历年考研英语真题及答案-1994

1994年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案

partI:

SectionA

1.BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,we__inEuropefortwoweeks.

A.shallstayB.havestayedC.willhavestayedD.havebeenstaying

2.Iappreciated____theopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.

A.havingbeengivenB.havinggiven

C.tohavebeengivenD.tohavegiven

3.LivinginthecentralAustraliandeserthasitsproblems,obtainingwater

isnottheleast.

A.ofwhichB.forwhatC.asD.whose

4.Theheartis__intelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledby

thebrain.

A.notsoB.notmuchC.muchmoreD.nomore

5.thefactthathisinitialexperimentshadfailed,Prof.Whitepersistedin

hisresearch.

A.BecauseofB.AstoC.InspiteofD.Inviewof

6.JeanWagner'smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-American

poetryishisinsistencethatitinreligious,aswellasworldly,frameof

reference.

A.istobeanalyzedB.hasbeenanalyzed

C.beanalyzedD.shouldhavebeenanalyzed

7.Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,all

practicalvaluebythetimetheyfinished.

A.couldloseB.wouldhavelostC.mightloseD.oughttohavelost

8.Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasearnedbyhisownlabour.

A.oneB.thatC.suchD.what

9.Itisn'tcoldenoughforthere__afrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim,scar

out

quitesafely.

A.wouldbeB.beingC.wasD.tobe

10.ScientistsgenerallyagreethattheEarth'sclimatewillwarmupoverthe

next50to100years___ithaswarmedinthe20,000yearssincetheIceAge.

A.aslongasB.asmuchasC.assoonasD.aswellas

SectionB改错:

11.Similarelementsintheprehistoricremainsfrombothareassuggestthat

Indiansandtheir

AB

neighbourshadmaintaineddistantbutrealconnectionseverbefore1500B.C.

CD

12.Itsoonbecameobviouslythatinsteadofbeingtrainedtosingshewouldbe

trainedastheas-

ABCD

tronomer，sassistant.

13.Healsoconceivedthatthesolarsystemandtheuniversewouldcomeinto

existencebyanat-

ABC

uralprocessandwoulddisappearoneday.

D

14.Themoonhasamassthatisnearlyonehundredtimeslessthantheearth;

inconsequence,

ABC

theforceofgravityatthemoon，ssurfaceisonlyone-sixthofthatattheearth，s

surface.

D

15.“TheBunsenburnerissonamedbecauseitisthoughttobeinventedby

RobertBunsen,who

ABC

wasGenmanbybirth.

D

16.MuchalthoughIhavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequalherin

thoroughness,

AB

whateverthejob.

CD

17.Theweedsandtallgrassinthatyardmakesthehouselookasifithadbeen

vacantforquite

ABCD

sometime.

18.Ifonlythenatureoftheagingprocessisbetterunderstood,thepossibility

ofdiscoveringa

ABC

medicinethatcanblockthefundamentalprocessofagingseemsveryremote.

D

19.WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannotheipbutbelieving

thatthepublic

ABCD

willappreciatehisgift.

20.Allenhasstatedthathehasalwayshadagreatinterestandadmirationfor

theworkofthe

ABCD

BritisheconomistKeynes.

SectionC:

21.Pleasedonotbe__byhisbadmannerssinceheismerelytryingtoattract

attention.

A.disregardedB.distortedC.irritatedD.intervened

22.Craigassuredhisbossthathewould__allhisenergiesindoingthisnew

job.

A.callforthB.callatC.callonD.calloff

23.Toomuch__toX-rayscancauseskinburns,cancerorotherdamageto

thebody.

A.disclosureB.exhibitionC.contactD.exposure

24.Whenconfrontedwithsuchquestions,mymindgoes___,andIcanhardly

remembermyowndateofbirth.

A.dimB.blankC.faintD.vain

25.Itiswellknownthatknowledgeisthe___conditionforexpansionofmind.

A.incompatibleB.incrediblec.indefiniteD.indispensable

26.MorethantwohundredyearsagotheUnitedStates___fromtheBritish

Empireandbecomeanindependentcountry.

A.gotoffB.pulleddownC.brokeawayD.attachedto

27.Careshouldbetakentodecreasethelengthoftimethatoneis___loud

continuousnoise.

A.subjectedtoB.filledwithC.associatedwithD.droppedoff

28.Someofthemostimportantconceptsinphysicstheirsuccesstothese

mathematicalsystems.

A.obligeB.oweC.contributeD.attribute

29.Asyourinstructoradvised,yououghttospendyourtimeonsomething

___researchinginto.

A.preciousB.worthC.worthyD.valuable

30.Asadefenseagainstair-pollutiondamage,manyplantsandanimals___a

substancetoabsorbharmfulchemicals.

A.relieveB.releaseC.dismissD.discard

31.Withoutthefrictionbetweentheirfeetandtheground,peoplewould__be

abletowalk.

A.innotimeB.byallmeansC.innowayD.onanyaccount

32.Whiletyping,Helenhasahabitofstoppingtogiveherlongand

flowinghairasmooth.

A.occasionallyB.simultaneouslyC.eventuallyD.promptly

33.OnereasonforthesuccessesofAsianimmigrantsintheU.S.isthatthey

havetakengreat_____toeducatetheirchildren.

A.effortsB.painsC.attemptsD.endeavours

34.Ifanymanheredoesnotagreewithme,heshould__hisownplanfor

improvingthelivingconditionsofthesepeople.

A.putonB.putoutc.putind.putforward

35.Isupportyourdecision,butIshouldalsomakeitclearthatIamnotgoingto

betoit.

A.connectedB.fastenedC.boundD.stuck

36.TheEnglish1anguagecontainsa(n)ofwordswhicharecomparative

seldomusedinordinaryconversation.

A.altitudeB.latitudeC.multitudeD.attitude

37.Inmyopinion,youcanwidenthe___oftheseimprovementsthroughyour

activeparticipation.

A.dimensionB.volumeC.magnitudeD.scope

38.Yourimproperwordswillgivetodoubtsconcerningyourtrue

intentions.

A.riseB.reasonC.suspicionI),impulse

39.Thenewsitemaboutthefireisfollowedbyadetailedreportmade___.

A.onthespotB.onthesiteC.onthelocationD.ontheground

40.TheremarkableoflifeontheGalopagosIslandsinspiredCharles

Darwintoestablishhistheoryofevolution.

A.classificationB.varietyC.densityD.diversion

PartIIClozeTest

Thefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageisthe

word.Inspeaking,thechoiceofwordsis41theutmostimportance.Proper

selectionwilleliminateonesourceof42breakdowninthecommunicationcycle.

Toooften,carelessuseofwords

43ameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythe

speakermay44unfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhis

comprehension;hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.

46,inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymake47difficultforthelistenerto

under-standthe48whichisbeingtransmittedtohim.Thespeakerwhodoes

nothavespecificwordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybe49toexplainor

describeina50thatcanbeun-derstoodbyhislisteners.

41.A.ofB.atC.forD.on

42.A.inaccessibleB.timelyC.likelyD.invalid

43.A.encouragesB.preventsC.destroysD.offers

44.A.passoutB.takeawayC.backupD.stirup

45.A.whoB.asC.whichD.what

46.A.MoreoverB.HoweverC.PreliminarilyD.Unexpectedly

47.A.thatB.ItC.soD.this

48.A.speechB.senseC.messageD.meaning

49.A.obscureB.difficultC.impossibleD.unable

50.A.caseB.meansC.methodD.way

PartIIlReadingComprehension

PassageI

TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasically

private-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargely

determinewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplace

forthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,

strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwith

otherbusinessmen;

andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largely

determineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmerican

eoonomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththe

desireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividu-alsto

maximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedand

howresourcesareusedtoproduceit.

Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhich

consumerde-mandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.Inthe

Americaneconomy,thismecha-nismisprovidedbvapricesystem,aprocess

inwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersand

suppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelative

to

thedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminated

fromthemarket.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresults

inreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedby

seller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumers

tobuytheproduct.Thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmer-ican

economicsystem.

Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsare

allowedtoownproductiveresources(privatepropeny),andtheyarepermitted

tohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsand

servicesforsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivate

propertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalso

certainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomake

afreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.

51.InLine11,Para1,“thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes”

means

A.Americansareneversatisfiedwiththeirincomes

B.Americanstendtooventatetheirincomes

C.Americanswanttohavetheirincomesincreased

D.Americanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirincomes

52.Thefirsttwo&ntencesinthesecondparagraphtellusthat—.

A.producerscansatisfytheconsumersbymechanizedproduction

B.consumerscanexpresstheirdemandsthroughproducers

C.producersdecidethepricesofproducts

D.supplyanddemandregulateprices

53.Accordingtothepassage,aprivate-enterpriseeconomyischaracterized

by_.

A.privatepropertyandrightsconcerned

B.manpowerandnaturalresourcescontrol

C.ownershipofproductiveresources

D.freecontractsandprices

54.Thepassageismainlyabout_.

A.howAmericangoodsareproduced

B.howAmericanconsumersbuytheirgoods

C.howAmericaneconomicsystemworks

D.howAmericanbusinessmenmaketheirprofits

Passage2

OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank-issued

creditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,and

hotels,athome,acrossthecoun-try,andevenabroad,andtheymakemany

bankingservicesavailableaswell.Moreandmoreof

thesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawor

depositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherornotthelocalbranchbankis

open.Formanyofusthe"cashlesssociety“isnotonthehorizon-it,salready

here.

Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemany

advantagesforsell-erstoo.Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethan

simplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecords,includingwhosold

what,when,andtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusinessmentokeeptrackof

theirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyare

moving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.At

thesametimethesecomputersreoordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhich

employeesarethemosteffi-cient,allowingpersonnelandstaffing

assignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferred

customersforpromotionalcanlpaigns.Computersarereliedonbv

manufacturersforsimilarreasons.Computer-analyzednlarketingreportscan

helptodecidewhichproductstoemphasize

now,whichtodevelopforthefuture,andwhichtodrop.Computers

keeptrackofgoodsinstock,ofrawmaterialsonhand,andevenofthe

productionprocessitself.

Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,

fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficialt

servicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.

55.Accordingtothepassage,thecreditcardenablesitsownerto—.

A.withdrawasmuchmoneyfromthebankashewishes

B.obtainmoreconvenientservicesthanotherpeopledo

C.enjoygreatertrustfromthestorekeeper

D.cashmoneywhereverhewishesto

56.Fromtheastsentenceofthefirstparagraphwelearnthat—.

A.inthefuturealltheAmericanswillusecreditcards

B.creditcardsaremainlyusedintheUnitedStatestoday

C.nowadaysmanyAmericansdonotpayincash

D.itisnowmoreconvenienttousecreditcardsthanbefore

57.Thephrase〃ringupsales”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans〃_

A.makeanorderofgoods

B.recordsalesonacashregister

C.callthesalesmanager

D.keeptrackofthegoodsinstock

58.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?

A.Approachestothecommercialuseofcomputers.

B.Conveniencesbroughtaboutbycomputersinbusiness.

C.Significanceofautomationincommercialenterprises.

D.Advantagesofcreditcardsinbusiness.

Passage3

Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthe

sameage.Forthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,their

educationmustbeadaptedtothosedif-ferences.

Althoughwefocusontheneedsofexceptionalchildren,wefindourselves

describingtheirenvironnlentaswell.Whiletheleadingactoronthestage

capturesourattention,weareawareoftheimportanceofthesupporting

playersandthesceneryoftheplayitself.Boththefamilyand

thesocietyinwhichexceptionalchildrenliveareoftenthekeytotheirgrowth

anddevelopment.

Anditisinthepublicschoolsthatwefindthefullexpressionofsociety's

understanding-theknowledge,hopes,andfearsthatarepassedontothenext

generation.

Educationinanysocietyisamirrorofthatsociety.Inthatminorwecanseethe

strengths,theweaknesses,thehopes,theprejudices,andthecentralvaluesof

thecultureitself.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpublic

educationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursociety

thatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheoppor-tunity

to

fullydeveloptheircapabilities.

〃A11menarecreatedequal."We'vehearditmanytimes,butitstillhas

importantmeaningforeducationinademocraticsociety.Althoughthephrase

wasusedbythiscountry，sfounderstodenoteequalitybeforethelaw,ithas

alsobeeninterpretedtomeanequalityofopportunity.That

conceptimplieseducationalopportunityforallchildren-therightofeachchild

to

receivehelpinlearningtothelimitsofhisorhercapacity,whetherthatcapacity

besmallorgreat.Recentcourtdecisionshaveconfirmedtherightofall

chiIdren-disabledornot-toanappropriateeducation,andhaveorderedthat

pubLicschoolstakethenecessarystepstoprovidethateducation.Inresponse

,schoolsaremodifyingtheirprograms,adaptinginstructiontochildren

whoareexception-al,tothosewhocannotprofitsubstantiallyfromregular

programs.

59.InParagraph2,theauthorcitestheexampleoftheleadingactoronthe

stagetoshowthat

A.thegrowthofexceptionalchildrenhasmuchtodowiththeirfamiLyandthe

society

B.exceptionalchildrenaremoreinfluencedbytheirfamiliesthannomlal

childrenare

C.exceptionalchildrenarethekeyinterestofthefamilyandsociety

D.theneedsofthesocietyweighmuchheavierthantheneedsofthe

exceptionalchildren

60.Thereasonthattheexceptionalchildrenreceivesomuchconcernin

educationisthat_.

A.theyareexpectedtobeleadersofthesociety

B.theymightbecomeaburdenofthesociety

C.theyshouldfullydeveloptheirpotentials

D.disabledchildrendeservespecialconsideration

61.Thispassagemainlydealswith_.

A.thedifferencesofchildrenintheirlearningcapabilities

B.thedefinitionofexceptionalchildreninmodernsociety

C.thespecialeducationalprogramsforexceptionalchildren

D.thenecessityofadaptingeducationtoexceptionalchildren

62.Fromthispassagewelearnthattheeducationalconcernforexceptional

children___.

A.isnowenjoyinglegalsupport

B.disagreeswiththetraditionofthecountry

C.wasclearlystatedbythecountry5sfounders

D.willexertgreatinfluenceovercourtdecisions

Passage4

，Z1havegreatconfidencethatbytheendofthedecadewe'11knowinvastdetail

howcancercellsarise,〃saysmicrobiologistRobertWeinberg,anexperton

cancer."But,〃hecautions,“somepeoplehavetheideathatonceone

understandsthecauses,thecurewillrapidlyfollow.

ConsiderPasteur.Hediscoveredthecausesofmanykindsofinfections,butit

wasfiftyorsixtyyearsbeforecureswereavailable.〃

Thisyear,50percentofthe910,000peoplewhosufferfromcancerwillsurvive

atleastfiveyears.Intheyear2000,theNationalCancerInstituteestimates,

thatfigurewillbe75percent.

Forsomeskincancers,thefive-yearsurvivalrateisashighas90percent.But

othersurvivaL

statisticsarestilldiscouraging-----13percentforlungcancer,and2percentfor

cancerofthepan-creas（胰腺）・

Withasmanyas120varietiesinexistence,discoveringhowcancerworksisnot

easy.Theresearchersmadegreatprogressintheearly1970s,whenthey

disooveredthatoncogenes,whicharecancer-causinggenes（基因）,areinactive

innormalcells.Anythingfromcosmicraystoradiation

todietmayactivateadormantoncogene,buthowremainsunknown.If

severaloncogenesaredrivenintoaction,thecell,unabletoturnthemoff,

becomescancerous.

Theexactmechanismsinvolvedarestillmysterious,butthelikelihoodthat

manycancersareinitiatedatthelevelofgenessuggeststhatwewillnever

preventallcancers."Changesareanor-malpartoftheevoLutionaryprocess,

〃saysoncologistWilliamHaywar.Environmentalfactorscanneverbetotally

eliminated;asHaywardpointsout,〃Wccan'tprepareamedicineagainst

cosmic

rays.

Theprospectsforcure,thoughstilldistant,arebrighter.

“First,weneedtounderstandhowthenormalcellcontrolsitself.Second,we

havetodeter-minewhethertherearealimitednumberofgenesincellswhich

arealwaysresponsibleforatleaslpartofthetrouble.Ifwecanunderstandhow

cancerworks,wecancounteractitsaction.〃

63.TheexampleofPasteurinthepassageisusedto—.

A.predictthatthesecretofcancerwillbedisclosedinadecade

B.indicatethattheprospectsforcuringcancerarebright

C.provethatcancerwillbecuredinfiftytosixtyyears

D.warnthatthereisstillalongwaytogobeforecancercanbeconquered

64.Theauthorimpliesthatbvtheyear2000,_.

A.therewillbeadrasticriseinthefive-yearsurvivalrateofskin-cancerpatients

B.90percentoftheskin-cancerpatientstodaywillstillbeliving

C.thesurvivalstatisticswillbefairlyevenamongpatientswithvariouscancers

D.therewon'tbeadrasticincreaseofsurvivalrateofallcancerpatients

65.Oncogenesarecancer-causinggenes_.

A.thatarealwaysinoperationinahealthyperson

B.whichremainunharmfulsolongastheyarenotactivated

C.thatcanbedrivenoutofnormalcells

D.whichnormalcellscan,tturnoff

66.Theword"dormant"inthethirdparagraphmostprobablymeans—.

A.deadB.ever-presentC.inactiveD.potential

Passage5

Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtbyzzuntaughtminds"tocome

inblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFleming

didnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemold（霉）onapieceofcheeseand

gettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.

Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemade

hisdiscovery.Inven-tionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoflaborious

trialandenor.Innovationislikesoc-cer;eventhebestplayersmissthegoal

andhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythan

theyscore.

Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakemostshots

attheandsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifference

betweeninnovationandothersisoneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,but

innovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirs,andtheyfollowthemthroughuntilthey

provepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfanciful

abstractions,professionalinnovatorsseeassolidpossibilities.

''Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthere，snoparticular

virtueindoingthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone,〃wroteRudolph

Flexh,alanguageauthority,thisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimple

innovationslikeplasticgarbagebagsandsuitcaseson

wheelsthatmakelifemoreconvenient:〃Howcomenobodythoughtofthat

before?”

Thecreativeapproachbeginswiththepropositionthatnothingisasitappears.

Innovatorswillnotacceptthatthereisonlyonewaytodoanything.Facedwith

gettingfromAtoB,theaveragepersonwillautomaticallysetoutonthe

best-knownandapparentlysimplestroute.Theinnovator

willsearchforalternatecourses,whichmayproveeasierinthelongrun

andareboundtobemoreinterestingandchallengingeveniftheyleadtodead

ends.

Highlycreativeindividualsreallydomarchtoadifferentdrummer.

67.Whatdoestheauthorprobablymeanby"untaughtmind"inthefirst

paragraph?

A.Apersonignorantofthehardworkinvolvedinexperimentation.

B.Acitizenofasocietythatrestrictspersonalcreativity.

C.Apersonwhohashadnoeducation.

D.Anindividualwhooftencomesupwithnewideasbyaccident.

68.Accordingtotheauthor,whatdistinguishesinnovatorsfrom

non-innovators?

A.Thevarietyofideastheyhave.

B.Theintelligencetheypossess.

C.Thewaytheydealwithproblems.

D.Thewaytheypresenttheirfindings.

69.TheauthorquotesRudolphFleschinParagraph3because—.

A.RudolphFleschisthebest-knownexpertinthestudyofhumancreativity

B.thequotationstrengthenstheassertionthatcreativeindividualslookfornew

waysofdoing

things.

C.thereaderisfamiliarwithRudolphFlesch'spointofview

D.thequotationaddsanewideatotheinformationpreviouslypresented

70.Thephrase"marchtoadifferentdrummer”(thelastlineofthepassage)

suggeststhathighly

creativeindividualsare—.

A.diligentinpursuingtheirgoals

B.reluctanttofollowcommonwaysofdoingthings

C.devotedtotheprogressofscience

D.concernedabouttheadvanceofsociety

PartIVEnglish-ChineseTranslation

Accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologyisanoverlookedforcein

expandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.(71)Sciencemovesforward,

theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseof

moreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesand

tools.(72)〃Inshort”,aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,“thescientific

revolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseof

aseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerable

directions.”

(73)0vertheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceof

fundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansand

philosophersofscience.Themodernschoolthathailstechnologyalguesthat

suchmastersasGalileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,andinventorssuchas

Edisonattachedgreatimportanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craft

informationandt