语域理论视域下国际商务合同的翻译技巧研究

①isthemostcommonlyusedmodalverbinlegalEnglishtext.Forthetranslationofthismodalverb,itisusuallynottranslatedinto"should",butintoastrongertoneof"must",inordertoreflectthecharacteristicsoflegaltext.Inaddition，"execute"and"perform"arealsocommonwordsinlegaltexts,oftentranslatedas"sign"and"execute."Inaddition,duetoitsinvolvementinlendingactivitiesincommercialactivities,theuseofcommercialtermsincontracttranslationisalsorelativelycommon.Theaccuratetranslationofbusinesstermsalsogreatlyaffectsthequalityoftexttranslation.Example:Thecommonmeaningoftheword"facility"is“设施、便利”.Butinthetranslationofbusinesscontract,thefirstletteriscapitalized,itmeans“借款额度，外汇贷款”."AvailabilityPeriod"betranslatedinto“有效提款期”;"InterestPaymentDate"betranslatedinto“付息日”.Thesearecommonbusinesstermsincontracttranslation.Forthetranslationofsuchterms,translatorsshouldsearchandaccumulatemoretoensuretheaccuracyoflexicaltranslation.Therefore,whentranslatingcommercialcontracts,moretechnicalexpressionsshouldbeused,accurateandrigorous,toavoidunnecessarylossescausedbyerrors.Thelanguagefieldofcommercialactivitiesdeterminestherigor,formality,accuracy,andstandardizationofthewordsusedincommercialcontracts.Inthetranslationofbusinesscontracts,theuseofregisterequivalencetranslationskillscanlargelyreflecttherigorandformalityofbusinesscontracts.（ii）TheJuxtapositionofSynonymsWhentranslatingabusinesscontract,inordertomakethewordingmorepreciseandaccurate,accuratelyexpressthemeaningandlimitthescopeofthemeaning,thetranslatorcanusethesynonymjuxtapositionmethodinthiscase.InlegalEnglishliteraturesuchasbusinesscontracts,synonymsareoftenusedinjuxtaposition.Thistypeofusageiswhentwoormorewordsareusedwhenasingleconceptcouldbeexpressedinoneword.Thepurposeofthisusageistoexpresstheprecisemeaningandtolimitthescopeofthemeaning.Example:Thecommonusesofthistypeofsynonymjuxtapositionare"byandbetween"betranslatedinto“由……并在……之间”;"termsandconditions"betranslatedinto“条件，条款”;"nullandvoid"betranslatedinto“无效，失效”;"beamendedandrevised"betranslatedinto“被修改”;"buyandpurchase"betranslatedinto“购买”.Thesearecommonjuxtapositionsofsynonyms.Inthetranslationofbusinesscontracts,translatorsshouldskillfullyusethesynonymjuxtapositiontranslationmethod,whichrequirestranslatorstopracticeandaccumulatemoreindailytranslation.4.1.2TransitivityAnalysisSkillofBusinessContractTransitivityisaconceptinsystemicfunctionallinguistics.Accordingtosystemicfunctionallinguistics,languageisaproductofhumansocialactivities.Asatoolforhumancommunication,itperformsvariousfunctions.Hallidaydividesthemetafunctionsoflanguageintothreecategories:conceptualfunction,interpersonalfunction,anddiscoursefunction.Amongthem,conceptualfunctionreferstotheabilityoflanguagetoexpresshumanfunctionsinvariousenvironmentsintherealworld(includingtheinnerworld).Inotherwords,itreflectstheeventsthatoccurintheobjectiveandsubjectiveworlds,thepeopleandeventsinvolved,aswellastherelevantevents,locations,andotherenvironmentalfactors.Transitivityisasemanticsystemthatrepresentsconceptualfunctions.Itexpressespeople'sexperiencesoftherealandinnerworldinseveralprocesses,andidentifiestheparticipantsandenvironmentalcomponentsintheprocess.Thepurposeofusingtransitivitytranslationskillsinbusinesscontracttranslationisnotonlytoaccumulatewordsandsentences,butalsotoincludethebackground,characters,andeventsinvolvedinthetranslation.Analyzingthetransitivityofbusinesscontractsisofgreathelptotranslatorsinthetranslationprocess.Itwillhelptranslatorsfamiliarizethemselveswithtranslationmaterialsassoonaspossibleandimprovetranslationefficiency.（i）ProcessAnalysisSkillBasedonthetransitivityclassificationofsystematicfunctionalgrammar,thispaperanalyzestheprocessinvolvedinthetranslationofbusinesscontracts,reasonablyusescorrectandappropriatewords,andreflectstherigorandparticularityofbusinesscontracttranslation.Accordingtothetransitivitysystematicclassificationofsystemic-functionalgrammar,itdividesseveralprocessesintherealworldintosixmajorprocesses,whicharematerialprocess,mentalprocess,relationalprocess,behavioralprocess,verbalprocessandexistenceprocess.Firstofall,weneedtoanalyzethetransitivityprocessreflectedinthebusinesscontract.Therearealotoflegalstatementsinbusinesscontract,andthelegalstatementsmainlyincludethreeprocesses:materialprocess,relationalprocessandverbalprocess.Materialprocessesrefertoprocessesthatinvolvephysicalbehavior.Alargenumberofverbsareusedinthetranslationofbusinesscontracts.Theseverbsaretheso-called"doingwords"todescribeeconomicandtradeactivities,suchaspurchase,delivery,performance,supply,compensation,signingandinvestment,whichareallmaterialprocesses.Relationalprocessreferstotheprocessofestablishingarelationshipbetweentwoconcepts.Incontracts,theseprocessesareusedtodefinethelegalrelationshipbetweenthepartiestothecontract.Inbusinesscontract,theprocessofspeechis"speak"theverb,thewordsusedtoexpressthemeaningofchargesandcommitment,suchassomething,declare,thestate,demand,etc.Thesethreeprocessesarecommonlyusedinbusinesscontracts.Theuseoftranslationskillsthatcanreflectthesethreeprocessesintranslationcanreflecttheparticularityofcontracttranslationandreflecttherigorandaccuracyofwordsandsentencesinbusinesscontractsbetweensentencesandcharacters.Toreflectthetechnicalandobjectivenatureofcontracttranslationmeanstoexcludethepersonalemotionsofthetranslator,soforverbsinvolvingpsychologicalprocesses,suchasfeeling,seeingandhoping.Thiskindofverbisalmostnotinvolvedinthetranslationofthecontract.Inaddition,verbssuchasplay,talk,runandlaugh,whichreflectbehavioralprocesses,shouldalsobeavoidedasfaraspossibleintranslation.Tosumup,translatorsshouldgivefullconsiderationtotheprocessinvolvedinbusinesscontracts,fullyunderstandthecontentofcontracts,andchooseappropriate,accurateandrigorouswordsfortranslation.（ii）ProcessAnalysisSkillIntransitivesystems,thethirdremainingcomponentofthehumanexperienceprocessisthe"environment".Asmentionedabove,contextreferstothedetailofthebackgroundinwhichtheprocesstakesplace,anditbecomestheadverbialpartofthesentenceoutsidethenounandnoungroup.Therefore,thetranslatorshouldpayattentiontothepositionofthepartsinthesentence,analyzetheenvironmentalcomponentscontainedinthetranslationcontent,andselecttheappropriatepositionforthem.Example:TheContractorshall,ifcalledupontodoso,enterintoandexecutetheContract,tobepreparedandcompletedatthecostoftheemployer,intheformannexedtotheseconditionswithsuchmodificationasmaybenecessary.Translation：在被邀签约时，承包人应签订并履行合同，该合同是由雇主按照本合同根据所附条件的需要进行修订拟定，该合同的拟定由雇主完成。Businesscontractsarelegaltexts.Generallyspeaking,thetranslationoflegaltextsusuallytakesthewordorderoftheoriginaltextasthefirstprinciple.Butthetranslationhereistohighlighttheenvironmentalcomponentofthesentence.Accordingtothemeaningexpressedintheoriginaltext,thetranslatoradjustedthewordorderintranslation.4.2TenorEquivalenceTranslationSkillsinContractTranslationTenorshowswhatkindofrelationshiptheparticipantswanttoestablishwitheachother.Thetenorofabusinesscontractmeansthatthespeakeristhesignerofthecontract,andthetwopartiesestablishalegalrelationshipbythecontract.Therelationshipbetweenthetwopartiesisformalandformal.Therefore,ifthetranslationofabusinesscontractisrequiredtoachievetheeffectoftenorequivalence,thetextshouldbestandardizedandformal,thewordingshouldbeprecise,thesentencepatternshouldberigorous,objective,clearandlogical.4.2.1VocabularyUsageSkillinBusinessContractTranslationThetoneofbusinesscontractsisseriousandsolemn,andalargenumberofformalwordsareoftenusedtoreplacespokenwordsthatexpressthesamemeaningindailylife.(i）SkillforUsingAntiquarianWordsBecauseofitslegalnature,businesscontractsoftenchoosearchaicwordsorarchaicgrammarformstoreflecttheseriousnessofthelawandtheformalityofthetext,andalsoemphasizethesolemnbindingforceofthelegaltext.Theseancientwordsincludewordscomposedof"here,there,where"and"after,by,in,of,on,to,under,on,with".Forexample:hereinafter,hereby,herein,hereof,thereby,thereunder,therewith,whereof,wherewith.Example:本契约期满时，授予被授予人的一切独家权力应回归到授权人，但被授权人应继续支付所有到期应付的权利金。Translation:uponexpirationofthetermofthisagreement,allexclusiverightsgrantedtoLicenseehereinshallreverttoLicensor,providedthatLicenseeshallcontinuetopayallroyaltieswhichbecomedueandpayable.Whentranslatingabusinesscontract,weoftenusethearchaicword,inthissentence“upon”isthearchaicword”on”,and”herein”isalsothearchaicword.Theirusewillimprovetheformaldegreeofsentences.Translatorsshouldpayattentiontotheuseofarchaicwordswhentranslatingbusinesscontracts.(ii）ForeignVocabularyUsageSkillInordertoaccuratelyexpressconceptsinthetranslationofbusinesscontracts,translatorswillrelyonthehelpofforeignwords.InbusinesscontractEnglish,manyofthebusinesstermsusedarederivedfromLatinorFrench.Becausetheyhavebeenusedforalongtime,theyhaverelativelystablemeanings,whichisconducivetothetranslator'saccurateexpressionofconceptsintranslation.Example:“addiem”betranslatedinto“在指定日期”;“advaloremduty”betranslatedinto“从价税”；“adhoc”betranslatedinto“特别，临时”;“asper”betranslatedinto“按照”;“bonalideholder”betranslatedinto“汇票的善意持有者”;“defacto”betranslatedinto“事实上”,fromLatin;“exdividend/excoupon”betranslatedinto“除股息/除股票”,exherecomesfromLatinandmeanswithoutnotincluding;“nallandvoid”betranslatedinto“无效”;“viceversa”betranslatedinto“反之亦然”;“statusquo”betranslatedinto“现状”;And“forcemajeure”betranslatedinto“不可抗力”.4.2.2ObjectiveExpressionSkillinBusinessContractTranslationAbusinesscontractwillclearlydefinetheexactmeaningandscopeoftherights,obligationsandcodesofconductofbothparties.Therefore,translatorsshouldobjectivelyexpressthecontentofthebusinesscontractwithoutanyemotionalcolorandtranslateittruthfullytoaccuratelyconveytheintentionofbothparties.Example:SubjecttospecialprovisionsexplicitlyprovidedforinthisAgreement,ifeitherpartyhasbeenpreventedfromperformingitsobligationsundertheAgreementbecauseofaneventofforcemajeuresuchasearthquake,storm,flood,fire,otheractsofnature,epidemic,warriot,hostility,publicdisturbance,actsofpublicenemies,prohibitionoractsbyagovernmentorpublicagencyorlabordisputes,orotherunforeseeableeventsbeyondthecontroloftheparties,andtheiroccurrenceisunpreventableandunavoidable,thepartysopreventedshallnotifytheotherpartyinwritingwithineight(8)daysaftertheoccurrenceofsucheventofforcemajeure,acttomitigatedamages,ifpossible,andwithinfifteen(15)daysthereafterprovidedetailedinformationoftheevent,acertificateofevidencethereofissuedbytherelevantauthoritiesandastatementexplainingthereasonforitsinabilitytoperformallorpartofitsobligationsundertheAgreement.Translation:根据本协议明确规定的特殊条款，如果任何一方因地震、风暴、洪水、火灾、其他自然行为、流行病、战争暴乱、敌意、公众骚乱、公敌行为等不可抗力事件而无法履行其在本协议项下的义务，政府或公共机构的禁令或行为，或劳动争议，或其他超出双方控制范围的不可预见事件，且其发生是不可预防和不可避免的，被阻止的一方应在不可抗力事件发生后八（8）天内书面通知另一方，尽可能采取行动减轻损害，并在此后十五（15）天内提供事件的详细信息、相关当局颁发的证据证明以及解释其无法履行本协议项下全部或部分义务的原因的声明。Inthetranslationoftheaboveexamples,theobjectiveexpressionskillofbusinesscontracttranslationisfullyconsidered.Whentranslatingthecontentofabusinesscontract,donotcarryanyemotionalcolor,considerthetranslationofthecontractcontentfromtheperspectiveofathirdparty,fullyandobjectivelyshowthecontentofthecontract.4.3ModeequivalencetranslationSkillsincontracttranslationModereferstothewayandmediaoflanguagetransmission.Asfarasbusinesscontractsareconcerned,itisawrittenagreementforpeopletoread.Thelanguageusedistypicalofwrittenlanguage,withrigoroustextstructureandorderlywriting.4.3.1CoherenceSkillincontracttranslationCohesionisthesemanticrelationshipbetweenthelinguisticcomponentsinatext,whichcanalsobeunderstoodastheinterdependenceandinterpretationoftwoormorecomponents.Onekindofmeaningrelationisveryimportanttothecharacterofatext,thatis,theinterpretationofonecomponentofatextshouldrefertoanotherpart.Cohesionisconcernedwithhowthemeaningoftextualelementsisinterpreted.Inthetranslationofbusinesscontracts,translatorsshouldtakeintoaccountthecohesionincontracttranslation,andthereshouldbecorrelationbetweentheelementsinthecontext,soastoachievemutualdependenceandmutualunderstanding.Translatorsareoftenusedinbusinesscontracttranslationoflexicalcohesionskill,especiallyinthebiasinthelegalnatureofthecontract,inordertominimizethepossibleambiguity,usefrequencyishighestrepetitionskillinthelexicalcohesion.ThisisalsocommoninChinese.Example:Incase,withinareasonabletime,theContractorfailstocarryoutsuchinstruction,theEmployershallbeentitledtoemployandpayotherpersonstocarryoutthesame.Providedthatif,intheopinionoftheEngineer,theContractorisliabletodosuchworkathisowncastundertheContract,allthecostsinquestionconsequentthereonorincidentaltheretoshall,afterdueconsultationwiththeEmployerandtheContractor,bedeterminedbytheEngineer,andshallberecoverablefromtheContractorbytheEmployer,andmaybedeductedbytheEmployerfromanymoniesdueortobecomeduetotheContractor.TheEngineershallnotifytheContractoraccordingly,withacopytotheEmployer.Translation:如果在一段合理的时间内，承包商未执行该指示，雇主有权雇用并支付其他人员执行该指示。但如工程师认为承包商有责任按合同规定自行施工，则由此产生的或附带的一切费用，应在与雇主和承包商充分协商后，由工程师决定，雇主应向承包商追偿，并可从应付或将应付给承包商的款项中扣除。工程师应据此通知承包商，并抄送雇主一份。Ascanbeseenfromthisexample,inordertoexpressclearlyandavoidpossibleambiguitywhenusingpersonalpronouns,theword”contractor”isrepeatedsixtimesinthetextandtheword“employer”isrepeatedfivetimesinthetext,alsointheChinesetranslation.AnditcanbesaidthatthisphenomenonisverycommoninbothEnglishandChinesebusinesscontracts.Whentranslatingbusinesscontracts,translatorsshouldfullyconsiderthecommonphenomenonofcohesionandproperlytranslatetheircontents.4.3.2EffectivenessSkillforTopicandInformationStructureDuetothewidevarietyofbusinesscontracts,translatorsshouldfirstdeterminethethemeofthecontractanddeterminethetypeofcontractundertheguidanceofeffectiveinformation.Throughthisapproach,translatorscanquicklyselectwordsandexpressionsthataresuitableforthetopic,therebyimprovingtranslationefficiency.Thethemereferstothecohesivepointofthearticle'scontent,whichdeterminesthetoneandmainmelodyofthearticle.Thethemeofabusinesscontractreferstoitstype.Duetothemanyclassificationstandardsofbusinesscontracts,therearemanydifferenttypes.Sowhenmakingtopicjudgments,translatorsneedthehelpofeffectiveinformation.Thelanguagecharacteristicsofbusinesscontractsarerigorousandaccurate,conveyingalotofeffectiveinformationbetweenthelines.Thisinformationcanassistusindeterminingthesubjectmatterofthebusinesscontract.Example(1):Sucheffectiveinformationwasconveyedinthecontract.Thetrademethodofdirectexportbytheproducingcountry,directimportbytheconsumingcountry,andsingleentry,singleexit,andtransactionbytransactioniscalled"orderbytransaction".Whenconductingsuchtrade,inprinciple,awrittencontractshouldbesigned,clearlystipulatingthetermsandconditions.Withthehelpoftheaboveeffectiveinformation,translatorscanmakejudgmentsonthetopicofthecontractanddeterminethatthetypeofbusinesscontractisasalescontract.Example(2):Ininternationalbusinesscontracts,suchinformationisconveyed.Tradeaimedatintroducingpatentsortransferringpatentapplicationrights,proprietarytechnologyandsecrets,trademarksandlicenses,etc.Byjudgingthethemeofthecontract,itcanbedeterminedthatitinvolvesthistypeoftrade,andthetypeofbusinesscontractthatbothpartiesneedtosignisatechnologytransfercontract.Translationistheprocessoftransformingonelanguageintoanother.Ininternationaltradewheretimeismoney,theresultsoftranslationneedtobepresentedquickly.Andaccordingtotheprincipleofmodeequivalence,thetranslationresultsshouldconformtothecharacteristicsofbusinesscontractEnglish,anditsformatshouldbestandardized.Identifyingthetopicandidentifyingeffectiveinformationcanhelptranslatorsquicklydeterminethetypeofcontractthatneedstobetranslated,therebyimprovingtranslationefficiency.ChapterFiveConclusionThisarticleattemptstoapplytheregistertheoryofHalliday'ssystemicfunctionallinguisticstothetranslationofinternationalbusinesscontracts.Basedonregistertheory,thisarticleanalyzesthecharacteristicsofthefield,tenor,andmodereflectedininternationalbusinesscontracts,andproposescorrespondingtranslationskills.Itconductedamorecomprehensiveandin-depthstudyonthetranslationskillsofinternationalbusinesscontracts.Inpractice,thisarticlestudiesthetranslationskillsofinternationalbusinesscontractsfromtheperspectiveofregistertheory.Underthepremiseofregistertheory,translatorsshouldconveycontractinformationinanaccurate,professional,andconsistentmannerwiththelanguagecharacteristicsofbusinesscontracts.Underthepremiseofregistertheory,translatorsshouldchooseappropriatevocabularyandgrammaticalformstomaintaintheformalityandauthorityofthecontract.Underthepremiseofregistertheory,translatedpapersmustbeclearlyexpressedandorganizedintheusualwayofthetargetlanguage.Accordingtothedifferentcontextsofthesourceandtargetlanguages,reasonableandnecessaryadjustmentsshouldbemadeduringthetranslationprocess.Intheory,thispaperprovesthatregistertheorycombinedwithHalliday'ssystemic-functionallinguisticscanprovideamoreeffectiveandcomprehensivetheoreticalbasisforthestudyofthetranslationofinternationalbusinesscontracts.Systemicfunctionallinguisticsisacomprehensive,profoundandfunction-orientedlanguagesystem,whichconsidersmanycontextualfactorsinthestudyoflanguage,includinglanguage,situation,socialandculturalcontext.Itaimstoproposetherelationshipbetweenlanguagefunctionandlanguageform,andtoexplaintherelationshipbetweengrammaticalstructureandmeaning.ThispapertriesanewresearchAngletostudythetranslationskillsofinternationalbusinesscontracts,whichtosomeextenttestsandenrichesthevalueofregistertheoryandHallidaysystemic-functionallinguistics.Inshort,registertheoryisausefulguideandtoolforstudyingthetranslationofinternationalbusin