初中英语语法讲义：句子结构

语法：句子结构

课题：初中英语中的句子结构

重点：句子的结构成分

难点：分析并列句和复合句中的各个成分

一、以练习导入课

[Practice]引导学生自己解释所考知识点

1、---Excuseme,couldyoutellme?

——Itwillleaveat4:00p.m.

A.howwillyougotoShanghaiB.howyouwillgotoShanghai

C.whenwillthebusleaveforShanghaiD.whenthebuswillleaveforShanghai

2.Couldyoutellme?

A.whatisyourjobB.whatyourjobis

C.yourjobiswhatD.whatwasyourjob

3.---Couldyoutellushowlong?---Aboutthreeyears.

A.doesthesportsmeetinglastB.thesportsmeetingwilllast

C.thesportsmeetinglastD.willthesportsmeetinglast

4.I'mnotsureMrWangiscomingornot.

A.thatB.aboutC.ofD.whether

5.-Idon'tknowhewillcometomorrow.

--Don'tworry.hecomes,Filletyouknow.

A.whether;IfB.if;WhetherC.when;WhetherD.that;If

6.Janedidn'tgotoschooltoday,butnooneknew.

A.whathadhappenedtoherB.whathashappenedtoher

C.whatsthematterwithherD.howwasshe

7.1don'tmindtheywillcome.

A.ifornotB.whethernornotC.whetherornoD.iforno

总结：

[Studentcansumuptheknowledgepoints]简单句、并列句和复合句

1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。

2）并列句：相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。

【句型】简单句+并列连词+简单句

【分类】1、连接两个同等概念，常用and,notonly...butalso...,neither...nor...,then等连接。

e.g.Theteacher9snameisSmith,andthestudent'snameisJohn.

2、表选择，常用的连词有or,either…or...,otherwise等。

e.g.Hurryup,oryou'llmissthetrain.

3、表转折,常用的连词有but,still,yet,while,when等。

e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyand

interesting.

4、表因果，常用的连词有so,for,since,because,becauseof，as等。

e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.

3）复合句：主句+从句。即含有一个或一个以上从句的句子

从句包括名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。

【句型】主句+连词+从句；或连词+从句+主句

e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.

二、本节课知识讲解

句子基本结构（5种）

1）主语+谓语（S+V）

2）主语+连系动词+表语（S+L+P）

3）主语+谓语+宾语（S+V+O）

4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语（S+V+IO+DO）

5）主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语（S+V+O+C）

【句子成分】包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、同位语和插入语。即：

（定语）主语（同位语）+（状语）谓语+（定语）宾道（同位语）+（宾补）（状语）

（一）主语（Subject）：一般位于句首，在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，位

于谓语、助动词或情态动词后，由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表

示。例如：

1.Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.

2,WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.

3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.

4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.

5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.

6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.

7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.

8.1tisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.

（二）谓语：谓语一般是动词、动词短语以及复合动词

1）回顾动词分类：（引导学生自己总结）

助动词

情态动词

实义动词

系动词（be动词）

2）谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。

（三）表语（Predicative）说明主语性质、特征、状态与身份，位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,

seem等）之后。由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表

示。例如：

l.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.

2.1sityours?

3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.

4.Thespeechisexciting.

5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?

6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.

7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.

8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.

9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.

10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.

1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词

2）持续系动词表示继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand

3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look

4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,

5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run

6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达”结果是;证明是"

（四）宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：

l.Heisdoinghishomework.

2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.

3,Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.

4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.

5.Hepretendednottoseeme.

6.1enjoylisteningtopopularmusic.

7.1think（that）heisfitforhisoffice.

宾语种类：

（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.

To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，

例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.

For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，

例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.

（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补）,例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.

接不定式做宾语：ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,

offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等

接动名词做宾语：admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,Hnish,imagine,mind,practise,

suggest等

既接不定式，也接动名词做宾语：mean,stop,try,remember,forget,regret等。

（五）宾语补足语（ObjectComplement）,用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补

足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell,let,help,teach,ask,see,have,order,make

等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：

l.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.

2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.

3.Letthefreshairin.

4.Youmustn'tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.

5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.

6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.

7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.

（六）修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语（Attribute）。

定语可由以下等成分表示：

1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）

2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）

3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名词）

4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）

5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）

6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）

7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）

8.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.（定语从句）

（七）修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。

可由以下形式表示：

1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.

2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.

3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.

4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.

5.Waitaminute.

6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.

9种状语种类如下：

1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?

2.Lastnightshedidn'tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.

3.1shallgothereifitdoesn'train.

4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.

5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.

Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.

6.1nordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.

7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.

8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.

9.1amtallerthanheis.

(A)同位语(Appositive)对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，

如：ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.

(九)插入语(Parenthesis)对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe一)

等，如：Tobefrank,Idon'tquiteagreewithyou.

【巩固练习】

()1.willleaveforBeijing.

A.NowtherethemanB.Themanherenow

C.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow

()2.Theweather.

A.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldC.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcold

()3.Theappletasted.

A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet

()4.Hegotupyesterdaymorning.

A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.latter

()5.Theactorattheageof70.

A.deadB.diedC.dyedD.dying

()6.wereallverytired,butnoneofwouldstoptotakearest.

A.We,usB.Us,weC.We,ourD.We,we

()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch.

A.crowdB.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly

()8.1thinknecessarytolearnEnglishwell.

A.itsB.itC.thatD.thatis

()9.Thedogmad.

A.looksB.islookedC.isbeinglookedD.waslooked

()10.1willneverforgetthedayIjoinedthearmy.

A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.Where

【总结】

句子成分意义充当词类例句

主语表示句子说的是什么人家什么名，代，数，不定WestudyinHuangQiaoMiddle

事式，动名词，短语或Sch<MiL

句子

谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎动词词组Sheisdandngunderthetree.

么样

宾语表示动作行为的对象同主语BothofuslikeEnglish.

表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓同主语Herfatho-isadienist

语，说明主语的性质或特征Hiswordssoundreasonable.

定语用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名，Wehavelessonseveryday.

副，介词姮语或句子

状语修饰动词，形容同，副词，表副词，介词短语或句Heworksveryhard.

示动作发生的时间，地点，原子TheytuMapartyinHoliywood.

因，目的，方式，结果等

宾语蚪上与宾语是主调关系形容词，名词，介同Shealwayskeqpsthehouse

补足语短语等dean.

主语谓语是基砒，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！

【课后作业】

1、--Willyoupleasegivethedictionarytojane?

——Sure,PHgiveittohershearriveshere.

A.beforeB.untilC.becauseD.assoonas

2、Asweallknow,plantingtreesisgoodfortheenvironment.OurclasswillgototheSunislandtomorrow.As

soonaswethere,wellbegintoplanttrees.

A.arrivedB.arriveC.arrivesD.isarriving

3、Myfatherwaspreparingforhisspeechmymotherwasdoingsomewashinglastnight.

A.ifB.whileC.unlessD.until

4、You'dbettertakethemapwithyouyouwon*tgetlost.

A.aslongasB.assoonasC.nowthatD.sothat

5、I'msorrytohaveyouwaitingsolongforMarcia,andI'mafraiditllbetenminutes_shecomesback.

A上eforeB.afterC.untilD.assoonas

6、Theoldmanaskedthegirltotakeanotherseathewantedtositnexttohiswife.

A.becauseB.sothatC.soD.when

7、yougo,youcanalwaysgethelpfromothers.

A.WhereverB.WhereC.WhenD.If

8、mymotherwasill,Ishoulddosomethingforher.

A.SoB.ThoughC.SinceD.Assoonas

9、Youwon'tpassexamsyouworkharder.

A.whenB.ifC.unlessD.after

10、Footballisanicesportalmosteveryoneintheworldenjoysitverymuch.A.so;that

B.such;asC.so;asD.such;that

11、YouarefromtheUK,butIthoughtyouAmerican.

A.areB.havebeenC.wereD.hadbeen

12>Lileimadeterriblemistakethatallofusweresurprised.

A.soaB.suchtheC.sotheD.sucha

13、Youmustleaveherenowyourmothercangetsomemorerest.

1.thoughB.soC.sothatD.because

14、Therearemanyfamouspicturesinthisroominthatroom.

A.as;asB.so;thatC.so;as