高考英语二轮复习课件推理判断题阅读理解

第23讲推理(tuīlǐ)判断题第一页，共32页。1

(2011·湖南卷B篇)…InSeptember,1940,mymother,sisterandIwenttoSwansea,wheremyfather'sshipwasgettingreadytosail,webroughthimafamilyphotographtobekeptwithhimatalltimesandkeephimsafe.…61.WecaninferthatthemotherandchildrenwenttoSwansea______.A.tomeetafriendB.toseethefatheroffC.totakeafamilyphotoD.toenjoythesailingoftheship第二页，共32页。2思路点拨：B推理判断题。Swansea定位，讲到父亲会从Swansea起航(qǐháng)，我们带给他familyphotograph的目的是bekeptwithhim和keephimsafe，推断出我们是去给父亲送行。第三页，共32页。3英语阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解(lǐjiě)文章的寓意，这就是判断推理题。推理题在提问中常用的词有：infer,imply,suggest,indicate等。第四页，共32页。4通过定义、定语从句/词组或同位语从句/词组等来确定词义。1.直接定义：如果生词是句子(jùzi)或段落所解释的定义，理解句子(jùzi)或段落本身就是推断词义。如：Inslangthetermjamconstitutesastateofbeinginwhichapersonfindshimselforherselfinadifficultsituation.根据上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境〞。定义句的谓语动词多为：be,mean,dealwith,beconsidered,tobe,referto,becalled,beknownas,define,represent等。细节(xìjié)推断题第五页，共32页。5要求学生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。判断推理是一种创造性的思维活动。但它并非无章可循。推理判断题要在阅读理解整体语篇的根底上，掌握文章的真正内涵。①要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和根底；②要对文字的外表信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过(tōngguò)分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。③要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足，推断未知。第六页，共32页。6

例:

(2011·江苏卷B篇)YourNationalParkwatchdogAttractionsDoyou：◆LovetheNationalPark，valueitandhopetosafeguarditsfuture?◆WishtoseethebeautifullandscapeoftheParkprotected?◆Liketoenjoypeaceful，informalrecreationwithinthePark?AimsTheFriendsorganizationaimsaretohelpprotectandimprovethePembrokeshireCoastNationalParkforalltoenjoy.WeareavoluntaryorganizationandregisteredcharitywithoutfinanciallinkstotheNationalParkAuthority.第七页，共32页。7ActivitiesWeencourageeveryonetoenjoytheNationalParkthroughregulartalksandvisitstointerestingplacesintheParkwithexpertguides.Wekeepaneyeonplanningapplications，ParkAuthoritypoliciesandthreatstotheNationalParksuchasmassiveleisurecomplexes.Weworkwithlike­mindedorganizationssuchastheCampaignforNationalParkstomakeourvoicemoreeffective.WehelpchildrentounderstandtheNationalParkbysponsoringpublicationssuchasanadventurebookletandprojectsinlocalschools.第八页，共32页。8Benefits◆Guidedvisitstoplacesofinterestwhichmaynotalwaysbeavailabletothegeneralpublic.◆AllmembersreceiveourregularNewsandViews.◆Talksbyexpertsintheirfieldsoncurrentissues.◆AdiscountisavailableonFriendsitemsforsale.◆Satisfactionofparticipationinworkparties,forthosewillingandabletobeinvolved.Ifinterested，pleasecompletetheApplicationFormat.第九页，共32页。960.WhichofthefollowingisdiscouragedbytheFriendsorganization?A.Tobuildmassivecomplexesforpublicamusement.B.TopreventpossibledamagestotheNationalPark.C.TohelpprotectandimprovetheParkforalltoenjoy.D.Tosponsorpublicationsandprojectsinlocalschools.第十页，共32页。10思路点拨(diǎnbo)：应用文，以海报形式呈现，内容：关于国家公园的介绍以及征募会员介绍。60.A推理题。要注意问题是discouragedby…，通过文章第三大标题Activities第二段第一句Wekeepaneyeonplanningapplications…suchasmassiveleisurecomplexes.可以推断出选A是Friendsorganization所不支持的，为正确选项。第十一页，共32页。11高考阅读测试中有些是考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写(miáoxiě)人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作者或文中人物态度、观点等方面的理解题。做这一类题时一定注意：(1)由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，不能主观臆断，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。(2)特别注意那些描写(miáoxiě)环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情、态度观点的词语。要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，悟出作者的弦外之音。(3)能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。人物性格、态度(tàidu)及观点判断题第十二页，共32页。12例：(2011·江苏卷A篇)Weknowthefamousones—theThomasEdisonsandtheAlexanderGrahamBells—butwhataboutthelessfamousinventors?Whataboutthepeoplewhoinventedthetrafficlightandthewindshieldwiper(雨刮器)?Shouldn'tweknowwhotheyare?JoanMcLeanthinksso.Infact,McLean,aprofessorofphysicsatMountainUniversityinRange,feelssostronglyaboutthismatterthatshe'sdevelopedacourseonthetopic.Inadditiontolearning“who〞invented“what〞，however,McLeanalsolikesherstudentstolearntheanswerstothe“why〞and“how〞questions.AccordingtoMcLean,“Whenstudentslearntheanswerstothesequestions,theyarebetterpreparedtorecognizeopportunitiesforinventingandmoremotivatedtogiveinventingatry.〞第十三页，共32页。13Herstudentsagree.OneyoungmanwithapatentforanunbreakableumbrellaiswalkingproofofMcLean'sstatement.“IfIhadnotheardthestoryofthewindshieldwiper'sinvention，〞saidTommyLee,aseniorphysicsmajor,“Ineverwouldhavedreamedofturningmybadexperienceduringarainstormintosomethingsoconstructive.〞Leeiscurrentlynegotiatingtosellhispatenttoanumbrellaproducer.第十四页，共32页。14So,justwhatisthestorybehindthewindshieldwiper?Well,MaryAndersoncameupwiththeideain1902afteravisittoNewYorkCity.Thedaywascoldandstormy,butAndersonstillwantedtoseethesights,soshejumpedaboardastreetcar.Noticingthatthedriverwasstrugglingtoseethroughthesnowcoveringthewindshield,shefoundherselfwonderingwhytherecouldn'tbeabuilt­indeviceforcleaningthewindow.StillwonderingaboutthiswhenshereturnedhometoBirmingham,Alabama,Andersonstarteddraftingoutsolutions.Oneofherideas,alever(操作(cāozuò)杆)ontheinsideofavehiclethatwouldcontrolanarmontheoutside,becamethefirstwindshieldwiper.第十五页，共32页。15Todaywebenefitfromcountlessinventionsandinnovations.It'shardtoimaginedrivingwithoutGarrettA.Morgan'strafficlight.It'sequallyimpossibletopictureaworldwithoutKatherineJ.Blodgett'sinnovationthatmakesglassinvisible.Canyoupicturelifewithoutclearwindowsandeyeglasses?第十六页，共32页。1656.Bymentioning“trafficlight〞and“windshieldwiper〞，theauthorindicatesthatcountlessinventionsare______.A.beneficial,becausetheirinventorsarefamousB.beneficial,thoughtheirinventorsarelessfamousC.notuseful,becausetheirinventorsarelessfamousD.notuseful,thoughtheirinventorsarefamous第十七页，共32页。17【思路点拨】生活中离不开小创造，鼓励年轻人要善于把握创造的契机，推动社会的进步。56.B观点(guāndiǎn)态度题。根据第一段but处：butwhataboutthelessfamousinventors?Whatabout…windshieldwiper？可以得出结论。这些人的创造不是很有名，确实是非常有用的。答案为B。第十八页，共32页。18有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件(shìjiàn)可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路(如文章可能按事件(shìjiàn)开展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、比照关系来表达)，要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。摸准逻辑开展的方向，从而作出比较科学的、合情合理的预测。文章思路、结构、写作意图(yìtú)及写作方法等推测提第十九页，共32页。19有时题目要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图、短文组织(zǔzhī)结构及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。这种题型要求同学们不但能理解文章的内容，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的写作方法及文章结构进行归纳总结和分析的能力。第二十页，共32页。20例：(2011·四川卷D篇)“Experiencemaypossiblybethebestteacher,butitisnotaparticularlygoodteacher.〞YoumightthinkthatWinstonChurchillorperhapsMarkTwainspokethosewords,buttheyactuallycomefromJamesMarch,aprofessoratStanfordUniversityandapioneerinthefieldoforganizationaldecisionmaking.ForyearsMarch(possiblythewisestphilosopherofmanagement)hasstudiedhowhumansthinkandact,andhecontinuestodosoinhisnewbookTheAmbiguitiesofExperience.第二十一页，共32页。21Hebeginsbyremindingusofjusthowfirmlywehavebeenstickingtotheideaofexperientiallearning:“Experienceisrespected;experienceissought;experienceisexplained.〞Theproblemisthatlearningfromexperienceinvolves(涉及(shèjí))seriouscomplications(复杂化)，onesthatarepartofthenatureofexperienceitselfandwhichMarchdiscussesinthebodyofthisbook.第二十二页，共32页。22Inoneinterestingpartofthebook，forexample，heturnsadoubtfuleyetowardtheuseofstoriesasthemosteffectivewayofexperientiallearning.Inoureffortstomakestoriesinteresting,heargues,welosepartofthecomplicatedtruthofthings.Hesays“Themoreaccurately(精确(jīngquè)的)realityispresented，thelessunderstandablethestory，andthemoreunderstandablethestory,thelessrealisticitis.〞第二十三页，共32页。23Besidesbeingabroadlyknowledgeableresearcher,Marchisalsoapoet,andhisgiftshinesthroughinthedepthofviewsheoffersandthesimplelanguageheuses.Thoughthebookisshort,itisdemanding:Don'tpickituplookingforquick,easylessons.Rather,bereadytothinkdeeplyaboutlearningfromexperienceinworkandlife.第二十四页，共32页。2455．WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph3?A.Experiencemakesstoriesmoreaccurate.B．Storiesmadeinterestingfailtofullypresentthetruth.C．Theuseofstoriesisthebestwayofexperientiallearning.D．Storiesareeasiertounderstandwhenrealityismoreaccuratelydescribed.56．What'sthepurposeofthistext?A．Tointroduceabook.B．Todescribearesearcher.C．Toexplainexperientiallearning.D．Todiscussorganizationaldecisionmaking.第二十五页，共32页。25【思路点拨】本文主要介绍了组织决策理论大师詹姆斯·马奇的一部新书。55.B推理判断题。根据第三段中的Inoureffortstomakestoriesinteresting,heargues,welostpartofthecomplicatedtruthofthings.可知有趣的故事无法完全地展现事实，故B项正确。56.A作者意图(yìtú)题。文章主要介绍了詹姆斯·马奇的一部新书，应选A。第二十六页，共32页。26有时，阅读理解题还要求考生推断所读材料的来源或所读材料的读者对象。判断材料的来源主要根据文章的体裁和题材。一般来说，广告类，时事新闻类，娱乐新闻类，影评，应用文类通常出现在报纸、杂志、海报上。说明文通常出现在教科书或实用技术手册里面(lǐmiàn)。判断读者对象主要通过寻找关键的信息词。来源、读者对象(duìxiàng)推测题第二十七页，共32页。27例：(2011·四川卷B篇)ExploityourparkingspaceAnunusedparkingspaceorgaragecanmakemoney.Ifyoulivenearacitycenteroranairport,youcouldmakeanythingupto￡200or￡300aweek.Putanadvertisement(广告)forfreeonLetparkorAtmyhousepark.Rent(出租(chūzū))aroomSpareroom?Notonlywillalodger(房客)earnyouanincome,butalso,thankstothegovernment­backed“rentaroom〞program,youwon'thavetopayanytaxonthefirst￡4500youmakeperyear.TryadvertisingyourroomonRoomspareofRoommateeasy.第二十八页，共32页。28MakemoneyduringspecialeventsDon'twantafull­timelodger?Thenrentonashort­termbasis.Ifyouliveinthecapital,rentingaroomoutduringtheOlympicsorotherbigeventscouldbringinmoney.Grashpaddercanadvertiseyourspace.Liveonset