英美报刊选读课件

CourseInformation

课程名称MassMediaReading学时34学分2开课学期第1学期(共1学期）课程类别选修第1页/共53页CourseInformation

课程名称MassM1AimsofthecourseGiveasystematicunderstandingofthefeaturesofnewsEnglishreading.Offeraninsightintothelatestinternationalnewsfocus.第2页/共53页Aimsofthecourse第2页/共53页2TestingandEvaluation序号项目分值评分

标准1平时作业+学习态度100分缺勤一次扣5分，缺勤三次取消选修分（课堂进行不定时点名）3期中测试100分课堂测试（约第9周）4期末考试100分课堂测试（（约第16周）总

评成绩100分平时（60%）+期中测试（20%）+期末测试（20%）第3页/共53页TestingandEvaluation序号项目3Hardnews/softnews按照事件的性质分类，新闻可分为“硬新闻（hardnews）和“软新闻”（softnews）两大类;硬新闻也就是“纯新闻消息报道”，指题材严肃，具有一定时效性的客观事实报道；软新闻是指情感味浓，写作方法诙谐，轻松幽默的社会新闻，不注重时效性。新闻英语中常见的体裁主要有三大类：消息（news）、特写（features）和新闻评论（commentariesandcolumns）。第4页/共53页Hardnews/softnews按照事件的性质分类4新闻写作由于记者写作风格不同，文体结构无定格。但大体上说新闻文体的主体结构是由标题、导语、正文三部分组成。标题（headline）：浓缩概括全文的中心实质问题。导语（1ead）：通常为文章的第一段。文章的第一段提供主要话题和最主要的事实。正文（body）：在导语的基础上，引入更多的与主题相关的事实，使之更加详实、具体，并展开评论，进而得出结论。第5页/共53页新闻写作由于记者写作风格不同，文体结构无定格。但大体上说新闻5NewsLead第6页/共53页NewsLead第6页/共53页6Introduction

Newsstoryisaimedattransmittingthelatestinformationwith

rapidlyandaccuracy.Itsstructureisquitedifferentfromthatofliteraryworks.Newsreportersorganizenewsstoriesexactlyoppositefromthewayfictionwritersorganizeshortstories.第7页/共53页IntroductionNewsstoryisaim7Introduction

Ashortstorywriterwilltypicallytellhistaleinamannersimilartohowitactuallyoccurred.Hewillprobablyorganizethestoryinthesamewaythatithappenedintime,frombeginningtoendorclimax.Hewilllikelybeginwiththeminorfactsandbuildhisstorytotheclimax.Hereisadiagramoftheorganizationofthetypicalshortstory.第8页/共53页IntroductionAshortstorywri8Introduction

IntroductionFactsClimax

ShortstoryStructure第9页/共53页IntroductionIntroductionFacts9Introduction

LeadorClimaxImportantFactsUnimportantFactsShortstoryStructureofInvertedpyramid第10页/共53页IntroductionLeadorClimaxImp10Introduction

LeadorClimaxImportantFactsUnimportantFactsShortstoryStructureofInvertedpyramid第11页/共53页IntroductionLeadorClimaxImp11美国的新闻学大师MelvinMencher把导语分成两种基本类型：直接式导语与延迟式导语。直接式导语在文章开头直接告诉读者最重要的信息，通常用于突发新闻的写作。延迟式导语通过暗示的手法吸引受众阅读正文，通常用于特稿的写作。他还认为，在内容上，导语需要满足两个要求，一是抓住基本事实，二是吸引读者在此文停留片刻；在形式上，好的导语通常只包含一个中心意思，只包含一个主谓宾结构，并且不超过35个单词。导语写作不超过35个单词的要求可能也只适用于消息写作，新闻导语的写作在本质上强调直入主题，但这并非说所有的导语都只能是千篇一律的“开门见山”。美英报刊所载文章的导语的确演绎了多样的精彩，或许对我们的导语写作有所助益。第12页/共53页美国的新闻学大师MelvinMencher把导语分成两种12新闻导语(newslead)位于第一段或第一、二段。通过它点出新闻的主题，这是消息类新闻文体区别于其它文体的一个重要特征。新闻的开头，用最简明扼要的文字，写出消息中最重要、最新鲜、最吸引人的事实，或是新闻事实中最主要的思想及意义，以便读者迅速了解主要内容，并吸引他们进一步读完全篇。

第13页/共53页新闻导语(newslead)位于第一段或第一、二段。通过13牵引主题的作用，使读者看了导语就知道这条消息的大体信息，从而引出主题以及阐述这个主题的主体。逗引读者的阅读兴趣，使读者在阅读导语的过程中，产生阅读兴趣，情不自禁地把新闻读下去。

Function第14页/共53页牵引主题的作用，使读者看了导语就知道这条消息的大体信息，从而14Classification从新闻内容的展开方式上分类:直接式导语(directlead)

--概括性导语（summarylead）

--主要事实导语（main-factlead）延缓式导语(delayedlead)--描写式导语(descriptivelead)---detail--引语式导语(quotelead)---like“…..”saidsb.--悬念式导语(suspenselead)–giveananswerlater--人称式导语（personallead）or直呼式导语（Direct-addresslead）–use“you”or“I”--问句式导语（Questionlead)--对比式导语（Contrastlead）

--轶事式导语(anecdotallead)第15页/共53页Classification从新闻内容的展开方式上分类:第115FeaturesofNewsLeadNewsleadsrefertothebeginningparagraphsofanewsreport,deliveringthemostimportantorrelevantinformationofanewsevent.Theleadisthemostdistinctivefeatureofnewsdiscourse.第16页/共53页FeaturesofNewsLead第16页/共53页16Newsleadoftenincludessixelementsofjournalism,whicharewhat,when,who,where,whyandhow(time,location,participants,eventoractionandcircumstances).第17页/共53页第17页/共53页17

ElevenpeoplewerekilledandfourmissingyesterdayafterTyphoonChanchupummelledGuangdongandFujianProvinces.（ChinaDaily,May19,2006）☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★①Who——（elevenpeople…andfour…)②Why——(TyphoonChanchu)③When——(yesterday)④Where——(GuangdongandFujianProvinces)⑤How——（elevenpeoplewerekilledandfourmissing）第18页/共53页Elevenpeoplewerekilleda18Aleadisthekeytoanysuccessfulstory.Itisaninvitationanditalsomustbeappropriateforthenewsandcleartoreaders.Leadmightcontainonlyonesentenceortwoormore.Aleadshouldbeaseconomicalaspossibleinwordingwhileprovidinginformationasrichaspossible.第19页/共53页Aleadisthekeytoanysucce19ClassificationofNewsLead1.Directleadwhichtellsthemostimportantelementsofnewsdirectlytothereaders.2.Delayedleadfreelyappliesliterarymethodstoarousetheinterestofreadersratherthanthetimelinessofanevent.第20页/共53页ClassificationofNewsLead第2020DirectLead

Directleadwhichisoftenusedinhardnews,alsocalledsummarylead,revealsimmediatelywhatthestoryisabout.Itisthesummaryorstatementofthemostimportantfactscontainedinthestory.Itistheclimax,theresultoftheinvestigation,thetheme.第21页/共53页DirectLead第21页/共53页21

Itusuallycontainsonesentence,butsometimestwo.Itanswersimmediately,inalmostthirty-fivewordsorless,themainquestionsofwho,what,when,where.Itisusedatthetopofmoststories.Thebestdirectleadsstartwithacompellingnounandastrongverb,notwithaprepositionalphrase.第22页/共53页Itusuallycontainsonesent22Directlead

——thesimplestandmostcommonstyleItshould:-asingleparagraphofasinglesentence-nomorethan30words-Summarizemostnewsworthyinfo.-

i.e.“what”,“where”and“when”ofthenews(sometimesalso“why”and“how”,onlyifthere’sroom)e.g.:FiredestroyedahouseonMainStreetearlyMondaymorning.wwhat:Firedestroyedahousewwhere:onMainStreetwwhen:earlyMondaymorning第23页/共53页Directlead

——thesimplesta23Ifthereismorespace…Theleadshouldsummarizethe“why”and“how”(also“who”ifitisinvolvedinthestory)E.g.:AnelderlymandiedearlyMondaymorningwhenfiresparkedbyfaultywiringragedthroughhisMainStreethome.who:Anelderlymanwhy:…fire…ragedthroughhisMainStreethomehow:…sparkedbyfaultywiring…第24页/共53页Ifthereismorespace…第24页/共524E.gPresidentObamaarrivedinOsloonThursdaymorningtoformallyaccepttheNobelPeacePrizeandtoattendadaylongseriesofeventstocommemoratetheaward.who:PresidentObamawhat:arrived(inOslo)when:onThursdaymorningwhere:inOslowhy:toformallyaccepttheNobelPeacePrizeandtoattendadaylongseriesofeventstocommemoratetheaward第25页/共53页E.gPresidentObamaarrived25

E,gAstheleadersof34nationswrappedupnegotiationsforanAll-Americasfreetradezoneyesterday,policebracedformoreprotestsandthestreetsremainedlitteredwithdebris（垃圾）frompreviousclashes.昨天，34国领导人致力于全美洲自由贸易圈的各项谈判之时，警察却穷于应付越来越多的示威者。街道由于之前的冲突而一片狼藉。这是一个典型的直接式导语，它将时间、人物、事件、结果四个最重要的要素作了直接交待，地点和原因却没有当成重点放在导语里。第26页/共53页E,gAstheleadersof3426E.g.LISBON,Dec29(AFP)–ThreearmedmenwearingwigsheldupaPortuguesebankyesterdayandmadeoffwithanundisclosedsuminEuros,thecounty’sfirstsuchrobbery,thedaily24hourssaidonSaturday.第27页/共53页E.g.LISBON,Dec29(AFP)–Thr272）DelayedLeadItusuallysetsasceneorevokesamoodwithanincident,anecdoteorexample.Thewritermayforeshadow（预示）eventstocomeorcreateasenseofforeboding（预感的）oranticipatedsurprise.Essentialinformationistemporarilywithheld（隐瞒）.第28页/共53页2）DelayedLead第28页/共53页28Delayedlead延缓式导语又被称为间接式导语，它最为突出的特点是将新闻中最关键的信息并不直接告诉给读者，而是用情节、细节、故事的精彩片段，激发读者的兴趣、好奇心、探知欲，借此引领读者进入新闻事件的核心所在。故而这种导语主要用于故事性、趣味性强的新闻、新闻特稿及各类软新闻的写作。第29页/共53页Delayedlead延缓式导语又被称为间接式导语，它最为29OscarstatuettesstolenfromCalif.loadingdockLOSANGELES,March17(Reuters)—ItsoundsliketheplotofaHollywoodthrillerbutit’strue:Justninedaysbeforethisyear’sAcademyAwards,Oscarhasdisappeared,theFBIishuntingforhimandarewardof＄50,000hasbeenofferedforhisreturn.什么被偷了？英王皇冠上的珠宝？比尔·盖茨的财产？都不是。被盗的是对洛杉矶市民来说要重要得多的东西：奥斯卡金像奖不见了！第30页/共53页OscarstatuettesstolenfromC30

Delayedleadisoftenusedinsoftnews,canbeshort,perhapstwosentences,oritcanbelonger,uptofourparagraphs.Itstillmustfulfillthetworolesofthelead:itmustcapturetheessenceofthewholenewsstoryanddosoinawaythatencouragesthereadertocontinue.Likethedirectlead,itleadsthereaderstraighttotheheartofthestory.Goodleadsarelikegoodheadlines:theyshineaflashlightdownintothestory.第31页/共53页Delayedleadisoftenused31E.gIt’sabalmyeveningascouplesstrolltheNileRiver,claspingeachotheratthewaist,youngloverswhispersweetnothingintotheirpartner’searsandsometimesevensneakkisses.Directleadordelayedlead?第32页/共53页E.gIt’sabalmyeveningascou32E.g.RudolphAlmaraz’spatientscamefromKentucky,Connecticut,SouthCarolinaandmanyotherstates,seekingthebestpossiblecareforthebreastcancerthatthreatenedtheirlives.NowthehundredsofwomenhetreatedarecallingTheJohnsHospitaleachdaytofindoutifthemanwhoperformedbreastsurgeryonthemmighthavegiventhemAIDS.第33页/共53页E.g.RudolphAlmaraz’spatient33

PrinciplesofNewsLeadAgoodnewsstory,unlikethenovelorplay,isbasedononemainidea.Itgivesthereaderasenseofcompleteness.Theleadfunctionsasabaitedhookthatluresthereaderintothestory.Itshouldcapturetheessenceofthewholenewsstoryanddosoinawaythatencouragesthereadertocontinue.第34页/共53页PrinciplesofNewsLead第34页/共34Inanotherword,itisthejournalist’spromisetothereaderofwhatistocome.Afterreadingthelead,thereadermakesacriticaldecisiononwhetherheorsheshouldreadon.AccordingtoDonaldMurray,authorofWritingforReaders,“Threesecondsandthereaderdecidestoreadormoveontothenextstory.”(JimHall,2007)Thatisallthetimetheleadhastocatchthereader’sglanceandholdit;allthetimetheleadhastoentice（吸引）andinformreaders.Itsimportanceisself-evident.第35页/共53页Inanotherword,itisthejou351)SuccinctTofulfillitsfunctions,theleadtriestotellthemainpointsandoutlinethestoryinthemosteconomicalway.Somejournalistsevenmaximizeitintoasinglesentence;somenewsagencieslimitthenumberofwordsinthelead第36页/共53页1)Succinct第36页/共53页362)InformativeTheleadshouldtellthereaderstheessenceoftheevent.Infactthemainfactors,thatare,the“fiveW’sandH(who,what,when,where,whyandhow)”areusuallybeingtoldintheleadparagraph.Thesewordsconveywhatwecall“newsvalues”,whichguideustoputthemostnewsworthyelementsatthebeginningnottheendoftheparagraph.第37页/共53页2)Informative第37页/共53页373)Intriguing

Leadisalsocalled“grabber”,whichcomesfromthefunctionofthefirstparagraphofournewsstory.Howtoachievethepurposeofluringorattractingisaproblemdeservingtostudy.Stereotypedleadisthebiggestenemyforajournalisttoavoid.第38页/共53页3)Intriguing第38页/共53页384.LanguagefeaturesofNewsLeadWriterJohnMcPheeoncesaid,“Aleadshouldnotbecheap,flashy（华而不实的）,blaringagreatfanfareoftrumpets（大吹喇叭）,andthenamousecomesoutofitshole.”Sothewordsselectedinanewsleadmustbehonesttothefact,andtheleadshouldneverpromisewhatdoesnotfollowthestory.第39页/共53页4.LanguagefeaturesofNewsL39

plainandcommon-usedwordstoreplaceorconciselyexplainspecialtermsthataredifficultforcommonreaderstounderstand.Inanageofinformationexplosion,journalists,infaceofincreasingspecializationandcomplextechnology,arecalledupontowriteaboutmanyhighlyspecializedsubjects,andtheywriteforreaderswhoaremostlygeneralists（兴趣广泛的人）,notspecialists.第40页/共53页plainandcommon-usedwords40

Itisheldinwesternjournalismthatifnewspapersaretoholdthereaders,newsstoriesmustbeclearandeasytounderstand.Houghonceremarked,“Newspaperseekstoappealtothelargestpossibleaudience.Newsstoriesmustbewrittenclearly,explainfactsprecisely,definetermscarefully.第41页/共53页Itisheldinwesternjourna41Beijing,Jan.23AsiaPulse---Siemens,theGermancompanywhichsliced20%oftheChinesetelecommunicationsmarketlastyear,expectstocontinuebeingbullishabouttheworld’sbiggestmarket.《亚洲动态》1月23日北京讯——去年在中国电信市场已经占有20%市场份额的西门子公司，目前仍然看好这个世界上最大的市场。第42页/共53页Beijing,Jan.23AsiaPulse---Si42E.g.TheClintonadministrationproposedtodaytoreducethegovernment’sroleastrafficcopfortheInternet,amediumbornasaresearchtoolthathasgrownintoafreewheelingmeansofmasscommunication.今天克林顿政府建议减少政府在因特网上充当交通警察的作用;这一媒体本来作为研究工具而诞生，现在已经发展成为随心所欲的大众传播手段。第43页/共53页E.g.TheClintonadministratio43WASGING(Reuters)---TheUnitedStateshasdroppeddrugsanctionsagainstColumbiabutstoppedshortofcertifying（承认）thecocaine-producingcountryasafullyallyinthewaragainsttrafficking.路透社华盛顿讯——美国已取消对哥伦比亚的制裁，但不承认这个可卡因生产国在反毒走私斗争中具备全面合作的伙伴资格。第44页/共53页WASGING(Reuters)---TheUnite441.Suspenselead先在导语中给读者以某些惊人的或戏剧性的细节,作为“引子”,调动读者思维,驱使他们迫不及待地一口气看完整篇报道。

ItsoundsliketheplotofaHollywoodthrillerbutit’strue:Justninedaysbeforethisyear’sAcademyAwards,Oscarhasdisappeared,theFBIishuntingforhimandarewardof50,000hasbeenofferedforhisreturn.

一切就好像是好莱坞编造出来的惊险故事一样，但一切又都是真真切切发生的事实：就在离举行奥斯卡仪式还剩9天时，奥斯卡金像突然不翼而飞。为了侦破这起神秘的盗窃案，联邦调查局被请来了，悬赏破案的赏金是5万美元。导语中只交待了“事件”这一个新闻要素，时间要素虽然交待了，但也是间接交待的“离举行奥斯卡仪式还剩90”，其余要素根本就没交待了。而其语言却极富文学色彩，读者的胃口被吊了起来，让人欲罢不能。第45页/共53页1.Suspenselead先在导语中给读者以某些惊人的或452.Questionlead这是修辞中设问方法的移用,即先简短直率地提出人们广为关心的问题,以引起读者思考,然后用事实去回答。这种写法能适应和调动读者急欲了解答案的急迫心情,使之有兴趣读下去。WhateverhappenedtotheEastAsianCrisis?AfterThailanddevaluedthebahtonJuly2,1997,capitalrushedoutoftheregion’seconomies,andinrapidsuccessionmostofthemcollapsed….TheEconomist2002东亚金融危机究竟出现了什么情况?1997年7月2日泰铢贬值后,资金从该地区迅速流失,大多数国家的经济接连崩溃。……第46页/共53页2.Questionlead这是修辞中设问方法的移用,即先46QuestionleadWhatdocorruptofficialsdowhentheyendupbehindbars?Maybewritebooksiftheconditionsareright.Quiteanumberofthemhavehadtheirbookspublishedevenwhileservingtheirterms.(Source:Beingknowledgeable≠being,ChinaDailyDec.9,2009)第47页/共53页QuestionleadWhatdocorrupto47Quotelead-allowsapersonalitytoenterthestage,completewithenthusiasms,opinions,andotherinfluencesthatyoucouldn'tallowinstraightnewslead.-therearepeopleandnotjustideasinthisstory.引用消息中主要人物关键性或有针对性、有代表性或有新意的谈话,以增强消息的真实性、可信性与权威性。第48页/共53页Quotelead-allowsapersonali48Quotelead“NowwewereinaClashofCivilizations,with‘rationalIslam’replacingfascismandSovietcommunismasthewest’sglobalenemy”(Source:GlobalPoliticsintheDecadeofRadicalism,theGuardianOct.17,2009)第49页/共53页Quotelead“NowwewereinaCl49Direct-addresslead/

Personallead用一种与读者直接交谈的方式入手,以第一或第二人称的笔调撰写出消息的导语,从而给人一种亲切感。Likemanyonthemainland,IwasonthemoveovertheChineseNewYear.MyflightliftedoffearlyonthelastmorningoftheHorse,touchingdownattheairporteightminuteslater.Yetitneverlefttheground.Myflight—that’swhatitwascalled—wasaboardShanghai’sspanking-newMaglev(magneticlevitation)train,theworld’sfastest,mostfuturisticpassengerline.TheAsianWallStreetJournal,Feb.21-23,2003像很多中国人一样,我正赶着回家过年,我的航班在“马年”的最后一个早上启动,8分钟后到达机场。然而,它从未离开地面———我的航班就是上海的磁悬浮铁路,世界上最快的、通向未来的乘客快道。《亚洲华尔街时报》2003)第50页/共53页Direct-addresslead/Personal50Descriptivelead/ContrastleadAfewminutesbefore8,Tuesdaymorning.ThedayhadbrokencleanandclearandsweetontheEastCoast.Summerwasovermentally,ifnotofficially.Itwastimetogettowork,andpeoplewereupandatit.ThesaddestandmostrelentlesslyhorrificdayinmodernAmericanexistencestartedinthemostordinaryways.(WashingtonPost;September11,2001)周二晨，早上八点。美国东海岸的天空晴朗、洁净、美好。虽然没有正式发布，夏天也几近结束了。该去上班的时间，人们都忙着起床、赶着去上班。最平平常常开始的一天最后却成了现代美国最悲惨、最残酷、最恐怖的一天。“9·11”灾难众所周知，火山来临前那异于平时的平静由此导语可见一斑。第51页/共53页Descriptivelead/Contrastle51Anecdotallead在全文的第一段或开头几段引述一些与新闻人物或事件有关的趣事轶闻,以增强报道的趣闻性.WANGZhizhi‘sdreamhasfinallycometrue.AsthefirstChineseplayerintheNBA,WangwaslookingforwardtothedayhecouldplaybasketballwithMichaelJordan,theAmericanlegend.ThatdayCameOnDecember9．

(Chineseidolbattlesagainsthisidol,2lstCentury.December17,2001)读者会问，然后呢？两位明星球场相遇，一位竟然是另一位的偶像，轶事这样多，他们会彼此签名吗？第52页/共53页Anecdotallead在全文的第一段或开头几段引述一些52感谢您的观看！第53页/共53页感谢您的观看！第53页/共53页53CourseInformation

课程名称MassMediaReading学时34学分2开课学期第1学期(共1学期）课程类别选修第1页/共53页CourseInformation

课程名称MassM54AimsofthecourseGiveasystematicunderstandingofthefeaturesofnewsEnglishreading.Offeraninsightintothelatestinternationalnewsfocus.第2页/共53页Aimsofthecourse第2页/共53页55TestingandEvaluation序号项目分值评分

标准1平时作业+学习态度100分缺勤一次扣5分，缺勤三次取消选修分（课堂进行不定时点名）3期中测试100分课堂测试（约第9周）4期末考试100分课堂测试（（约第16周）总

评成绩100分平时（60%）+期中测试（20%）+期末测试（20%）第3页/共53页TestingandEvaluation序号项目56Hardnews/softnews按照事件的性质分类，新闻可分为“硬新闻（hardnews）和“软新闻”（softnews）两大类;硬新闻也就是“纯新闻消息报道”，指题材严肃，具有一定时效性的客观事实报道；软新闻是指情感味浓，写作方法诙谐，轻松幽默的社会新闻，不注重时效性。新闻英语中常见的体裁主要有三大类：消息（news）、特写（features）和新闻评论（commentariesandcolumns）。第4页/共53页Hardnews/softnews按照事件的性质分类57新闻写作由于记者写作风格不同，文体结构无定格。但大体上说新闻文体的主体结构是由标题、导语、正文三部分组成。标题（headline）：浓缩概括全文的中心实质问题。导语（1ead）：通常为文章的第一段。文章的第一段提供主要话题和最主要的事实。正文（body）：在导语的基础上，引入更多的与主题相关的事实，使之更加详实、具体，并展开评论，进而得出结论。第5页/共53页新闻写作由于记者写作风格不同，文体结构无定格。但大体上说新闻58NewsLead第6页/共53页NewsLead第6页/共53页59Introduction

Newsstoryisaimedattransmittingthelatestinformationwith

rapidlyandaccuracy.Itsstructureisquitedifferentfromthatofliteraryworks.Newsreportersorganizenewsstoriesexactlyoppositefromthewayfictionwritersorganizeshortstories.第7页/共53页IntroductionNewsstoryisaim60Introduction

Ashortstorywriterwilltypicallytellhistaleinamannersimilartohowitactuallyoccurred.Hewillprobablyorganizethestoryinthesamewaythatithappenedintime,frombeginningtoendorclimax.Hewilllikelybeginwiththeminorfactsandbuildhisstorytotheclimax.Hereisadiagramoftheorganizationofthetypicalshortstory.第8页/共53页IntroductionAshortstorywri61Introduction

IntroductionFactsClimax

ShortstoryStructure第9页/共53页IntroductionIntroductionFacts62Introduction

LeadorClimaxImportantFactsUnimportantFactsShortstoryStructureofInvertedpyramid第10页/共53页IntroductionLeadorClimaxImp63Introduction

LeadorClimaxImportantFactsUnimportantFactsShortstoryStructureofInvertedpyramid第11页/共53页IntroductionLeadorClimaxImp64美国的新闻学大师MelvinMencher把导语分成两种基本类型：直接式导语与延迟式导语。直接式导语在文章开头直接告诉读者最重要的信息，通常用于突发新闻的写作。延迟式导语通过暗示的手法吸引受众阅读正文，通常用于特稿的写作。他还认为，在内容上，导语需要满足两个要求，一是抓住基本事实，二是吸引读者在此文停留片刻；在形式上，好的导语通常只包含一个中心意思，只包含一个主谓宾结构，并且不超过35个单词。导语写作不超过35个单词的要求可能也只适用于消息写作，新闻导语的写作在本质上强调直入主题，但这并非说所有的导语都只能是千篇一律的“开门见山”。美英报刊所载文章的导语的确演绎了多样的精彩，或许对我们的导语写作有所助益。第12页/共53页美国的新闻学大师MelvinMencher把导语分成两种65新闻导语(newslead)位于第一段或第一、二段。通过它点出新闻的主题，这是消息类新闻文体区别于其它文体的一个重要特征。新闻的开头，用最简明扼要的文字，写出消息中最重要、最新鲜、最吸引人的事实，或是新闻事实中最主要的思想及意义，以便读者迅速了解主要内容，并吸引他们进一步读完全篇。

第13页/共53页新闻导语(newslead)位于第一段或第一、二段。通过66牵引主题的作用，使读者看了导语就知道这条消息的大体信息，从而引出主题以及阐述这个主题的主体。逗引读者的阅读兴趣，使读者在阅读导语的过程中，产生阅读兴趣，情不自禁地把新闻读下去。

Function第14页/共53页牵引主题的作用，使读者看了导语就知道这条消息的大体信息，从而67Classification从新闻内容的展开方式上分类:直接式导语(directlead)

--概括性导语（summarylead）

--主要事实导语（main-factlead）延缓式导语(delayedlead)--描写式导语(descriptivelead)---detail--引语式导语(quotelead)---like“…..”saidsb.--悬念式导语(suspenselead)–giveananswerlater--人称式导语（personallead）or直呼式导语（Direct-addresslead）–use“you”or“I”--问句式导语（Questionlead)--对比式导语（Contrastlead）

--轶事式导语(anecdotallead)第15页/共53页Classification从新闻内容的展开方式上分类:第168FeaturesofNewsLeadNewsleadsrefertothebeginningparagraphsofanewsreport,deliveringthemostimportantorrelevantinformationofanewsevent.Theleadisthemostdistinctivefeatureofnewsdiscourse.第16页/共53页FeaturesofNewsLead第16页/共53页69Newsleadoftenincludessixelementsofjournalism,whicharewhat,when,who,where,whyandhow(time,location,participants,eventoractionandcircumstances).第17页/共53页第17页/共53页70

ElevenpeoplewerekilledandfourmissingyesterdayafterTyphoonChanchupummelledGuangdongandFujianProvinces.（ChinaDaily,May19,2006）☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★①Who——（elevenpeople…andfour…)②Why——(TyphoonChanchu)③When——(yesterday)④Where——(GuangdongandFujianProvinces)⑤How——（elevenpeoplewerekilledandfourmissing）第18页/共53页Elevenpeoplewerekilleda71Aleadisthekeytoanysuccessfulstory.Itisaninvitationanditalsomustbeappropriateforthenewsandcleartoreaders.Leadmightcontainonlyonesentenceortwoormore.Aleadshouldbeaseconomicalaspossibleinwordingwhileprovidinginformationasrichaspossible.第19页/共53页Aleadisthekeytoanysucce72ClassificationofNewsLead1.Directleadwhichtellsthemostimportantelementsofnewsdirectlytothereaders.2.Delayedleadfreelyappliesliterarymethodstoarousetheinterestofreadersratherthanthetimelinessofanevent.第20页/共53页ClassificationofNewsLead第2073DirectLead

Directleadwhichisoftenusedinhardnews,alsocalledsummarylead,revealsimmediatelywhatthestoryisabout.Itisthesummaryorstatementofthemostimportantfactscontainedinthestory.Itistheclimax,theresultoftheinvestigation,thetheme.第21页/共53页DirectLead第21页/共53页74

Itusuallycontainsonesentence,butsometimestwo.Itanswersimmediately,inalmostthirty-fivewordsorless,themainquestionsofwho,what,when,where.Itisusedatthetopofmoststories.Thebestdirectleadsstartwithacompellingnounandastrongverb,notwithaprepositionalphrase.第22页/共53页Itusuallycontainsonesent75Directlead

——thesimplestandmostcommonstyleItshould:-asingleparagraphofasinglesentence-nomorethan30words-Summarizemostnewsworthyinfo.-

i.e.“what”,“where”and“when”ofthenews(sometimesalso“why”and“how”,onlyifthere’sroom)e.g.:FiredestroyedahouseonMainStreetearlyMondaymorning.wwhat:Firedestroyedahousewwhere:onMainStreetwwhen:earlyMondaymorning第23页/共53页Directlead

——thesimplesta76Ifthereismorespace…Theleadshouldsummarizethe“why”and“how”(also“who”ifitisinvolvedinthestory)E.g.:AnelderlymandiedearlyMondaymorningwhenfiresparkedbyfaultywiringragedthroughhisMainStreethome.who:Anelderlymanwhy:…fire…ragedthroughhisMainStreethomehow:…sparkedbyfaultywiring…第24页/共53页Ifthereismorespace…第24页/共577E.gPresidentObamaarrivedinOsloonThursdaymorningtoformallyaccepttheNobelPeacePrizeandtoattendadaylongseriesofeventstocommemoratetheaward.who:PresidentObamawhat:arrived(inOslo)when:onThursdaymorningwhere:inOslowhy:toformallyaccepttheNobelPeacePrizeandtoattendadaylongseriesofeventstocommemoratetheaward第25页/共53页E.gPresidentObamaarrived78

E,gAstheleadersof34nationswrappedupnegotiationsforanAll-Americasfreetradezoneyesterday,policebracedformoreprotestsandthestreetsremainedlitteredwithdebris（垃圾）frompreviousclashes.昨天，34国领导人致力于全美洲自由贸易圈的各项谈判之时，警察却穷于应付越来越多的示威者。街道由于之前的冲突而一片狼藉。这是一个典型的直接式导语，它将时间、人物、事件、结果四个最重要的要素作了直接交待，地点和原因却没有当成重点放在导语里。第26页/共53页E,gAstheleadersof3479E.g.LISBON,Dec29(AFP)–ThreearmedmenwearingwigsheldupaPortuguesebankyesterdayandmadeoffwithanundisclosedsuminEuros,thecounty’sfirstsuchrobbery,thedaily24hourssaidonSaturday.第27页/共53页E.g.LISBON,Dec29(AFP)–Thr802）DelayedLeadItusuallysetsasceneorevokesamoodwithanincident,anecdoteorexample.Thewritermayforeshadow（预示）eventstocomeorcreateasenseofforeboding（预感的）oranticipatedsurprise.Essentialinformationistemporarilywithheld（隐瞒）.第28页/共53页2）DelayedLead第28页/共53页81Delayedlead延缓式导语又被称为间接式导语，它最为突出的特点是将新闻中最关键的信息并不直接告诉给读者，而是用情节、细节、故事的精彩片段，激发读者的兴趣、好奇心、探知欲，借此引领读者进入新闻事件的核心所在。故而这种导语主要用于故事性、趣味性强的新闻、新闻特稿及各类软新闻的写作。第29页/共53页Delayedlead延缓式导语又被称为间接式导语，它最为82OscarstatuettesstolenfromCalif.loadingdockLOSANGELES,March17(Reuters)—ItsoundsliketheplotofaHollywoodthrillerbutit’strue:Justninedaysbeforethisyear’sAcademyAwards,Oscarhasdisappeared,theFBIishuntingforhimandarewardof＄50,000hasbeenofferedforhisreturn.什么被偷了？英王皇冠上的珠宝？比尔·盖茨的财产？都不是。被盗的是对洛杉矶市民来说要重要得多的东西：奥斯卡金像奖不见了！第30页/共53页OscarstatuettesstolenfromC83

Delayedleadisoftenusedinsoftnews,canbeshort,perhapstwosentences,oritcanbelonger,uptofourparagraphs.Itstillmustfulfillthetworolesofthelead:itmustcapturetheessenceofthewholenewsstoryanddosoinawaythatencouragesthereadertocontinue.Likethedirectlead,itleadsthereaderstraighttotheheartofthestory.Goodleadsarelikegoodheadlines:theyshineaflashlightdownintothestory.第31页/共53页Delayedleadisoftenused84E.gIt’sabalmyeveningascouplesstrolltheNileRiver,claspingeachotheratthewaist,youngloverswhispersweetnothingintotheirpartner’searsandsometimesevensneakkisses.Directleadordelayedlead?第32页/共53页E.gIt’sabalmyeveningascou85E.g.RudolphAlmaraz’spatientscamefromKentucky,Connecticut,SouthCarolinaandmanyotherstates,seekingthebestpossiblecareforthebreastcancerthatthreatenedtheirlives.NowthehundredsofwomenhetreatedarecallingTheJohnsHospitaleachdaytofindoutifthemanwhoperformedbreastsurgeryonthemmighthavegiventhemAIDS.第33页/共53页E.g.RudolphAlmaraz’spatient86

PrinciplesofNewsLeadAgoodnewsstory,unlikethenovelorplay,isbasedononemainidea.Itgivesthereaderasenseofcompleteness.Theleadfunctionsasabaitedhookthatluresthereaderintothestory.Itshouldcapturetheessence