新广州版八年级上册英语Unit5-Educational-exchanges-语法专项-现在完成时

现在完成时PAGEPAGE1Unit5:Educationalexchanges语法专项--现在完成时如果你想说“我已经看过某部电影，所以不想看了”、“某人曾经做过什么事情”等等，该如果表达呢？首先请看下面的句子：（1）Ihaveseenthefilm.Idon’twanttoseeitagain.这部电影我已经看过，不想再看了。（2）Haveyouansweredallthequestions?所有的问题你都回答了吗？（3）Haveyoueverlookedatatravelbrochure?你看过旅游宣传册吗？（4）ShehasnevervisitedtheUSA.她从没有过去美国。观察：以上句子的谓语动词的一个共同特点是_____________________________,用于表示在以前的某个时间曾经做过的、发生的事情，这种行为对目前有某种影响。我们把这种时态称为“现在完成时”。现在完成时的概念。①表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果Shehasbeenillforthreedays.（她病了三天了。）②表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。We'veknowneachothersincewewerechildren.（我们从小就认识。）IhavebeenamemberofthePartyfor10years.③常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：just刚刚yet仍然，还now现在lately最后ever曾经today今天never从未before从前recently最近already已经thisweek本周since自从foralongtine很长时间了sincethen自那以来sofar到目前为止inthepast/lastfewyears在过去/最近的几年二、构成：”助动词have,has+过去分词”现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以work为例）：人称肯定否定疑问回答第一人称IhaveseentheUFO.Wehavetravelledaroundtheworld.Ihaven’tseentheUFO.Wehaven’ttravelledaroundtheworld.HaveyouseentheUFO?Haveyoutravelledaroundtheworld?Yes,Ihave./No,Ihaven’t.Yes,wehave./No,wehaven’t.第二人称YouhavebeentoEngland.Youhaven’tbeentoEngland.HaveyoubeentoEngland?Yes,I/wehave.No,I/wehaven’t.第三人称He/ShehasbeentoBeijing.Theyhavegivenconcertsallovertheworld.He/Shehasn’tbeentoBeijing.Theyhaven’tgivenconcertsallovertheworld.Hashe/shebeentoBeijing?Havetheygivenconcertsallovertheworld?Yes,he/shehas.No,he/shehasn’t.Yes,theyhave.No,theyhaven’t.注：规则动词的过去分词的构成与过去是相同，不规则动词的过去分词见附表。随堂练习.把下面变否定句、一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答。1.Ihavedonemyhomework.否定句：_______________________________________一般疑问句：___________________________________回答：_________________________________________2.Theplanehasarrived.否定句：_______________________________________一般疑问句：___________________________________回答：_________________________________________三、动词的过去分词构成规则规则变化大部分动词在词尾直接加-edcleancleanedhelphelped以不发音的e结尾的，直接加-dlikelikedlivelived以辅音字母+y结尾的单词，变y为i再加edtrytriedstudystudied重读闭音节词尾只有一个辅音字母的，需要双写最后这个辅音字母再加-ed.planplannedstopstopped不规则变化seeseenfindfound需根据不规则变化表进行专门记忆随堂练习写出下列单词的过去分词形式work_________finish___________arrive___________change_________see___________have___________marry__________visit__________miss___________prefer__________do___________hear____________live____________clean________study___________meet___________be__________climb___________plan____________take_________stop____________keep____________buy_________spend____________learn___________forget__________bring____________现在完成时用法归纳1.现在完成时表示过去发生的动作现已完成，对现在造成的影响和结果。(此种用法谓语动词用结束性动词)如：Theplanehasarrived.常用的时间状语和副词：already,yet,ever,never①already已经；yet尚未，仍未，还；强调前不久完成的动作对现在造成的影响，谓语动词使用非延续性动词。already用于肯定句中，yet用于否定句和疑问句的句末。例如：Ihavealreadyfinishedmyhomework.我已经完成我的家庭作业了。Hehasn’tcomeyet.他还没有回来。Hasshefinishedcookingyet?他做完饭了吗？练：Ihavealreadydonemyhomework.(变为否定句)______________________________________________②ever(曾经)，句中；never(从不)，表示否定，强调到目前为止的生活经历。谓语动词用延续性动词。例如：Haveyoueverclimbthatmountain?你曾经爬过那座山吗？HaveyoueverbeentoShanghai?你曾经去过上海吗？Ihaveneverlateforschool.我从来没有迟到过。③alreadyever与never应位于助动词have/has之后，主要动词之前。拓展：before(以前)，句尾，独立用Ihaven’tmethimbefore.我以前从来没有见过他。just(刚刚)，用于肯定句中，常用在助动词和过去分词之间。如：Ihavejustheardthenews.我刚刚听到消息。跟踪训练（）1.Haveyou______heardofDisneyland?A.always B.ever C.never D.sometimes（）2.Ihave________finishedmyhomework.SoIcanhavearestnow.A.everB.alreadyC.neverD.yet（）3.Sheisagoodstudent,shehas_______beenlateforschool.A.everB.alreadyC.neverD.yet（）4.Iamveryhungry,Ihaven’thadmybreakfast________.A.everB.alreadyC.neverD.yet2.完成时可用于表示某时间段里完成的动作，常与today,thesedays,recently等时间状语连用。如：Haveyouseenherthesedays?译：_________________________Haveyoubeentothelibrarytoday?译：______________________Haveyoureadthebookrecently?译：_______________________3.现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，可能延续到将来的动作和状态。常与表示过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间状语连用。如：for+一段时间：fortwohourssince+时间点：since1999,sincelastyearsince+一段时间+ago:sincetwodaysagosince+从句（用过去时）uptonow,tillnow,untilnow,sofarinthepasttwoyears,inthelastfewdaysrecently,lately如：MissZhaohastaughtmathforfiveyears.Hismotherhasworkedintheshopsince1990.TheGreenshavelivedinLondonsincethreeyearsago.[注]：其中在a,b,c,d这四种结构中，谓语动词必须为延续性动词。如：Ihavehadthisbookforoneandahalfyears.(这本书我已买了一年半了！)不能用buy不能用buy跟踪训练用since或者for填空1.IhavestudiedEnglish_______5years.2.IhavestudiedEnglish_______5yearsago.3.IhavestudiedEnglish_______2008.4.Shehastaughtmath_________3years.5.Shehastaughtmath_________3yearsago.6.Shehastaughtmath_________2010.4.短暂性动词怎样和表示一段时间的状语连用。英语中的短暂性动词，也叫做终止性动词、瞬间动词或非延续性动词，只表示一时的动作，在肯定句式中不能与表示延续的时间状语连用。常见的短暂性动词有：go,come,leave,find,buy,arrive,give,stop,join,marry,die,begin,start,borrow,close,open,lend等。eg.Ihaveboughtthisbookforthreemonths.(×)非延续性动词与一段时间连用时可采用下列三种方法：（1）将非延续性动词转化为延续性动词。leave-have(has)beenawayfrom close-beclosedjoin-have(has)been(in) begin/start-beonbuy-have(has)had go-betheredie-have(has)dead finish-beovercome(arrive)-have(has)beenhere borrow-have(has)keptbegintowork-have(has)workedopen-have(has)beenopengetup-have(has)beenupputon–have(has)oncomeback-have(has)beenbackgone(left)-beenawayjoined–beengottoknow–known（2）时间状语的变化：把表时间的状语“for…”变为“数词+时间名词+ago”的短语形式。（即：将时间状语改为过去时间，并用一般过去时代替现在完成时）如：他参军五年了。（判断正误）HehasjoinedtheArmyforfiveyears.()HehasbeenintheArmyforfiveyears.()HejoinedtheArmyfiveyearsago.()他离开济南三年了。HehasleftJi’nanforthreeyears.()HehasbeenawayfromJi’nanforthreeyears.HeleftJi’nanthreeyearsago.(3)句子模式的变化。用句型“Itis+一段时间+since从句”（从句中的谓语动词用非延续性动词的一般过去式表示）如：Theoldmandiedtwoyearsago.=Theoldmanhasbeendeadfortwoyears.=Itistwoyearssincetheoldmandied.跟踪训练句型转换。1.Ihaveborrowedanewbookfromtheschoollibrary.I__________________anewbookfromtheschoollibraryfortwodays.2.Shehasgonethere.She_________________there_________yesterday.3.Thefilmhasbegun.Thefilm__________________________________________fiveminutes.4.Theboyhascomeback.Theboy_____________________________foranhour.5.Themaninahathasleft.Themaninahat_____________________________________halfanhourago.6.Hehasalreadydied.He____________________________________fortwentyyears.7.TheyoungmanhasjoinedtheLeague.Theyoungman__________________________member_______twoyears.Theyoungman___________________________League______twoyearsago.5.havebeento/havegoneto/havebeenin三种结构的区别（1）havebeento去过某地(现已离开)，可以与ever,never,once,twice等连用。（2）hasgoneto去某地了，说话时某人已离开此地，在去某地的路上或已在某地，总之现在还未回来。此句型一般用于第三人称。（3）havebeenin表示已在某地呆了多久，若该地为小地方则用at。翻译：你以前去过北京吗？___________________________吉姆已经去了伦敦。___________________________格林一家在中国已经两年了。_____________________单项选择()1.Ihave________Beijingthreetimes.A.beentoB.gonetoC.beeninD.beenat()2.WhereisMike?Hehas_______London.A.beentoB.gonetoC.beeninD.beenat()3.Tonyhasnever_______China.HelooksforwardtocomingtoChinaA.beentoB.gonetoC.beeninD.beenat()4.Lucyhas________Chinafor5years.A.beentoB.gonetoC.beeninD.beenat()5.Theteacherhas________thevillagetoteachthepoorstudentsfor10years.A.beentoB.gonetoC.beeninD.beenat6.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：(1)侧重点不同：现在完成时是与现在有关的时态，属现在时态范畴，它侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响。而一般过去时是一种过去时态，侧重于表示过去的动作，与现在无关。如：YesterdayIwenttothezoo.(仅说明昨天去了动物园，与现在无关)LiLeihasreadthebook.(说明李磊了解那本书的内容)（2）连用的时间状语不同：一般过去时常与ago,yesterday,last…,in2000,justnow等连用。而现在完成时与already,yet,still,just,sofar,inthelast/past…,before,ever,never,since…,for…等时间状语连用。[注]现在完成时不可与yesterday,lastweek,twodaysago等过去时间状语连用。综合训练一、单项选择。（）1.MissGaoisn’there.She________tothebusstationtomeetMr.Brown.A.go B.hasgone C.hasbeen D.wouldgo（）2.–Howcleanthebedroomis!-Yes,Iamsurethatsomeone_______it.A.cleans B.cleaned C.hascleaned D.hadcleaned（）3.DrisonBreakisthebestAmericanTVplayerthatI_____theseyears.A.watch B.willwatch C.havewatched D.waswatching（）4.I’mnothungrybecauseI______lunchalready.A.have B.had C.amhaving D.havehad（）5.–HowlonghaveMrandMrsSmith________?-Formorethantwentyyears.A.married B.hadmarried C.gotmarried D.beenmarried（）6.Inthepastfewyearsthere______greatchangesinmyhometown.A.havebeen B.were C.hadbeen D.are（）7.—________you______thefilmHarryPotterⅡ?—Notyet.I’llseeitthisSunday.A.Did,see B.Are;seeing C.Have,seen D.Do,see（）8.TheSmithsmovedtoChinatenyearsagoand______heresincethen.A.haslived B.wasliving C.live D.havelived（）9.–WillyouwatchtheWorldCupmatchthisyear?-No,butI________severalWorldCupmatchessinceIwasasmallchild.A.hadseen B.see C.wasseeing D.haveseen（）10.Iwon’treturnthebooktothelibrarybecauseI______readingit.A.wasn’tfinish B.don’tfinish C.won’tfinish D.haven’tfinished（）11.–Howmanytimes_______you______theGreatWall?-Onlyonce.I_______therethreeyearsago.A.did,goto,havegone B.had,goneto,