2013f icctp 4文化分类价值研究

IntroductiontoInternationalValuesStudiesPresentedbySteveKulich（顾力行）withZhuMin（朱旻）ShanghaiInt’lStudiesUniv(上海外国语大学)AnOverviewofourSessionHowContextsAffectValuesHistoricalFrameworksofValuesFlorenceKluckhohn’sOrientations& RobertKohls’ValuesCardsGeertHofstede’s5-DModelIntroducingShalomSchwartz’ValuesSurvey(SVS)ChangesinChineseValuesTheInfluenceofContext(s)“Thestartingpointforinterculturalawarenessistheidentificationofcontext(s)andspecificinteractants(audiences).Thenwecanbegintomoreeffectivelypsychologicallyprocessthedynamicinteractionthatistakingplace.”MotivationfortheSCVP“Thematterofvaluesiscertainlytheprimeintellectualissueofthepresentday.Thepracticalimplicationsoftheproblemalsoareofthemostintenseimportance…”ClydeKluckhohnin“UniversalValuesandAnthropologicalRelativism,”1952NeedandContextforthisstudyChinainrapid transitionDealingwithcross- currentsofchangeIntheChineseContext“Thelargerproblemis:howcanweChinesefeelateaseinthenewworldwhichatfirstsightappearstobesomuchatvariancewithwhatwehavelongregardedasourowncivilization?...IdentityinTransition?“…Therealproblem,therefore,mayberestatedthus:Howcanwebestassimilatemoderncivilizationinsuchamannerastomakeitcongenialandcongruousandcontinuouswiththecivilizationofourownmaking?”HuShiin“TheChineseRenaissance”1917StartingwithStatementsKohls’ValueStatementCardsSelectoutthoseyouagreewithSortoutandpassonthoseyoudonotconnectwith.StatementsinComparisonEachstatementrepresentsavaluewithinarangeofalternativesComparetheonesyouselectedtootherstatementsaboutthatrelatedvaluedomain.Whichdoyounowagreemostwith?Eachrowrepresentsarangeofalternativesunderonevalueorientation.SemanticInfluencesThewordingofonestatementmaynotcatchyourattention,butperhapsifwestateitanotherway,yourelatetoitmore.Kohls’preparedatleastthreedifferentwaysofsayingeachvalueidea.Whichofthosethreestatementsismostattractivetoyou?Whichbestcatchesyourvalue?WhichstatementsDONOTrepresentyourvalues?[theKohls’ReportSheet]

Kluckhohn’sBasicAssumptions

Thereisalimitednumberofcommonhumanproblemsforwhichallpeoplesmustatalltimesfindsomesolution.Whilethereisvariabilityinsolutionsofalltheproblems,theyarewithinarangeofpossiblesolutions.Allalternativesofallsolutionsarepresentinallsocietiesatalltimesbutaredifferentiallypreferred.Kluckhohn’sFiveBasicQuestionsWhatisthecharacterofinnatehumannature?Whatistherelationofhumanstonature?Whatisthetemporal(time)focusofhumanlife?Whatisthemodeofhumanactivity?Whatisthemodeofhumanrelationships?ClassicDimensionModelse.g.KluckhohnOrientationPostulatedRangeofVariationsHumannatureEvilNeutralMixtureofgoodandevilGoodMutableImmutableMutableImmutableMutableImmutableMan-natureSubjugation-to-NatureHarmony-with-NatureMastery-over-NatureTimePastPresentFutureActivityBeingBeing-in-becomingDoingRelationalLinealityCollateralityIndividualismTraditionalModern-theUSChinaHofstede–Culture’sConsequencesEvaluatingthe“SoftwareoftheMind”EvaluationofHofstede’s “WorkValues”Contribution“Hofstede’s(1980,1991)studyofIBMemployeesin50nationsandthreeregionshasdefinedtheagendaforcross-culturalresearchersintovaluesforthepast15years.”nowover20!Smith&Schwartz,Values,1997FourDimensionsIdentifiedPowerdistanceIndividualism-collectivismMasculinity-feminityUncertaintyavoidanceHowasocietyhandlesinequalityBehaviorstowardsthegroupBehavioraccordingtogenderTheneedforstructureHofstede’sCultural

5DimensionsModelPowerDistance(PD)

Howinequalitiesareviewedandhandledintheculture(i.e.,stronghierarchicalrelationshipsversusegalitarianrelationships)Individualism/Collectivism(I-C)

Howindividualsviewthemselves(e.g.,aretheyanindividualstrivingforindividualgoalsorapartofacollectivegroup,wheregroupharmonyisimportant?)UncertaintyAvoidance(UA)

HowacceptingofuncertaintyisthecultureMasculinity/Femininity(M-F)HardandSoft Howtheculturevaluescompetitiveness/assertiveness(i.e.,masculinetraits)andcooperation/nurturing(i.e.,femininetraits).LongTermOrientation(ConfucianDynamism)

Thisdimensionaccountsforpeople’sreferencetimeframe(i.e.,dothepeoplefocusonlongtermgoalsorthemoreimmediate,shorttermgoals?)BooksbyHofstedeCultureConsequences(1980,1991)CulturesandOrganizations:SoftwareofMind(1991)ExploringCultures(2002)MichaelHarrisBondProfessorofSocialPsychologyatChineseUniversityofHongKong

Hofstede'sValuesDimensionsChineseValueSurvey(Bond)PowerdistanceIntegrationIndividualism-collectivismMoraldisciplineMasculinity-femininityHumanheartednessUncertaintyavoidanceLong/Short-termorientationConfucianworkdynamismSchwartz’StructureofValueRelations

TowardagoalofSSAmappingasSchwartzhasdonewithothersamplesValuesLists:SISUResearchtofindoutif…Bond’ssamplefromChinesescholarsinHongKonginthemid-1980sCorrespondstovarioussegmentsoftheChinesemainlandinthemid-1990sandnotechangesuptotoday(2004)Methodology“…analyzethelanguageusedinanyculture(to)discoverthedeepstructureofagivenculture.”

K.K.HwangUseofBond’sandKohls’techniqueofcollectingself-selectedlistsof“TheTop10”ValuesOurPilotStudyBaseGroup:

1995-1997Sample44Analyzed(of80)14Male30FemaleAveAge:25.3AdjAgein2003:33.5FirstSSAAnalysisComparativeGroup2003Sample41Analyzed23Male 18FemaleAverageAge:35.1InitialFindingsConstants–Family/Parents,Ambition,Honest1995-97wasmoreconforming,traditional,collectivedomains(lessthanexpected)Notableself-discipline,intellectualambitionandsuccess2003reductionofconformingtraditions,increaseinpersonaltraditions,shifttodaring(risk),materialambitionandsuccessIncreaseinindividualistichedonismAndinrelationshipuniversals(stillcollective)“Top5”“thick/core”conceptsSVS22FAMILYSECURITY家庭安全SVS2SELF‑DISCIPLINE自律SVS34AMBITIOUS有抱负,有志向,敬业SVS40HONORINGOFPARENTSAND ELDERS敬老,尊重SVS45HONEST,Genuine,Sincere) 诚实(真实,诚恳)

ExploringEmbeddedMeaningsSomehighlyrateditemsnotontheCVSRank3–FamilySVS22 44.7%Rank10–Loyalty SVS33 27.1% FromLoyaltytoSuperiors(CVS)to LoyaltytoPeers(faithfultofriends,group)

“Top20”ItemsnotonCVSIndependenceSVS31INDEPENDENT(self-reliant,self-sufficient独立(依靠自我,自给自足) 27.3 19.5 23.5(linguisticanalysis=NationalSelf-reliance)DaringSVS37DARING(seekingadventure,risk冒险精神(不怕危险，勇于挑战的精神) 13.6 26.8 20(notCVSlist,butasBond’s“ConfucianDyna