十年高考高考英语真题分项详解 专题23 阅读理解 任务型阅读（含解析）-人教高三全册英语试题

十年（2010~2020）高考英语真题分项详解23阅读理解·任务型阅读1.（2020年，江苏卷）请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意:请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。HumorIfyouseehumorasanoptionalformofentertainment,you’remissingsomeofitsbiggestbenefits:Humormakesaverage-lookingpeoplelookcuteanduninterestingpeopleseementertaining.Studiesshowthatagoodsenseofhumorevenmakesyouseemsmarter.Bestofall,humorraisesyourenergy,andthatcanhaveaneffectoneverythingyoudoatschool,atwork,orinyourpersonallife.Theincreaseofenergywillevenmakeyoumorewillingtoexercise,andthatwillraiseyouroverallenergyevenmore.Humoralsotransportsyourmindawayfromyourdailytroubles.Humorletsyoubetterunderstandlifeandsometimeshelpsyoulaughateventheworstofyourproblems.Inmyexperience,mostpeoplethinktheyhaveasenseofhumor,andtosomedegreethat’strue.Butnotallsensesofhumorarecreatedequal.SoIthoughtitwouldbeusefultoincludesomehumortipsforeverydaylife.Youdon’thavetobethejoketellerinthegroupinordertoshowyoursenseofhumor.Youcanbetheonewhodirectstheconversationtofuntopicsthatareripeforotherstoaddhumor.Everypartyneedsastraightperson.You’llappearfunandfunnybyassociation.Whenitcomestoin-personhumor,effortcountsalot.Whenpeopleseeyoutryingtobefunny,itfreesthemtotryitthemselves.Soevenifyourowneffortsathumorfallshort,youmightbefreeingthelongkepthumorinothers.Peopleneedpermissiontobefunnyinsocialsettingsbecausethere’salwaysariskthatcomeswithhumor.Forin-personhumor,qualityisn’tasimportantasyoumightthink.Yourattitudeandeffortcountalot.Somepeople--andIwasoneofthem--believethathumorouscomplaintsaboutthelittleproblemsoflifemakehumor,andsometimesthatisthecase.Theproblemcomeswhenyoustartdoingtoomuchcomplaint-basedhumor.Onefunnyobservationaboutprobleminyourlifecanbefunny,butfiveisjustcomplaining,nomatterhowsmartyouthinkyouare.Funnycomplaintscanwearpeopleout.Self-deprecating(自嘲式)humorisusuallythesafesttype,buthereagainyoudon’twanttoovershootthetarget.Oneself-deprecatingcommentisagenerousandevenconfidentformofhumor.Youhavetobeatleastabitself-assuredtolaughatyourselfinfrontofothers.Butifyoudoittoooften,youcantransformintheeyesofothersfromaconfidentjokertoaChihuahuadog.HumorBenefitsofhumor●Humorisformof1..Humorcanimproveone’s2.andpersonality.●Humorcanmakeone3.inhiswork,study,andlife.●Humorhasapositive4.effectwhenweareindifficulties.5.tofollow●6.othersforaconversationoffunisasgoodastellingajokeyourselfwhenshowingyoursenseofhumor.●Qualitycounts7.thanattitudeandeffort-evenstupidjokecan8.othersofriskandembarrassment.Trapsto9.●Onehumorouscomplaintmakesfunnyperson.Buttoomanycomplaintswill10.youraudience.●Self-deprecatingcommentsshowone’sassurance.ButtoomuchdeprecationwillmakeaChihuahuadog.【答案】1.entertainment2.appearance/look3.energetic4.psychological5.Tips/Suggestions/Advice6.Preparing7.less8.relieve/free9.avoid/skip10.bore/tire/exhaust【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了幽默的好处，讲遵循的技巧以及所要避开的陷阱。1.原词再现题。根据文章第一段“Ifyouseehumorasanoptionalformofentertainment,you'remissingsomeofitsbiggestbenefits(如果你把幽默看作是一种可选的娱乐形式，你就错过了它的一些最大的好处)”可知，幽默是一种娱乐形式。故填entertainment。2.语意转化题。根据文章第一段“Humormakesaverage-lookingpeoplelookcuteanduninterestingpeopleseementertaining.(幽默能让相貌平平的人看起来可爱，让不感兴趣的人看起来很有趣。)”可知，幽默可以改善一个人的外表和个性。故填appearance/look。3.词性转换题。根据文章第二段“Bestofall,humorraisesyourenergy,andthatcanhaveaneffectoneverythingyoudoatschool,atwork,orinyourpersonallife.(最重要的是，幽默能提升你的精力，这会对你在学校、工作或个人生活中所做的一切产生影响。)”可知，幽默能使人在工作、学习和生活中充满活力。句中名词energy转换成形容词energetic故填energetic。4.语意转化题。根据文章第三段“Humoralsotransportsyourmindawayfromyourdailytroubles.(幽默还能使你的思维从日常烦恼中解脱出来。)”可知，幽默让你理解生活，有时帮助你在最困难时能够大笑。可以推断出当我们遇到困难时，幽默会对我们的心理产生影响。故填psychological。5.原词再现题。根据文章第四段“SoIthoughtitwouldbeusefultoincludesomehumortipsforeverydaylife.(所以我觉得在日常生活中加入一些幽默技巧会很有用。)”可知，这里为幽默所要遵循的建议或技巧。故填Tips/Suggestions/Advice。6.语意转化题。根据文章第五段“Youcanbetheonewhodirectstheconversationtofuntopicsthatareripeforotherstoaddhumor.(你可以把谈话引向有趣的话题，而这些话题已经为其他人增添了幽默感。)”可知，这里指为他人准备一场有趣的对话。所填词中缺少主语，所以用动名词作主语。故填Preparing。7.语意转化题。根据文章第六段“Whenitcomestoin-personhumor,effortcountsalot.(说到个人幽默，努力是很重要的。)”和”Forin-personhumor,qualityisn’tasimportantasyoumightthink.Yourattitudeandeffortcountalot.(对于面对面的幽默，质量并不像你想象的那么重要。你的态度和努力很重要。)”可知，质量没有态度和努力重要。故填less。8.原词再现题。根据文章第六段“Soevenifyourowneffortsathumorfallshort,youmightbefreeingthelongkepthumorinothers.(所以，即使你自己的幽默努力失败了，你也可能释放了别人长期保持的幽默。)”可知，即使是一个愚蠢的笑话也能让别人免于风险和尴尬。短语relieve/free…of…免于……。故填relieve/free。9.归纳总结题。根据表格此栏后面的内容可知，这里是讲幽默所需要避开的陷阱。故填avoid/skip。10.语意转化题。根据文章倒数第二段”Onefunnyobservationaboutaprobleminyourlifecanbefunny,butfiveisjustcomplaining,nomatterhowsmartyouthinkyouare.Funnycomplaintscanwearpeopleout.(对生活中某个问题的一个有趣的观察可能很有趣，但五个就是只有抱怨了，不管你认为自己有多聪明。有趣的抱怨会让人筋疲力尽。)”可知，太多的抱怨只会让人厌烦或筋疲力尽。故填bore/tire/exhaust。2.（2019年，江苏卷）请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。TheCostofThinkingDespitetheirmanydifferences,allhumanbeingsshareseveraldefiningcharacteristics,suchaslargebrainsandtheabilitytowalkuprightontwolegs.Thefirstuniquehumancharacteristicisthathumanshaveextraordinarilylargebrainscomparedwithotheranimals.Itseemsobviousthatevolutionshouldselectforlargerbrains.Mammals(哺乳动物)weighingsixtykilogramshaveanaveragebrainsizeof200cm2.Modernmanhasabrainaveraging1200-1400cm2.Wearesofondofourhighintelligencethatweassumethatwhenitcomestobrainpower,moremustbebetter.Unfortunately,thatisnotthecase.Thefactisthatahugebrainisahugedrain—consumptionofenergy—onthebody.It’snoteasytocarryaround,especiallywhenboxedinsideamassiveskull(倾骨).It’sevenhardertoprovideenergy.Inmodernman,thebrainaccountsforabout2-3%oftotalbodyweight,butitconsumes25%ofthebody’senergywhenthebodyisatrest.Bycomparison,thebrainsofapes(类人猿)requireonly8%ofrest-timeenergy.Earlyhumanspaidfortheirlargebrainsintwoways.Firstly,theyspentmoretimeinsearchoffood.Secondly,theirmusclesgrewsmallerandweaker.It’shardlyanobviousconclusionthatthisisagoodwaytosurvive.Achimpanzee(黑猩猩)can’twinanargumentwithamodernman,butitcantearthemanapartlikearagdoll.Anotheruniquehumancharacteristicisthatwewalkupright.Standingup,it’seasiertofindfoodorenemies.Inaddition,theirarmsthatareunnecessaryformovingaroundarefreedforotherpurposes,likethrowingstonesorsignaling.Asaresult,humanscanperformverycomplextaskswiththeirhands.Yetwalkinguprighthasitsdisadvantage.Thebonestructureofourancestorsdevelopedformillionsofyearstosupportacreaturethatwalkedonallfoursandhasarelativelysmallhead.Adjustingtoanuprightpositionwasquiteachallenge,especiallywhentheboneshadtosupportanextra-largeskull.Humankindpaidforitsbroadvisionandskillfulhandsbackachesandpainfulnecks.Weassumethatalargebrainmakeshugeadvantages.Itseemsobviousthatthesehavemadehumankindthemostpowerfulanimalonearth.Buthumansenjoyedalloftheseadvantagesforafull2millionyearsduringwhichtheyremainedweakandmarginalcreatures.Thushumanswholivedamillionyearsago,despitetheirbigbrainsandsharpstonetools,livedinconstantfearofmeat-eatinganimals.TheCostofThinkingIntroduction•Largebrainsfortheirbodiesandtheabilitytowalkuprightaretwo11.ofhumanbeings.The12.oflargehumanbrains•Thelargerbrainsmaynotbebetterbecauseofthecost.•Thebigbrainsmakeitharderforthebodytomovearoundandconsumemoreenergy.•Theanimalbrainrequiresless13.whenthebodyisatrest.•Largehumanbrainsconsumemorefood,andweakenmuscles.The14.ofwalkingupright•Walkinguprightmakesiteasytofindfoodor15.againstenemies.•Freedhandscanservesome16.purposesandperformcomplextasks.•Walkinguprightchallengesthehumanbonestructure,and17.thesizeofbrains.•Walkinguprightresultsin18.sufferings.Conclusion•Withalargebrain,humanbeings19.otherbeingsintermsofintelligence.•Weakandmarginal,humanbeingsremained20.ofmeat-eatinganimals.【答案】11.characteristics12.disadvantages13.energy14.impact(s)15.guard16.other17.limits18.physical19.beat20.fearful/afraid【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明人用大脑思考的代价。人类与动物相比有两大特点：大大的大脑和直立行走。超大的大脑使人类拥有更高的智商，但却消耗巨大的能量。直立行走让人类擅长寻找食物和抵御敌人，解放了的双手来更复杂的事。但却让人类遭受腰痛和颈部疼痛等。虽然有这些缺点，但仍然使人类成为地球上最强大的动物。11.考查信息归纳。根据第一段allhumanbeingsshareseveraldefiningcharacteristics,suchaslargebrainsandtheabilitytowalkuprightontwolegs.可知，大脑袋和双腿直立行走的能力是人类共有的特点(characteristics)。故填characteristics。12.考查信息归纳。72题就是对第三段内容的总结。第三段主要叙述了人类的大脑长得比较大的缺点。因此本空格填写disadvantages。13.考查信息来源。根据第三段中的Thefactisthatahugebrainisahugedrain—consumptionofenergy—onthebody.It’snoteasytocarryaround,especiallywhenboxedinsideamassiveskull(倾骨).It’sevenhardertoprovideenergy.Inmodernman,thebrainaccountsforabout2-3%oftotalbodyweight,butitconsumes25%ofthebody’senergywhenthebodyisatrest.可知，人类巨大的大脑是一个巨大的能量消耗。当身体处于休息时，大脑要消耗25%的身体能量。相比之下，类人猿的大脑只需要8%的休息时间能量。人类与动物相比，动物需要的能量（energy）要比人类少。故填energy。14.考查信息归纳。分析空后的75--78小题所在的第五段和第六段的内容可知，此部分主要叙述了直立行走对人类的影响。故填impact(s)。15.考查信息转换。根据第五段的第一句Anotheruniquehumancharacteristicisthatwewalkupright.Standingup,it’seasiertofindfoodorenemies.可知，另一个独特的人类特征是我们直立行走。站起来更容易找到食物或发现敌人。发现敌人就是为了防御敌人。因为or为连词，在此句中连结两个动词短语，故空格填动词。“guardagainst...”为固定搭配，意为“防御……”，故本空填写guard。16.考查信息查找。根据第五段中的theirarmsthatareunnecessaryformovingaroundarefreedforotherpurposes,likethrowingstonesorsignaling.Asaresult,humanscanperformverycomplextaskswiththeirhands.可知，解放了的双手可以用于做其它的事，即有其它的目的。故填other。17.考查信息归纳。根据第五段Yetwalkinguprighthasitsdisadvantage.Thebonestructureofourancestorsdevelopedformillionsofyearstosupportacreaturethatwalkedonallfoursandhasarelativelysmallhead.Adjustingtoanuprightpositionwasquiteachallenge,especiallywhentheboneshadtosupportanextra-largeskull.可知，直立行走也有缺点。我们祖先进化了上百亿年，⻣骼也只能支撑四肢行走和有一个相对较小的头。直立行走对人类的骨架是一个相当大的挑战，限制了人的头脑的大小。故本空填limits。18.考查信息转换。根据第六段Humankindpaidforitsbroadvisionandskillfulhandsbackachesandpainfulnecks.可知，直立对人类的骨架是一个相当大的挑战，人类为其广阔的视野和灵巧的双手付出了代价，换来的是腰酸背痛和脖子疼痛。由此得出，直立导致身体方面的(physical)痛苦，故填physical。19.考查信息归纳。根据最后一段Weassumethatalargebrainmakeshugeadvantages.Itseemsobviousthatthesehavemadehumankindthemostpowerfulanimalonearth.可知，我们假设一个大脑袋会带来巨大的优势。很明显，这些使人类成为地球上最强大的动物。由此可推断出人类的大脑比其他动物大，在智力方面人类比其他动物更聪明，即在智力方面击败了(beat)其他动物。故本空填beat。20.考查信息查找。根据最后一段Buthumansenjoyedalloftheseadvantagesforafull2millionyearsduringwhichtheyremainedweakandmarginalcreatures.Thushumanswholivedamillionyearsago,despitetheirbigbrainsandsharpstonetools,livedinconstantfearofmeat-eatinganimals.可知，尽管人类享受着所有这些优势，但也是弱小的生物。因此尽管拥有巨大的大脑和锋利的石器，但一百万年前的人类也时常生活在对食肉动物的恐惧中。因为空前是系动词，故本空要填形容词(afraid/fearful)可知，此处要填名词，故填fearful/afraid。3.（2018年，江苏卷）请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。HowArtsPromoteOurEconomyWhenmostpeoplethinkofthearts,theyimaginetheendproduct,thebeautifulpainting,awonderfulpieceofmusic,oranaward-winningperformanceinthetheater.Butartsgroupsbringbroadervaluetoourcommunities.Theeconomicimpactoftheartsisoftenoverlookedandbadlyjudged.Theartscreatejobsthathelpdeveloptheeconomy.Anygivenperformancetakesatourbusfullofartists,technicalexperts,managers,musicians,orwriterstocreateanappealingpieceofart.Thesepeopleearnalivingwagefortheirprofessionalknowledgeandskills.Anothergroupoffolksisneededtohelpmarkettheevent.“Ifyoubuildittheywillcome”isamisleadingbelief.Painters,digitalmediaexperts,photographers,bookingagentsandpromotersarehiredtosellticketsandpromotetheevent.AccordingtotheDallasAreaCulturalAdvocacyCoalition,artsagenciesemploymorethan10,000peopleasfull-orpart-timeemployeesorindependentcontractors.Asuccessfulartsneighborhoodcreatesarippleeffect（连锁反应）throughoutacommunity.In2005,whentheBishopArtsTheatrewasdonatedtoourtown,thelocationwasconsideredapoorareaoftown.Afterinvestingmorethan$1millioninreconstructingthebuilding,webeganproducingafullseasonoftheaterperformances,jazzconcerts,andyear-roundartseducationprogramsin2008.Nearly40percentofjazzloversliveoutsideoftheDallascitylimitsanddriveorflyintoenjoyaneveningintheBishopArtsDistrict.Nodoubtthetheaterhascontributedtothearea’sdevelopmentandeconomicgrowth.Today,therearegalleries,studios,restaurantsandnewlybuiltworkspaceswhereneighborsshareexperiences,wherethereisrenewedlifeandenergy.Inthisway,artsandculturealsoserveasapublicgood.TeCoTheatricalProductionsInc.madeuseofBloomberg’sinvestmentof$35,000togetnearly$400,000inpublicandprivatesectorsupportduringthetwo-yearperiod.Further,Dallasartsandarts-basedbusinessesproduce$298foreverydollarthecityspendsonartsprogrammingandfacilities.InPhiladelphia,ametroareasmallerthanDallas,theartshaveaneconomicimpactofalmost$3millionandsupport44,000jobs,80percentofwhichactuallylieoutsidetheartsindustry,includingaccountants,marketers,constructionworkers,hotelmanagers,printers,andotherkindsofartworkers.Theartsareefficienteconomicdriversandwhentheyaresupported,theentiresmall-businesscommunitybenefits.Itiswrongtoassumeartsgroupscannotmakeaprofit.Butinordertostayinbusiness,artsgroupsmustproducereturns.Ifyouareastudentstudyingthearts,chancesareyouhavebeenill-advisedtohaveaplanB.Butthosewhotrulyunderstandtheeconomicimpactandcanworktochangethepatternscancreateawiderangeofcareerpossibilities.ArtsasaneconomicdriverOurcommunities21.fromartsintermsofeconomy.22.ofarts’promotingoureconomyArtsactivitydemandsa(n)23.effort.Itinvolvescreation,performance,and24..★Artistsmakealivingthroughtheircreativework.★Othersgetpaidbymarketingtheevent.Artshaveagraduallyspreading25..Theycouldhelppromoteotherindustrieswhethertheylieinsideoroutsidearts.★Besidestickets,somejazzloverswillpaytheir26.toandfromtheevents.★Artscontributetoculturaldevelopmentwhenpeoplegathertogethertosharetheirexperienceandrenewtheirenergy.Investmentinartscouldproducepotential27.economicresults.★TeCouseda$35,000artinvestmenttoattractanoverallsupportof$400,000.★InDallas,onedollarinvestedinartscouldharvestandextraordinaryreturnofnearly$300.★InPhiladelphiatheartshavecreatedabout35,000jobopportunitiesforworkers28.artsindustry.ArtstudentsmakingagoodlivingWiththese29.inmind,artstudentsneednotworryabouttheircareerandhavea(n)30.plan.【答案】21.benefit22.Ways23.joint/collective24.Promotion/marketing25.Effect26.fares27.Positive28.outside/beyond29.statistics/data/analyses30.Alternative【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述艺术是如何促进我们的经济发展的。21.同义转化题。根据文章第一段Butartsgroupsbringbroadervaluetoourcommunities.(艺术团体给我们的社区带来了更大的价值。)，所填词的主语为Ourcommunities，故应为我们的社区从艺术中收益，所以用短语benefitfrom从……受益。故填benefit。22.归纳题。分析右边表格各小点的内容可知，这里应该为艺术提升我们经济的方法，所以用way，注意首字母大写及复数形式。故填Ways。23.归纳题。根据文章第二段Anygivenperformancetakesatourbusfullofartists,technicalexperts,managers,musicians,orwriterstocreateanappealingpieceofart.可以归纳出，艺术活动需要集体共同努力。故填joint/collective。24.词性转化题。根据文章第三段Painters,digitalmediaexperts,photographers,bookingagentsandpromotersarehiredtosellticketsandpromotetheevent.中的动词promote转化为名词promotion，也可以用同义名词marketing。故填promotion/marketing。25.原词再现题。根据文章第四段Asuccessfulartsneighborhoodscreatesarippleeffect（连锁反应）throughoutacommunity.中的原词effect可以得出答案。故填effect。26.归纳题。根据文章第四段Nearly40percentofjazzloversliveoutsideoftheDallascitylimitsanddriveorflyintoenjoyaneveningintheBishopArtsDistrict.可以归纳出，爵士爱好者除了买票之外，还需要付来去交通费、住宿费等费用。故填fares。27.归纳题。根据文章倒数第三段theartshaveaneconomicimpactofalmost$3millionandsupport44,000jobs,80percentofwhichactuallylieoutsidetheartsindustry,includingaccountants,marketers,constructionworkers,hotelmanagers,printers,andotherkindsofartworkers.可知，艺术品投资可以产生潜在的积极经济效果。故填positive。28.原词再现题。根据文章倒数第三段theartshaveaneconomicimpactofalmost$3millionandsupport44,000jobs,80percentofwhichactuallylieoutsidetheartsindustry,includingaccountants,marketers,constructionworkers,hotelmanagers,printers,andotherkindsofartworkers.中的outside可以得出答案，也可以用其同义词beyond。故填outside/beyond。29.归纳题。这里是对文章的总结，艺术生应该考虑到上文这些统计数据或分析，故无需担心他们的职业。故填statistics/data/analyses。30.同义转化题。根据文章最后一段Butthosewhotrulyunderstandtheeconomicimpactandcanworktochangethepatternscancreateawiderangeofcareerpossibilities.中的changethepatterns转化为同义词alternative。故填alternative。点睛：任务型阅读以“艺术如何促进我们的经济HowArtsPromoteOurEconomy”为题，重点分析了艺术促进经济的途径。考查了考生在信息检索、内容归纳、语言结构等方面的知识与能力。填写答案时要注意与已填部分的形式保持一致，同时要注意时态、语态、句式等。检查核对初步完成的所要求的任务，注意拼写是否正确以及大小写等。4.（2017年，江苏卷）请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。PopulationChangeWhyistheworld’spopulationgrowing?Theanswerisnotwhatyoumightthink.Thereasonfortheexplosionisnotthatpeoplehavebeenreproducinglikerabbits,butthatpeoplehavestoppeddroppingdeadlikeflies.In1900,peoplediedattheaverageageof30.By2000theaverageagewas65.Butwhileincreasinghealthwasatypicalfeatureofthe20thcentury,decliningbirthratecouldbeadefiningoneofthe21st.Statisticsshowthattheaveragenumberofbirthsperwomanhasfallenfrom4.9intheearly1960sto2.5nowadays.Furthermore,around50%oftheworld’spopulationliveinregionswherethefigureisnowbelowthereplacementlevel(i.e.2.1birthsperwoman)andalmostalldevelopednationsareexperiencingsub-replacementbirthrate.Youmightthinkthatdevelopingnationswouldmakeuptheloss(especiallysince80%oftheworld’speoplenowliveinsuchnations),butyou’dbewrong.Decliningbirthrateisamajorprobleminmanydevelopingregionstoo,whichmightcausecatastrophicglobalshortagesofworkforcewithinafewdecades.AgreatdeclineinyoungworkforceislikelytooccurinChina,forinstance.Whatdoesitimply?First,Chinaneedstoundergorapideconomicdevelopmentbeforeapopulationdeclinehitsthecountry.Second,ifotherfactorssuchastechnologyremainconstant,economicgrowthandmaterialexpectationswillfallwellbelowrecentstandardsandthiscouldinvitetrouble.Russiaisanothercountrywithpopulationproblemsthatcouldbreakitseconomicpromise.Since1992thenumberofpeopledyinghasbeenbiggerthanthatofthosebeingbornbyamassive50%.Indeedofficialfiguressuggestthecountryhasshrunkby5%since1993andpeopleinRussialiveashorterlifenowthanthosein1961.Whyisthisoccurring?Nobodyisquitesure,butpoordietandabovealllong-timealcoholismhavemuchtodowithit.Ifcurrenttrendsdon’tbend,Russia’spopulationwillbeaboutthesizeofYemen’sbytheyear2050.InthenorthofIndia,thepopulationisboomingduetohighbirthrates,butinthesouth,wheremosteconomicdevelopmentistakingplace,birthrateisfallingrapidly.Inafurthertwist,birthrateishighestinpoorlyeducatedruralareasandlowestinhighlyeducatedurbanareas.Intotal,25%ofIndia’sworking-agepopulationhasnoeducation.In2030,asixthofthecountry’spotentialworkforcecouldbetotallyuneducated.Onesolutionisobviouslytoimportforeignworkersviaimmigration.AsfortheUSA,itisalmostuniqueamongdevelopednationsinhavingapopulationthatisexpectedtogrowby20%from2010—2030.Moreover,theUSAhasatrackrecordofsuccessfullyacceptingimmigrants.Asaresultit’slikelytoseeariseinthesizeofitsworking-agepopulationandtowitnessstrongeconomicgrowthoverthelongerterm.71_______72_______73_______74_______75_______76_______77_______78_______79_______80_______【答案】lowersize/scaleimmediateeconomicold/olderearlierliving/lifeequalityimmigrationcompensate【解析】本文是一篇议论文，论述了世界人口的变化对经济的影响，以及如何正确处理好人口变化问题。71.lower根据第一段最后一句“Butwhileincreasinghealthwasatypicalfeatureofthe20thcentury,decliningbirthratecouldbeadefiningoneofthe21st.”可以判断，在21世纪的出生率要低于（lower）20世纪。72.size/scale根据第二段第二句“Furthermore,around50%oftheworld’spopulationliveinregionswherethefigureisnowbelowthereplacementlevel(i.e.2.1birthsperwoman)andalmostalldevelopednationsareexperiencingsub-replacementbirthrate.”可知，几乎所有的发达国家都在经历着不稳定的人口出生率；据此可以判断，发达国家保持人口规模或出生比率（size/scale）是有难度的。73.immediate根据第二段最后一句“Decliningbirthrateisamajorprobleminmanydevelopingregionstoo,whichmightcausecatastrophicglobalshortagesofworkforcewithinafewdecades”可知，发展中国家的人口出生率下降会在几十年时间里导致全球劳工的短缺，据此可知，导致的这种结果不是立即（immediate）导致的，而是经过几十年时间。74.economy根据第三段第二句“First,Chinaneedstoundergorapideconomicdevelopmentbeforeapopulationdeclinehitsthecountry”，结合右侧栏的内容可知，该处主要介绍人口的发展对经济（economy）的影响。75.old/older根据第三段第一句“AgreatdeclineinyoungworkforceislikelytooccurinChina,forinstance”可知，中国年轻工人人口大量减少；据此可以判断，中国经济发展要面临人口问题，因为现有工人年龄变大了，老了（old/older），却得不到补充。76.earlier根据第四段第三句中“Indeedofficialfiguressuggestthecountryhasshrunkby5%since1993andpeopleinRussialiveashorterlifenowthanthosein1961.”可知，官方数据显示，自1993年以来，俄罗斯的人口减少了5%，而俄罗斯人的寿命比1961年的人要短；据此可以判断，俄罗斯人的过早（earlier）死亡率影响了经济的发展。77.living/life根据第四段倒数第二句中“...butpoordietanabovealllong-timealcoholismhavemuchtodowithit”可知，不健康的饮食和长期酗酒对俄罗斯人的健康有着不良的影响，据此可以判断，如果改变俄罗斯人的生活（living/life）方式，则会延长他们的寿命。78.equality根据第五段最后三句“Inafurthertwist,birthrateishighestinpoorlyeducatedruralareasanlowestinhighlyeducatedurbanareas.Intotal,25%ofIndia’sworking-agepopulationhasnoeducation.In2030,asixthofthecountry’spotentialworkforcecouldbetotallyuneducated.”可知，在贫穷的偏远地区，教育水平落后，出生率最高；印度大批工人没有受到教育；据此可以判断，印度经济要想发展，应当让每个人都享有同等（equality）的教育机会。79.immigration根据第六段第一句“Onesolutionisobviouslytoimportforeignworkersviaimmigration”，结合第六段其它内容可知，美国通过移民（immigration）来解决员工短缺问题。80.compensate根据第六段第一句“Onesolutionisobviouslytoimportforeignworkersviaimmigration”和第三句“Moreover,theUSAhasatrackrecordofsuccessfullyacceptingimmigrants”可知，美国通过移民补偿了（compensate）员工的短缺。compensatefor为固定搭配，意为“赔偿，补偿损失”。5.（2016年，江苏卷）请阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。AnExtensionoftheHumanBrainOtherpeoplecanhelpuscompensateforourmentalandemotionaldeficiencies(欠缺)，muchasawoodenlegcancompensateforaphysicaldeficiency.Tobeexact,otherpeoplecanextendourintelligenceandhelpusunderstandandadjustouremotions.Whenanotherpersonhelpsusinsuchways,heorsheisparticipatinginwhatI’vecalleda＂socialprosthetic(义肢的）system.＂Suchsystemsdonotneedtooperateface-to-face,andit’scleartomethattheInternetisexpandingtherangeofmyownsocialprostheticsystems.It’salreadyabigbankofmanyminds.Eveninitscurrentstate,theInternethasextendedmymemoryandjudgment.Regardingmemory:OnceIlookupsomethingontheInternet,Idon’tneedtokeepallthedetailsforfutureuse—Iknowwheretofindthatinformationagainandcanquicklyandeasilydoso.Moregenerally,theInternetfunctionsasifitweremymemory.ThisfunctionoftheInternetisparticularlystrikingwhenI’mwriting;I’mnolongercomfortablewritingifI’mnotconnectedtotheInternet.It’sbecomenaturaltocheckfactsasIwrite,takingaminuteortwotodipintoPubMed,Wikipedia,orotherwebsites.Regardingjudgment:TheInternethasmademesmarterinmatterssmallandlarge.Forexample,whenI’mwritingatextbook,ithasbecomesecondnaturetocheckadozendefinitionsofakeyterm,whichhelpsmedigintothecoreandunderstanditsmeaning.Butmorethanthat,Inowregularlycomparemyviewswiththoseofmanyothers.IfIhavea＂newidea,＂Inowquicklylooktoseewhethersomebodyelsehasalreadythoughtofit,orsomethingsimilar—andIthencomparewhatIthinkwithwhatothershavethought.Thiscertainlymakesmyownviewsclearer.Moreover,IcanfindoutwhethermyreactionstoaneventarereasonableenoughbyreadingaboutthoseofothersontheInternet.TheseeffectsoftheInternethavebecomeevenmorestrikingsinceI’vebegunusingasmartphone.Inowregularlypulloutmyphonetocheckafact,watchavideo,readweibo.Suchactivitiesfillthespacesthatusedtobedeadtime(suchaswaitingforsomebodytoarriveforalunchmeeting).Butthat’stheupside(好处).ThedownsideisthatinthosedeadperiodsIoftenwouldletmythoughtsflowandsometimeswouldhaveanunexpectedinsightoridea.Thoseopportunitiesarenowfewerandfartherbetween.AnExtensionoftheHumanBrainAprostheticnature●The32.canhelpmakeupforourmentalandemotionaldeficienciesasawoodenlegcancompensateforabodilydeficiency.●It33.inourdailyevents,extendingourintelligence,comprehendingourfeelings,andexpandingtherangeofsocialactivities.Wonderfulaspects:memoryandjudgment●OntheInternet,wecouldquicklyandeasilylocatethedetails,andcheckfacts,without34.theminmind.●TheInternetmakesussmarterover35.kindsofthings.Itprovidesadozendefinitionsofakeytermforustofindthe36.ofthematter.●TheInternetenablesustoexchangeideaswithmanyothersto37.ourclaims,andto38.ouractions.The39.sidesofsmartphones●Smartphonesmakeiteasierandmore40.tocheckreality,watchvideoclips,readweibo.●Smartphones41.thepossibilityfornewandinsightfulminds,andstealawayourdeadtime.【答案】32.Internet33.participates/joins34.keeping35.all/different/various36.heart/core37.check38.judge39.mixed/two40.convenient41.reduce【解析】32.Internet原词再现。根据第一段第四句Suchsystemsdonotneedtooperateface-to-face,andit’scleartomethattheInternetisexpandingtherangeofmyownsocialprostheticsystems.可知因特网可以拓宽社会义肢系统的范围，也就是说网络可以弥补我们精神和情感上的缺陷。33.participates/joins同义句转换。根据第一段最后两句It’salreadyabigbankofmanyminds.Eveninitscurrentstate,theInterneth