英汉对比研究-替换与重复

第十章

替换与重复(Substitutive

vs．Repetitive)葛

星白

阳李彦丽替换

(Substitutive)

Commercials

seldom

make

for

entertainingand

relaxing

listening.

We

listened

to

an

account

of

the

customs

ofthe

inhabitants

of

the

village.

The

bachelor’s

degree

is

a

necessary

formatriculation．

“It

was

the

best

of

times,

and

it

was

the

worof

times.

It

was

the

age

of

wisdom,

and

it

wasthe

age

of

foolishness.

It

was

the

epoch

ofbelief,

and

it

was

the

epoch

of

incredulity.was

the

season

of

light,

and

it

was

the

seasonof

darkness.

It

was

the

spring

of

hope,

and

itwas

the

winter

of

despair.

We

had

everythingbefore

us,

and

we

had

nothing

before

us.

Wewere

all

going

direct

to

Heaven,

and

we

wereall

going

direct

the

other

way.

这是最好的时期，这是最坏的时期；这是智慧的岁月，这是愚昧的岁月；这是坚定信仰的时代，这是怀疑一切的时代；这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节；这是希望之春，这是绝望之冬；人们应有尽有，人们一无所有；人们直登天堂，人们径堕地狱。替代省略变换替换{一、替代(Substitution)

用替代的形式(pro-form)来代替句中或上文已出现过的词语或内容(shared

words

andcontent)，这是用英语说话或写作的一项重要原则。

英语中主要有三种替代现象：名词性替代，动词性替代和分句性替代1．名词性替代(nominal

substitution)名词性替代是以名词性替代词替代一个名词词组或它的中心词，这种替代现象叫做名词性替代。

这类词如：第三（非）人称代词、指示代词(this,that,these,those)、关系代词(who，whom，whose，that，which)、连接代词(who，where,what，which)、不定代词(both，either，one／ones，much，other，another，some，any)以及名词enough，the

same，the

kind，theformer，the

latter等。英语常用这类替代词来避免重复，汉语则较常重复其所代替的名词(词组)。1.1第三（非）人称代词：she,he,it,theyThe

more

we

practice

a

foreign

language,

the

easier

itis.我们练习一门外语越多，这门外语就变得越容易。The

country

needs

new

leadership

if

she(he)

is

to

playrole

in

future

development

.如果该国要在未来的发展中发挥作用的话，该国就需要新的领导班子。1.2指示代词(that，those)The

language

of

a

child

differs

from

that

of

hisparents.孩子的语言不同于家长的语言。Men"s

work

histories

differ

in

most

respects

fromthose

of

their

female

colleagues.男性的工作经历在很多方面都和女性同事的工作经历不同。1.3关系代词(whom,where，that，which)He,

a

typical

Kaifenger,

grew

up

in

Kf

where

he

was

born.他生在开封，长在开封，是个典型的开封人。

In

Berlin,

he

first

met

the

woman

whom

he

would

one

daymarry.

在柏林，他第一次遇见那个女人，后来他终于跟那个女人结了婚。化学变化是改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种变化。

A

chemical

change

is

one

in

which

the

structure

of

particlechanged

and

a

new

substance

is

formed．英译汉不如英译法容易。

Translation

from

English

into

Chinese

is

not

so

easy

as

thatfrom

English

into

French．

1.4不定代词(both，either，one／ones，much，other，another，some，any)The

gray

horse

is

stronger

than

the

black

one.灰色的马比黑色的马强壮The

new

design

is

much

better

than

the

old

ones.新的设计方案比旧的方案好。Can

you

give

me

a

few

nails?I

need

some.你能给我几个钉子吗？我需要一些钉子。We

offered

the

old

begger

some

food,but

he

didn"t

want

any.我们给老乞丐一些食物，但是他一点食物都不想要。比尔心里早有计划，所以当第一个计划失败后。他就试了另一个计划。Bill

had

a

card

up

his

sleeve,

so

when

his

first

plan

failed

he

tanother.他在香港和澳门都住过，但他对这两个地方都不喜欢。He

has

lived

in

Hongkong

and

Macao,but

he

doesn"t

like

either.7）看发展有两种基本方式：一个方式是看结果，另一个方式是看过程。There

are

2

basic

ways

to

see

growth

:

one

as

a

product,

theother

as

a

process.8）我不会花20美元买这件上衣，她不值20美元I

won"t

pay＄20

for

the

coat;it"s

not

worth

all

that

much.9）英语和法语是加拿大的官方语言，联邦发布的文件都是使用这两种语言。English

and

French

are

the

official

languages

in

Canada

andfederal

documents

are

published

in

both

languages.

1.5名词enough，the

same，the

kind，theformer，the

latterI

don"t

want

any

more

coffee.

I

"ve

had

enough.我不想再要咖啡了。我的咖啡够了。I

wish

to

have

a

cup

of

milk

with

sugar

.Won"t

you

have

the

same？我想要一杯加糖的牛奶。你不想要一样的吗？American

food

is

not

the

same

as

theEnglishkind.美国的食物和英国的食物不完全一样。一定的文化是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给予一定社会的政治和经济以巨大的作用和影响。Any

given

culture

is

a

reflection

of

the

politics

and

economics

of

a

givensociety，and

the

former

in

turn

has

a

tremendous

effect

and

influence

onthe

latter．2、动词性替代(verbal

substitution)

替代词主要有：代动词do，复合代动词doso，do

it，do

that，do

this，do

the

same，以及替代句型so+do+主语，so+主语+do，so+be+主语，so+主语+be等。汉语也有替代的方式，但也常常重复其所代替的动词

(词组)。

1）However,

we

actually

learn

a

foreign

language

much

faster

than

we

do

ourmother

tongue.然而，事实上我们学习一门外语比学习母语快得多。

2）…in

other

words,

you

were

studying

the

language

all

day

long!

You

did

this

fofive

years,…换句话说，你整天在学习语言，你这样学习已经五年了。3）You

should

help

him

since

you

have

promised

to

do

so.你答应了要帮助他就应当帮助他4）你晚上不想去电影院，我也不想去。You

don`t

want

to

go

to

the

cinema

tonight,

neither

do

I.5）我喜欢读小说，他也喜欢读小说。I

like

reading

novels,

so

does

he.6）---狗正在抓门。---是的，总是抓门。---The

dog

is

scratching

the

door.---Yes,he

always

does

it

/does

that.7）---玛丽要去参加竞赛。---简也要参加竞赛。---Mary

will

enter

the

competition.

---So

will

Joan

.8）你要求我离开我就离开了。You

ask

me

to

leave

,

and

so

I

did.

3、分句性替代(clausal

substitution)。用替代词so或not来取代充当宾语的that从句，用if

so或if

not来取代条件从句等等。汉语也有替代的方式，但为了使表达正确、清

楚，也常常重复其所代替的词语，如：

1）People

believe

that

the

American

team

will

win

thefootball

game．Peter

thinks

so，but

I

believe

not．

人们认为美国队将赢得这场足球赛，彼得也是这样想的，我却认为并非如此。2）I`ll

probably

see

you

on

Sunday;

if

not,

it

will

be

Monda我可能周日见你，如果周日见不了，那就周一见面。3）总理打算去莫斯科吗？如果去的话，那是在什么时候。Does

the

President

intend

to

go

to

Moscow?

And

if

so,

when?

英语的代词在汉译时常常采用还原、复说或省略的办法加以处理，如：

Exchange

of

ideas

is

necessary.

For

without

it,

it

is

possibachieve

mutual

understanding.思想交流是必要的，没有思想交流，便不可能达成互相理解。

There

were

once

3000

people

in

our

village.

In

the

old

days,some

died,

some

fled.我们村过去有3000人口。旧社会里死的死，逃的逃。哈利德放下烟斗，两手交叉着放在脖子后面，转过头去看窗子。Halliday

put

his

pipe

down，crossed

his

hands

behind

his

neckand

turned

his

face

towards

the

window．(“The

Apple

Tree”二、省略(Ellipsis)

省略和替代一样，也是避免重复的一种常用手段。两者常常互相替换使用，有的语言学家甚至把省

略称为“零位替代”(zero-substitution)。英语省略的类型很多，有名词性省略、动词性省略、分

句性省略；有句法方面的省略，也有情景方面的

省略。在并列结构中，英语常常省略前面已出现

过的词语，而汉语则往往重复这些词语，如：1.名词性省略1）Old(men)and

young

men

were

invited.老人和年轻人都被邀请了。He

has

workers

from

Ireland

and

(workers)from

France

in

his

factory.在他的工厂里，有来自爱尔兰的工人，也有来自法国的工人。这是他最新的书，我这希望不是他最后一本。This

is

his

latest

book;

I

hope

it

is

not

his

last

(book2.动词性省略The

picture

was

not

finished.

If

it

hadbeen

(finished)

,

I

would

have

brought

it.这幅画还没有完成。一旦（完成），我将会把它买下。可能下雨，但我认为它不会（下雨）。It

might

rain,

but

I

don"t

think

it

will

(rain)3.分句性省略---Do

you

think

it

will

rain?---No,

I

think

not.(I

don"t

think

it

will

rain.)---你认为会下雨吗？---不，我认为不会下雨。I

don"t

know

when

(to

meet

him)

and

where

to

meethim.我不知道什么时候去见他，在哪儿见他。他走了，但是没人知道他去哪了。He

has

gone,

but

no

one

knows

where

(he

has

gone).4.句法方面的省略：英语中的由when、while、until等引导的时间状语从句、if、unless等引导的条件状语从句、although、though等引导的让步状语从句中都有大量的省略句。如：1）When

(he

was)

at

college,

he

often

went

to

the

library.（他)在大学的时候,他经常去图书馆。2）

While

(you

are)

crossing

the

street,

look

out

for

cars.（你）过马路时，注意车辆。3）

Don`t

leave

unless\until(you

are)told

to.不要离开,除非\直到有人告诉(你)。4）The

prospects

for

cure,

though

(they"re

)

still

distant,

are

brighter.治愈的前景尽管仍然遥远，但已经明朗些了。5）虽然他懂法语,但是他还是用英语写他的论文。

Although

knowing

French,

he

wrote

his

essay

in

English.

(Although

he

knewFrench,...)6）每个贡献——无论(它是)多么小——可以有助于产生影响。…each

contribution----no

matter

how

(it

is)

small----can

help

make

a

difference5.情景方面的省略1）(I"m)

Sorry

I"ve

kept

you

waiting

so

long.（我）对不起，让你久等了。2）(I)Hope

you

like

it.（我）希望你喜欢它。并列结构中的省略John

should

clean

the

shed

and

Peter

（should）wash

thedishes.约翰应该打扫小屋，比特应该洗盘子。She

will

work

today,and(she)may(work)tomorrow.她今天要工作，明天也要工作。

汉语习惯于重复词语，有时是为了保持语法的正确，有时是为了促成结构的整齐、匀称；有时既是语法的要求，也是修辞的需要。近朱者赤，近墨者黑。Association

with

the

good

can

only

produce

good，withthe

wicked,

evil．一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。

One

boy

is

a

boy，two

boys

half

a

boy，three

boys

noboy．三、变换(Variation)

上述的替代和省略也是变换的手段，此外，英语还常用同义词替代、近义词复现和句

式变化等方法来避免重复。汉语也讲究用

词造句形式的多样化，以避免单调、枯燥，但英汉表现方法不尽相同。1.同义词替代

英语同义词替代的现象常见于用不同的名称来表示同一人或事物，即所谓“同名异称法”。例如：有很多不同种类的蜜蜂。1）There

are

many

different

varieties

of

bee.2）There

are

many

different

kinds

of

bee.2.近义词复现近义词复现常常是概括词(generic

term)和下属词(specific

word)之间的互相替换(hyponymy)，如用the

furniture来代替table，用the

animal来代替horse，用the

planet来代替Mars，以回避重复。John’s

bought

himself

a

new

Ford．He

practically

lives

in

t car．约翰给自己买了一部新的福特牌汽车，他几乎就住在这部汽车里。I

don’t

know

where

to

stay

when

I

arrive

in

New

York．I

have never

been

to

that

place．我不知道到了纽约要住在哪里，我从来就没有去过那个地方。

汉语一般较少采用英语的这类变称，而较多重复同一名称，以下各例也可以说明这种情况：读书吧。书能给你知识和力量。Read

books.

They

will

give

you

knowledgeand

power.无知是恐惧的根源，也是崇拜的根源。Ignorance

is

the

mother

of

fear

as

well

as

ofadmiration.3.句式变化

Shakespear’s

plays

are

notable

for

their

moralneutrality．For

example，in

Julius

Caesar,

Shakespeareis

not

wholly

sympathetic

to

Caesar．Shakespear

does

not

sympathize

with

Brutus,

Antony,

or

Octavius.

Caesaris

killed

in

the

middle

of

Julius

Caesar．ThenShakespear

directs

the

audience’s

attention

to

Brutus，Antony,

and

Octavius.

As

a

result，Shakespear

givesJulius

Caesar

no

single

hero.

Shakespear

gives

anobjective

view

of

the

charaeters

throughout

JuliusCaesar

by

alternating

between

favorable

andunfavorable

assessments．Shakespeare

does

not

givefinal

approval

to

the

favorable

assessment

orunfavorable

assessment．

Shakespeare’s

plays

are

notable

for

theirmoral

neutrality．For

example，in

Julius

CaesarShakespeare

is

not

wholly

sympathetic

toCaesar，Brutus，Antony，or

Octavius．Caesaris

killed

in

the

middle

of

the

play

and

theaudience’s

attention

is

then

directed

to

theother

main

characters．As

a

result．JuliusCaesar

has

no

single

hero．Throughout

the

playShakespeare

maintains

an

objective

view

of

thecharacters

by

alternating

between

favorable

andunfavorable

assessments，without

giving

finalapproval

to

either．

Shakespeare’s

plays

are

notable

for

theirmoral

neutrality．For

example，in

JuliusCaesar，the

playwright

is

not

whollysympathetic

to

Caesar．The

great

bard

does

not

sympathize

with

Brutus，Antony，or

Octavius．Caesar

is

killed

in

the

middleof

the

play．Then

the

“swan

of

Avon”directs

the

audience"s

attention

to

theother

main

characters．As

a

result，themaster

of

dramatic

poetry

gives

JuliusCaesar

no

single

hero．琵琶琴瑟，八大王王王在上魑魅魍魉，四小鬼鬼鬼犯边汉语的重复广义上把重复分为两大类：有意运用相同、相似或相对的词语句式，以突出或强调所要表达的意思，增添文采，是积极的修辞方式。（重叠、反复、对偶和排比）使语言啰嗦，叠床架屋现象，是语言表达的大忌，应极力避免。一.重叠

重叠构词不仅使得词语音节对称、形式整齐，而且赋予词语以新的意义和感情色彩。1）名词重叠（每个、所有、许多、小、杂）AA：人人，年年，岁岁AABB:世世代代，生生世世，风风雨雨2）数量词重叠（每个，逐个，许多）AA：本本，件件，层层一BB：一朵朵，一辆辆，一片片ABAB：一步一步，一条一条AABB：七七八八，千千万万3）动词重叠（动作轻微，反复，完成，连续，轻松，随便） AA：想想，谈谈，听听A一（了）A：看一看，试一试，闻了闻，踩了踩ABAB：摇摇晃晃，勾勾搭搭A着A着：看着看着，想着想着形容词重叠（程度的加深，加强，减轻或喜爱，厌恶）

AA:细细，小小，远远AABB：干干净净，明明亮亮，奇奇怪怪ABAB：雪白雪白，崭新崭新附加式重叠（使表达形象，生动）

AAX：呱呱叫，步步高，团团转

XAA：亮晶晶，水汪汪，明闪闪

AAXY：心心相印，历历在目

XYAA：含情脉脉，衣冠楚楚A里AB：流里流气，糊里糊涂偏正并列式，动宾并列式，主谓并列式以及其他形式的重叠：

ABAC：假情假意，难兄难弟，有声有色ABCB：以毒攻毒，爱理不理，大闹特闹ABA：心连心，肩并肩，手拉手象声词重叠呜呜，呱呱，突突，叮叮当当，噼噼啪啪，咕噜咕噜

在英汉转换中，适当的运用汉语的重叠形式何以加强译文的表现力，也更符合汉语表达习惯The

road

was

packed

with

a

noisy

crowd

of

men

and

women,

who

were

selling

and

buying

all

kinds

of

things.路上挤满了一群吵闹的男人和女人,他们买卖着各种东西。路上挤满了男男女女，他们熙熙攘攘，正在买卖各种各样的东西。Walking

up

and

down

the

empty

room,

he

stopped

hereand

there

to

touch

or

look.房间里空空荡荡，他走来走去，这儿停停，那儿停停，东摸摸，西瞧瞧。二.重复连续反复和间隔反复

反复、联珠、回环、对照、部分对偶和排比1.反复（连续反复和间隔反复）盼望着，盼望着，东风来了，春天的脚步近了。周总理，我们的好总理，你在哪里啊，你在哪里？2.联珠天时不如地利，地利不如人和。你站在桥上看风景，看风景的人在楼上看你。3.回环总理爱人民，人民爱总理。有的人活着，他已经死了；有的人死了，他还活着。4.对照大处着眼，小处着手。5.部分对偶感时花溅泪，恨别鸟惊心。抽刀断水水更流，举杯消愁愁更愁。6.排比自私是一面镜子，镜子里永远只看得到自己；自私是一块布匹，蒙住了自己的眼睛，看不见别人的痛楚；自私是一层玻璃，看上去透明，却始终隔开了彼此的距离。连续反复和间隔反复反复、联珠、回环、对照、部分对偶和排比沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。Silence,

silence!

Unless

we

burst

out,

we

shallperish

in

this

silence!我为人人，人人为我。One

for

all

and

all

for

one.国王脾气很坏因为他经常生病，他经常生病是因为他吃的太多。The

King

was

bad

tempered

because

he

was

oftenill.

He

was

often

ill

because

he

ate

too

much.汉语的重复分为两大类:词语的重复（词复）

&意义的重复（意复）↓主语与表语重复你是你，我是我。主语与宾语重复你写你的，我看我的。主语与谓语重复教室里看书的看书，写字的写字。主语与宾语的修饰语重复他也有他的难处。重复谓语※①②③重复带宾语的及物动词他喝酒喝醉了。重复宾语人家要模样有模样，要学历有学历，你还有啥不满意的？重复“也好”、“也罢”吸烟也罢，喝酒也罢，伤的不都是你自己的身体？重复“各”、“自己”他自己打自己。He

beat

himself.↓成语的意复称心如意、深仇大恨唉声叹气谚语的意复物以类聚，人以群分。c.连词或副词的连用问题虽小，但很典型。◆※重复谓语含“虽，虽然”的意思，重复谓语之间插入“是、就”等 字：这西瓜甜是甜，可就是有点贵了。说就说，可只能代表我自己的立场。含“即使，甚至”的意思，重复的谓语之间插如“也、都” 等字：她连看都不看一眼，我有什么办法？他能作出这样的事，我是想也没想过。含“容忍，无所谓”的意思，重复的谓语之间插入“就” 字：不给就不给，我还不稀罕呢。想吃就吃，想喝就喝，不要拘束。★意复会产生赘言现象（把包含在词语里的意思用另外的词语重复说一遍）叠床架屋：床上叠床；屋上架屋。比喻重复累赘。（北齐·颜之推《颜氏家训》：“魏晋以来；所著诸子；理重事复；递相模；犹屋上架屋；床上施床耳。”）汉语：亲眼目睹

十分酷爱过高的奢望加强德育教育阅读报刊杂志加强国际间交流英语：past

historycompletely

finishedfinal

conclusionmay

possibly

go三.对偶与排比1.对偶（用字数相等、句法相似的语句表现相反或相关的意思，用对称的字句加强语言效果）对偶的种类第一，正对：从事物的两个角度、两个侧面说明同一事理，在内容上相互补充。上句和下句在意

思上相似、相近、或相补或相衬的对偶叫做正对。例如：良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。Bitter

medicine

cures

sickness,

unpalatableadvice

benefits

conduct.第二，反对：上下文的意义相反或者相对。例如：满招损，谦受益。Complacency

spells,

while

modesty

brings

benefits.天作孽，犹可违;自作孽，不可活。When

trouble

befalls

you

from

Heaven,

there

is

still

hopeof

avoidance;

but

when

you

ask

for

it,there

is

no

hope

ofescape.2.排比（把三个或三个以上结构相似、意思相关、语气一致的词组、句子或段落排列成串，形成一个整体）例：啊，我思念那洞庭湖，我思念那长江，我思念那东海，那浩浩荡荡的无边无际的波澜呀！那浩浩荡荡的无边无际的伟大的力呀！那是自由，是跳舞，是音乐，是诗。Ah,

I

long

for

the

Dongting

Lake,

I

long

for

the

YangtzeRiver,

I

long

for

the

Eastern

Sea,

that

mighty

andboundless

expanse

of

waves,

that

mighty

and

boundlessexpanse

of

strength!

That

is

liberty,

dancing,

music,poetry!Conclusion替换名词性替代替代substitution

动词性替代分句性替代名词性省略、动词性省略、分句性省略省略ellipsis

句法方面的省略情景方面的省略同义词、近义词替换变换variation

上义词替代下义词抽象词指代具体词北京的天气比广州的天气冷。The

weather

of

Beijing

is

colder

than

that

of

Guangzhou.这台机器工作正常，但那个工作不正常。

This

machine

works

well，but

that

one

doesn’t

(workwell).

封建社会代替奴隶社会，资本主义社会代替封建主义，社会主义经历一个过程后代替资本主义。

Feudal

society

replaced

slave

society,

capitalismsupplanted

feudalism,

and,

after

a

long

time,

socialismwill

necessarily

supersede

capitalism.世界各地正在为世界的和平、进步、繁荣而不懈努力。Nations

of

the

world

are

doing

their

best

to

realize

peace, progress

and

prosperity

on

the

globe.肺炎伴随着寒冷和潮湿来了。三分之一的人感染上了肺炎。

Pneumonia

has

arrived

with

the

cold

and

wet

conditions.Third

of

people

catched

the

illness.为了推动中美关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解美国， 美国也需要进一步了解中国。

To

promote

the

development

of

Sino-U.S

relations,China

needs

to

know

the

United

States

better

and

viceversa.重复

重叠reduplication：名词重叠、数量词重叠、动词重叠、形容词重叠、附加式重叠、象声词重叠、偏正并列式、动宾并列式、主谓并列式及其他形式的重叠重复repetition：反复、联珠、回环、对照、部分对偶和排比词语的重复（主语与表语重复、主语与宾语重复、主语与谓语重复、主语与宾语的修饰语重复、重复谓语、重复带宾语的及物动词、重复宾语、重复“也好”“也罢”之类、重复“各”或“自己”）意义的重复（成语、谚语、合成词）对偶antithesis、排比parallelism：In

spite

of

difficulties,

he

succeed

in

finishing

the

task.尽管困难重重，他成功地完成了任务。

Problems

are

like

washing

machines.

They

twist

us,

spinus

and

knock

us

around.

But,

in

the

end,

we

come

outcleaner,

brighter

and

better

than

before.

麻烦就像洗衣机，让我们在里面搅搅搅，转转转，碰来碰去，但最终我们还是会从中解脱，并且比以前更干净，更明亮，更好。

We

should

be

loyal

to

our

party,

to

our

people

and

to

ourmotherland.我们要忠于党，忠于人民，忠于祖国。

The

People"s

Daily

guides,

educates

and

encourages

themasses.《人民日报》指导群众，教育群众，鼓舞群众。