专业英语课后习题

Unit12. Translate the following into Chinesematerials science 材料科学 Stone Age 石器时代naked eye 肉眼 optical property 光学性能mechanical strength 机械强度 Bronze age 青铜时代integrated circuit 集成电路 thermal conductivity 导热系数 “Materials science“ involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, “Materials engineering” is, on the basis of these structure-property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.“材料科学” 涉及到材料的结构和性能之间的关系研究。相比之下， “材料工程”是在这些结构性能的相关的基础上，设计材料的结构以生产预定的一组属性。 “ Virtually” all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical. and deteriorative.“事实上”固体材料的所有重要特性可分为六个不同的类别：机械，电，热，磁，光和变质。 In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials. namely “processing“ and “performance“ .除结构与特征外，材料科学和工程还包括另外两项重要的研究内容，即（材料的）加工与性能。 The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的结构-性质之间的各种相互关系以及材料的加工技术，根据这些原则，他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。 On only rare occasion does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another.只有在极少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。因此，有必要对材料的性质进行权衡。3. Translate the following into English交又学科 interdisciplinary study 介电常数 dielectric constant 固体材料 solid materials 热容 heat capacity力学性质 mechanical property 电磁辐射 electromagnetism radiation 材料加工 materials processing 弹性系数(模数) elastic modulus直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。It was no until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。Materials engineering is to solve the problem during the manufacturing and application of materials.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能.Materials processing process determines not only their structure but also their characteristic and performance.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的变形有关。Material mechanical properties is relative with its deformation coming from outside force or load.Unit22. Translate the following into Chinesecomposite materials 复合材料 nonlocalized electrons 游离电子advanced materials 先进材料 stiffnesses 刚性semiconductor 半导体 biomaterials 生物材料smart materials 智能材料 nanoengineered materials 纳米工程材料 Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat,and are not transparent visible light; a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance.金属导电、导热能力特别强，对可见光不透明;一个抛光的金属表面具有光泽。 Ceramics, are typically insulative to the passage of heat and electricity, and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers.陶瓷是典型的绝热、绝缘体，在对高温和苛刻环境的抵抗力方面优于金属和高聚物。 Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are sometimes termed advanced materials.应用于高技术领域的材料有时候被称为先进材料。 Piezoelectric ceramics expand and contract in response to an applied electric field (or voltage); conversely, they also generate an electric field when their dimensions are altered.响应外加电场(或电压) ，压电陶瓷会膨胀和收缩; 相反的，当尺寸改变时，压电陶瓷也会产生一个电场。 With the advent of scanning probe microscopes, which permit observation of individual atoms and molecules, it has become possible to manipulate and move atoms and molecules form new structures and，thus，design new materials that are built from simple atomic-level constituents (i. c., “materials by design”).随着扫描探针显微镜的问世，这种显微镜允许观察单个原子或者分子，使得操作和移动原子和分子形成新的结构、基于简单原子水平上设计新材料成为可能。3. Translate the following into English先进材料 advaneced materials 陶瓷材料 ceramic materials高性能材料 high-perfomiance materials 黏土矿物 clay minerals合金 alloys 移植 implant 玻璃纤维 glass fiber 碳纳米管 carbon nanotube金属元素有许多游离电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons, many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构。Many of polymers are organic compounds , and they have very large molecular structures.半导体材料的电性特征介于导电材料(如金属、金属合金)与绝缘体(陶瓷材料和聚合体材料)之间。Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors (viz. metals and metal alloys) and insulators (viz. ceramics and polymers).生物材料不能产生毒性，并且必须与人体组织互相兼容。Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit32. Translate the following into Chinesenaked eye 肉眼 transition elements 过渡元素mechanical property 力学性能 atomic number 原子序数 elementary chemistry 基础化学 positively charged protons 带正电的质子 Metals behave differently than ceramics,and ceramics behave differently than polymers.金属行为不同于陶瓷，陶瓷行为不同于高聚物。 The atomic structure primarily affects the chemical, physical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. The microstructure and macrostructure can also affect these properties but they generally have a larger effect on mechanical properties and on the rate of chemical reaction.原子结构主要影响材料的化学性能、物理性能、热性能、电学性能、磁学性能、光学性能，微观结构和宏观结构也影响这些性能但更主要影响材料的力学性能和化学反应速率。 The strength of metals suggests that these atoms are held together by strong bonds.金属的强度表明这些原子靠强键结合。 An elements atomic number indicates the number of positively charged protons in the nucleus. The atomic weight of an atom indicates how many protons and neutrons in the nucleus.元素原子序数表明原子核中带正电的质子数目。原子量表明原子核中有多少个质子和中子。3. Translate the following into English微观结构 microstructure 宏观结构 macrostructure 化学反应 chemical reaction 原子量 atomic weight电荷平衡 balanced electric charge 带正电子的原子核 positively charge nucleus从我们呼吸的空气到各种各样性质迥异的金属，成千上万种物质均是由 100多种原子组成的。These same 100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metals of various properties.事实证明金属原子是通过很强的键结合在一起的。The facts suggests that metal atoms are held together by strong bonds.微现结构是指能够通过显微镜观察到的而不是用肉眼直接观察到的结构；宏观结构是指可以直接用肉眼观察到的结构。Microstructure indicates features that cannot be seen with the naked eye, but macrostructure indicates features that can be seen with the naked eye.原子核中质子和中子的量的总和就是原子量。The combination(total) of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is the atomic weight of an atom.Unit42. Translate the following into Chinese phase transformation temperatures 相转变温度 specific gravity 比重thermal conductivity 热导率 the melting point 熔点the acceleration of gravity 重力加速度 magnetic permeability 磁导率 An object will float in water if its density is less than the density of water and sink if its density is greater that that of water. Similarly, an object with specific gravity less than one will float and those with a specific gravity greater than one will sink. 物体密度比水轻时将漂浮在水面，密度比水大时将下沉。类似的，比重小于 1的物体将漂浮，比重大于 1 的物体将下沉。 Materials that cause the lines of flux to move farther apart, resulting in a decrease in magnetic ux density compared with a vacuum, are called diamagnetic. Materials that centrate magnetic flux by a factor of more than one but less than or equal to ten are called paramagnetic; materials that concentrate the flux by a factor of more than ten are called ferromagnetic. 使磁力线相互分开，导致磁通量比真空小的材料被称为反磁性材料。使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于 1 小于或等于 10 的材料被称为顺磁性材料；使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于 10 的材料被称为铁磁性材料。 Certain ferromagnetic materials , especially powdered or laminated iron, steel, or nickel alloys, have r that can range up to about 1000000. Diamagnetic materials have r less than one, but no known substance has relative permeability much less than one. 某些铁电材料，特别是粉末状态或者叠层状态的铁、钢、镍合金，他们的相对磁导率可以大到 1000000。反磁性材料的磁导率小于 1 但是相对磁导率远远小于 1 的物质还没有被发现。 When a paramagnetic or ferromagnetic: core is inserted into a coil, the inductance is multiplied by r compared with the inductance of the same coil with an air core. 当顺磁性或铁磁性芯被插入到线圈中时，磁感应强度是空气芯时的 r 倍。3. Translate the following into English 相对密度 Relative density 沸点 boling point 磁感应 magnetic induction 热导率 Thermal conduction 玻璃转变温度 glass transition temperature 有色金属 nonferrous metal线性热膨胀系数 linear coefficient of thermal expansion 单位体积质量 mass per any unit of volume 化学性质是用来描述一种物质变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质.Chemical properties are those that describe how a substance changes into a completely different one. 相变是一种物理性质,并且物质存在四种相: 固相,液相,气相和等离子体.Phase transition is a physical property and matter can exist in four phases : solid , liquid , gas and plasma. 当温度低于熔点时,聚合物的晶体结构破坏,但其分子仍然在分子链上,从而形成一种柔软性和柔顺性材料.Instead , at some temperature below the melt