大学英语四六级应试技巧阅读篇

大学英语四六级应试技巧阅读篇,Reading in Depth,仔细阅读部分(Reading in Depth)占整张试卷分值的25%。考试题型又分为两种：   A) 选择题型的篇章阅读理解；   B) 篇章层次的词汇理解 (Banked Cloze),选择题型的篇章阅读理解,一考察重点：   主题和定位 （theme and location),二阅读解题方针技巧： 1. 先快速阅读短文以期获得总体印象 2. 然后阅读题干     14 + 4    用1分钟看提干，了解到的是考什么方向，考词汇，还是考推理，还是考细节。在看文章的时候就会有目的性，阅读的任务也会非常明确。用4分钟把文章看一下，再用4分钟把后面的题目做完。,1. 先快速阅读短文即扫读的目的：了解文章的大意和主题思想，并对文章的结构有个总的概念。    提示：特别注意关键词，找到关键词，并做上标记，不然回头再找就麻烦了。跳读剩余，删除多余(特指非出题部分)。,2. 题干中的关键词的特点：  1） 名词或名词词组(人名，地名,时间，数字都是特别好找的)。  2） 动词词组。  3） 形容词和副词。  4） 用过的关键词在另外一道题目就不要再用了。,3. 在这里要注意提干中的变化：A：语言简化。设置选项时，选项使用的语言难度低于文章本身的难度，但意思是等同的。B：反话正说。选项用肯定的方式表达文中用否定方式所表达的内容。C：正话反说。选项用否定的方式表达文中用肯定方式所表达的内容，两者意义相吻合。D：关键词替换是最频繁的命题方式。选项中用同义词替换原文的关键词。,4. 阅读重点：1) 读文章时重点关注文章的首段和首末句。,2) 关注一篇文章或者一段话中有没有重复出现的词或词组、有没有黑体字或者是斜体字。如果有，通常这就是文章的核心概念 。,3) 问句不会是主题句。问句通常作为过渡或者是引子，因此应该忽略，真正的主题应该是这个问题的答案。,4) 关注一些表征强转折关系的连词，  如 “but, yet, however, in fact, indeed, practically, virtually”等，这些词后面连接的通常都是一段话的主题句。,5) 关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词，   如 “in brief/short, all in all, in conclusion, to sum up”等，这些词后面连接的通常也都是一段话的主题句。,6) 关注有关观点性语言的信号词。如果主题句含有show和suggest等词，重点看其后的宾语从句。,7）关注一些表示因果关系的信号词，   如“thus, so, as a result, hence, therefore, as a consequence”。,8） 关注表示递进的信号词，   如“and, moreover, furthermore, besides, likewise, also, similarly, in addition”。,9） 关注表示目的的信号词，如“for this purpose，with the purpose of, in order to, so as to ”。,10) 掌握一些词组强调的重点，   如 “not only, but also *, * as well as , more * than ,  (*为强调的重点)”。 He gave me advice as well as money.译：他除了给我钱外，并给我忠告。John is more daring than quick-witted.译：与其说约翰脑子灵，不如说他胆子大。,在段落浏览时，读者在看到信号词后，应不断对下文信息作出相应的判断，例如：The main reason for the reduction in the death rate in the developing world has been improved public health measures. For example, in Sri Lanka the death rate was halved over ten years by spraying the mosquitoes which carry malaria.,Why is it so easy to cut the death rate in this way and yet so hard to reduce the birth rate? One answer is that public health measures can be very cheap. Anti-malarial spraying is inexpensive. But this is not the important point . For birth control programs to be successful, a change in attitude is required, whereas death control can be achieved autonomously. In other words, the death rate can be cut without anything else changing.,注意：边看边做标记，在以上提及的重点信号词及关联词下面做记号，必然是出题的重点。特别是表示强调的词语，句子。表示并列的不是重要信息，可快看。,5. 不需要阅读的部分：1） 题目后段落：通过最后一题所在的位置，判断文章后面的段落是没有出题，如果没有出题，就全部省略不看。要特别注意，最后一题是否主题题，如果是，要回到文章开头找答案，然后判断倒数第二题所在地。2 ）例子先不看：例子的存在是为了前面的句子，更重要的是看例子前句的内容。可是当题目中涉及了例子涉及的内容的时候，要仔细阅读。3） 地点，特别是连续的地点不看，属于无法考核的内容。,4） 时间，数字不看。这些形式的表达一方面很容易识别出来，另一方面，这些信息点的表现的一般都是文章的琐碎信息，对于主旨的理解和把握而言，不过是更进一步论证而已。因此，可以忽略这些信息的阅读。如果后面测试的题点中确实涉及到了，再回来细读也无妨，毕竟它们的表现形式非常利于查找和定位判断。,5） 人物介绍不看，也是不考内容，具体如下：名字(人物介绍，可以省略不看)、所作所为等。有时人物介绍可以帮助我们拓宽解题思路，可是绝对不能作为我们选择答案的唯一依据。6） 插入语不看    (括号里为不看的内容)   主语，(插入语或同位语)，谓语;   主语，谓语，(插入语)，（补语）。7） 排比先不看，除非考到，再仔细看。,8） 句中破折号，小括号，冒号所提供的旁支信息不看。因为这些标点符号的出现就是为了更进一步地其前的信息。但如果已经理解和把握标点前的被解释信息，可以将这些标点符号后面的信息删除，从而更加快速地把握文章的主旨。9） 引文可不看。10） 复杂的难句看清主谓宾即可。,6. 阅读对应题型 (词汇题，细节题，归纳概括题和推理判断题）的解题对策及技巧：1）词汇题      这类阅读题大致分成两大类：指代题（即考察文中人称代词或指示代词所指对象）和语义类题（即考察文中单词或短语的意项）。,命题方式：（1） The word “they” in line    refers to which of the following?  (2)   In line    the word “one” could best be replaced by which of the following words?  (3)  From the passage we can infer that the word “         ”means        .,命题思路：1. 考查与文章主题密切相关的词或短语2. 含有指示代词的句中常有考点3. 生僻词，超纲词易考4. 多义词的超纲义项常被考5. 易望文生义的词或短语常成为考察对象     如： the future market 指的是“期货市场”而不是“未来的市场”,猜词技巧：   一般来说，在文章的阅读中解决释义的最好的办法是猜测词义。猜测词义也需要一定的技巧，可以通过1. 定义猜测词义            2. 复述猜测词义3. 举例猜测词义            4. 对比关系猜测词义5同义关系猜测词义   6因果关系猜测词义7同义词的替代关系猜测词义8. 构词法知识猜测词义,一 针对性解释      针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，利用它们猜词义比较容易。,1根据定义猜测词义如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。例如：Anthropology is the scientific study of man.,In slang the term "jam" constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.,表词的定义的信号词有：   mean, be, refer to, deal with, be considered, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute。,2.根据复述猜测词义虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。,同位语Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.,在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号，和括号等。,Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.,需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely 等副词或短语出现。,定语从句Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.,3. 根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索，例如：The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.,表对词的解释和举例的信号词有：   for instance, for example, take -for example / instance，a case in point。,二 内在逻辑关系    根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系,然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。,1 根据对比关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。例如：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.,A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.,表对比关系即反义关系的信号词有 ： on the contrary, adversely, however, but, while , by contrast / in contrast , unlike，not，despite，in spite of 。,2根据比较关系猜测词义同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系，例如：Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious.     表比较关系即同义关系的信号词有： and, or, similarly, by the same token, like, that is to say, in other words, namely , just as，also,3根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落种，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。    例如：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.,There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.    表因果关系的信号词有：   because, since, as, for, as a result of, result from,   contribute to, lead to, give rise to, be responsible for,  result in, thus, so, as a result, hence, therefore, as a  consequence。,4根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义在句子或段落种，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。    例如：Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.,Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.,三 外部相关因素  外部相关因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时,就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：Husband：it's really cold out tonight.Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb.How about lighting the furnace? The snake slithered through the grass.,在猜测词义过程中，除了使用上面提到的一些技巧，我们还可以依靠构词方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。1根据前缀猜测词义   例如：He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes.     I'm illiterate about such things.,2根据后缀猜测词义   例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.       Then the vapor may change into droplets.,3根据复合词的各部分猜测词义    例如：Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.    Bullfight is very popular in Spain.,综上所述，利用各种已知信息推测、判断词义是一项重要的阅读技巧。在实践中，我们可以灵活运用，综合运用上面提到的几种猜测技巧，排除生词的障碍，顺利理解文章的思想内容，提高阅读速度。,Exercise:,Reading the following selections and determine the meanings of the words in bold print.     1. The ruler had been so cruel and dishonest that after the revolution she was banished. A few members of the Senate opposed this decision, but the majority voted that the ruler should leave the country forever.A) killed by stoning B) sent away    C) imprisoned    D) punished by whipping,B,Exercise:,2. The prisoner seemed to relax but actually he was thinking hard, while his hand moved so slowly that the movement was imperceptible. It was only when the keys accidentally fell from the table that the guard suddenly realized that the prisoners hand had almost reached them. A) hardly noticeable    B) heavy-handed    C) not capable of fast or immediate action    D) a matter of habit,A,Exercise:,3. Mrs. Morgans son was intelligent and charming, but his continual extravagance made her wonder if she could continue to support him. Each month she was going deeper into debt, attempting to pay for his expensive purchases. A) superior manner                            B) wastefulness or carelessness in spending money C) showing too great concern for current fashions           D) insults to family or close friends,B,Exercise:,4. Although the hazards of the trip were many - for example, the unbearable heat, the lack of water, the possibility of getting lost, the presence of wild animals and poisonous snakes - Collins nevertheless decided that she must go. A) pleasures B) conveniences    C) dangers  D) equipment,C,2）细节题在阅读理解中, 要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种形式：（1） Which of the following statements is (not) true (or correct)? （2） Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?  (3） All of the following are true except .（4） The author (or the passage) states that . （5） According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc).?,A：直接理解   在通读全文的过程中, 我们要特别注意涉及who, what, when, where, how和why等问题的内容。在有关此类内容的地方要作一标记, 以便在回答问题时迅速查找。who, where认定大写字母，when数字B：词义转换题    原文有关词语和句子的转换，理解原文某个短语或句子的含义. (时间，价格，次数要经过计算才能回答，不要轻易上当）,C. 是非题：留神问题中except, not mentioned/true, least/most important 限定词，不要理解错了。    当问题要求对某一事实作出正误判断或询问文中是否提到某一事实时, 我们应先把所给的选择项大体上看一下, 做到心中有数。然后, 根据选择项中提供的线索, 迅速找到文章中相应的部分, 细读一下有关内容。与文中内容一致的即可肯定, 不一致的即可否定。注意: 在回答Not True之类问题时, 必须逐项找出须肯定的内容, 方可确定要否定的内容。回答这类问题时, 也必须以文章的中心思想为前提, 与中心思想一致的可能是正确答案, 反之可能是错误答案。,是非题其中一个特点是四个选项中往往有一个或几个选项显得太绝对，有的甚至明显错误。选项中带有绝对的语气一般不是正确选项。这些语气词包括：must, always, never, the most, completely, none, hardly, etc. 在回答此类问题时可以先运用已经掌握的常识排除掉太绝对或不可能的答案，即明显错误的答案。但最重要的一点仍然是文章中找出正确选项的对应句子。在此方面，可以利用选择中的一些关键词做参考，在文章中找出相对应的内容。,例： One word that sums up our age better than any other - whether "our age" is "the technological age" of western countries or the "modernizing age" of China - is the word CHANGE But has change not always been present? True, but never before at such a breakneck speed. Today it is more than just change. It is unprecedented change. In such a world, reading provides the best tool we have for keeping up and for avoiding future shock in a world continually being remade. Which of the following is NOT true? A) Western countries and China are being remade. B) Reading will help understand our age. C) The present age and future world are continually changing. D) Reading is the best tool provided by our age.,3）归纳概括题（main idea, subject, title，purpose）    针对主旨题的问题，应首先快速阅读全文，理解文章大意。阅读时要注意文章的开头、结尾及段落的段首句和段尾句，因为它们往往包含文章的中心议题。    概括主题还可以从归纳每段的要点开始，最后将各段要点集中概括并归纳隐含的主题思想。,注意：    找到topic sentence后, 使用排除法，不要太specific (像只提及其中一个事例，论点的则太具体) ，也不能太general。主旨题正确选项概括归纳的范围大小恰到好处。(如同选择鞋子一样),4）推理判断题：这是最高层次阅读题，要求我们考虑文中的全部信息或事实，在通盘理解文章的基础上去领会作者的言外之意，通过对选项逐个分析，选出正确答案。,在阅读理解测试中, 要求进行判断和推理的问题, 通常有以下几种形式（1） The writer (author, passage ) implies (suggests) that _. （2） It can be inferred from the passage that _. （3） An inference, which may not be made from this passage, is _. （4） Which of the following can be readily inferred from the passage? （5） It can be concluded from the passage that _. （6） What does the author conclude about _? （7） We may conclude from reading the passage that _. （8） The passage is intended to _.（9） The paragraph preceding (following) this one would most likely           state (discuss, deal with) _.（10） Where would this paragraph most probably appear (be found)?,作者写文章时，经常持有某种态度或倾向。作者的语气和态度往往并不直接在文章中写出来。有时可以通过对作者使用的词汇（多为形容词和副词）的分析，来推断作者的态度和感情，例如作者对某一观点是 赞成还是反对，是批评还是客观陈述。考试应熟悉的有关态度的特征词有：optimistic, pessimistic, cautious, enthusiastic, objective, subjective, arbitrary, neutral, positive, negative, critical, compromising, indifferent，sentimental，radical。    语气态度题正确选项表达的尺度恰当 (如不能多愁善感、不能偏激)。,例：Directions: Decide which of the following statements was written by a person in favor of small-town life .1) Possibly there are those who derive pleasure from turning back the clock and seeking out the virtues we fondly imagine to have been associated with life in small towns