyoneofmillionsoforganismssufficientlydifferentoneanothertoberecognizedasspecies.Untilthe1980s,scien

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