基于力学特性分析的汽车安全带设计与仿真分析说明书论文
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基于力学特性分析的汽车安全带设计与仿真分析说明书论文,基于,力学,特性,分析,汽车,安全带,设计,仿真,说明书,仿单,论文
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姣 涓 璁 璁紙璁 鏂囷級浠 鍔 涔 璁捐 锛堣 鏂囷級棰樼洰锛氬熀浜庡姏瀛壒鎬 垎鏋愮殑姹借溅瀹夊叏甯璁笌浠跨湡鍒嗘瀽 瀛敓濮撳悕锛氬垬缁忓簡 瀛 鍙凤細 1204104069 涓 涓氾細杞締宸 鎵鍦 闄細鏈虹數宸瀛櫌 鎸囧 鏁欏笀锛氬瓱濡嶅 鑱 绉帮細璁插笀 鍙戜换鍔功鏃湡锛015骞2鏈0鏃浠诲姟涔鍐欒 姹 1锛庢瘯涓氳璁紙璁烘枃锛変换鍔功鐢辨寚瀵兼暀甯堟牴鎹悇璇鹃鐨勫叿浣撴儏鍐靛鍐欙紝缁忓鐢熸 鍦 涓 殑 浜 锛 櫌锛 瀵 瀛 鐢熸 浠诲姟涔 鍦 瘯 涓氳璁紙璁烘枃锛夊 濮 涓 骞 缁欏 鐢2锛换鍔功鍐 鐢currency1 “鏁fi功鍐欙紝涓嶅fl 溅変功鍐欙 鏁欏姟”涓璁捐 鐨”數瀛枃 嗘紙鍙 鏁欏姟”涓 锛 帮紝 枃 鍙 浣 紝 1.5 紝 鎵撳 鍦 瀹 涓 3锛换鍔功鍐鍐殑鍐 锛 诲 瀛敓姣 璁捐锛堣 鏂囷級瀹鐨 儏鍐 涓 紝 鍙 锛 鍦 涓氬 紙闄 級涓 棰 瀹壒鍚庢柟鍙噸鏂板鍐欍4锛换鍔功鍐 鍏斥滃 闄濄佲滀 涓氣濈瓑鍚嶇 鐨勫鍐欙紝搴啓涓 枃鍏 锛屼笉鑳藉啓鏁板瓧浠爜 傚 鐢熺殑鈥滃 鍙封濊鍐欏叏鍙凤紝涓 兘鍙 啓鏈鍚浣嶆垨 1浣嶆暟瀛椼5锛换鍔功鍐呪滀富佸弬鑰冩枃鐚 濈殑 啓锛 鎸夌収 婇噾闄 鎶瀛櫌鏈 姣 璁捐 锛堣 鏂囷級鎾板啓瑙勮寖 嬬殑涔啓 6锛庢 鍏冲勾鏈堟棩绛棩鏈熺殑 啓锛 撴鐓 浗鏍嘒B/T 7408鈥4 婃暟鎹 厓鍜屼氦鎹忋佷俊鎭 氦鎹棩鏈熷 鏃堕棿琛娉曘 瀹 殑锛屼竴寰嬬敤闃挎媺浼暟瀛椾功鍐欍傚 鈥 002骞 鏈 鏃濇垨鈥 002-04-02鈥濄姣 涓 璁 璁紙璁 鏂囷級浠 鍔 涔 1锛庢湰姣 璁捐 锛堣 鏂囷級璇鹃搴旇揪鍒扮殑鐩 殑锛 鑳藉 缁煎悎愮敤鎵瀛殑鍩虹 鐞嗚 佷 涓 煡璇 鍩烘湰鎶鑳藉垎鏋愬 瑙喅瀹為檯闂 锛 叿鏈夊垵 瀛爺绌剁殑鑳藉姏 傝兘 繘琛岃皟 爺绌讹紝鑳藉瀵逛竴瀹氭暟閲忕殑涓鏂囩尞涜妫绱笌闃呰 傚叿鏈夊 鎬 笌瀹 鐩 鍚 殑 涓 璇 殑鑳藉 姏 杞 鍏 浜 鏃 涔 涜 浠 鏃 笌鏂 鐩 浠 跨瓑鍙敓浜 鍏嶇鎾currency1鍐插“杞瀵 fi鐨勫 鍏fl 瀹夊叏甯璁笉鍚 锛 撳 浣” 鍙敓浜鏁涔 溅浜 鐨勫 鍏 紝搴 敤鍔 鍒嗘瀽鏂 涜 姹借溅瀹夊叏甯璁紝瀵 鍙氦”氬 鍏兘鏈 甯 噸 殑浣敤 傝 姹傚鐢姏瀛煡璇姹借溅璁捐瑙 锛 氳 瀵逛浣撳 姹借溅浣跨敤涓 殑缁 鎬 佸 鍏 柟 殑 锛屼 瀹夊叏甯兘熸 藉 涔 鐨 鐢fl 姹 2锛庢湰姣 璁捐 锛堣 鏂囷級璇鹃浠诲姟鐨勫 瀹 锛 濮暟鎹 鏈 姹 佸浣 姹 瓑锛 細涓锛富 爺绌 瀹細璁捐 瀹姹借溅瀹夊叏甯 紝瀹夊叏甯 瀹夊叏甯 绱 1. 鍒嗘瀽姹借溅瀹夊叏甯殑璁捐 爺绌剁 鍙 璁 洰鏍 2. ”氳 鍔 烘 鍜屼 熷垎鏋愮 瀹氬 鍏 鐨勫姏瀛壒鎬紝鑰 鏍 鍔 夊“悎瀹夊叏鎬姹 殑瀹夊叏甯 鏂欙紝缁撳悎缁 鎬夊鏈缁堟鏂欍3. 璁捐 棰” 涜 缁撴 鍜 浣姸鎬佸垎鏋愶紝”氳 CATIA杞 欢 烘 鍒嗘瀽铏氭嫙鹃 鎯喌涓嬬殑瀹夊叏甯笌棰” 浣姸鎬併 浜岋紟涓昏 锛 瀹夊叏甯 淇濇 瓒冲 鐨勫 鍏 兘锛屼繚璇 杞 鍙敓 鏃惰兘熷 鏈鐭 殑鍙嶅 鏃堕棿鍐呬 棰” 皢瀹夊叏甯洖夌淇濅 鍏姣 涓 璁 璁紙璁 鏂囷級浠 鍔 涔 3锛庡 鏈瘯涓氳璁紙璁烘枃锛夎 棰 鏋殑 浘琛佸疄瓑纭欢 曪細1 瀹氭 杞 鐢熶鏁鐨勫 鍏 鎵闇鎵挎媴鐨勫姏瀛壒鎬 2 佽璁“棰” 鏋勫涓昏 鎬 兘鍙 暟 3 渶鍚庡鐢ATIA杞 欢缁 埗棰” 瀹夊叏甯浂浠 浘鍜岃 囧浘 ,骞惰繘琛牎鏍搞4 鎾板啓璁烘枃 4锛富佸弬鑰冩枃鐚細 1 兢 鍒樼 钖涜繍閿 閭 澃鎱 姹借溅瀹夊叏甯 柊鍨嬮 绱 鐨” 鏋 笌鎬兘浠跨湡J. 忓窞:庡崡鐞 瀛 姤锛堣嚜鐒剁 瀛増锛 紝 2009,07:57-61+68 2 .姹借溅瀹夊叏甯 鎬攣 兘缁煎悎璇曢獙鍙扮殑 埗D.闀挎槬:闀挎槬鐞 锛012 3 钁痉鍒 姹借溅瀹夊叏甯姩鎬 鎾炶囩殑绛栧鍜 楠柟娉曠殑 D.灞变笢:灞变笢锛007 4 榻檽 涓诲姩忓 鍏 棰” 瑁呯疆鐨勫 鍙戜笌浠跨湡 D.婀栧崡:婀栧崡锛013 5 鐜嬬孩.棰” 鍏 熺 缁熶 焄D.骞夸笢:庡崡鐞 ,2013 6 閽熸煶 闄堟槬 姹借溅瀹夊叏甯 绘 璁捐鎺 J.浼佷绉戞 涓庡灞曪紝2008,20 7 璧垫檽 憋紝鍒戝溅閿 姹借溅瀹夊叏甯嵎鏀 閿 鎬 兘鐨勮璁 J.鏈烘 鍒堕狅紝 2010,07:5-7 8 钁緳.姹借溅 潰 涔 浠跨湡涓庣鍋紭柟娉曠爺绌禰D.娴欐睙 ,2014 9 鍒濇案骞 姹借溅涔 璁捐鍙 暟鏀硅繘涓庡 浣撴崯浼殑鍏崇 D.姹 嫃锛009 10 寰愬 姹借溅瀹夊叏甯 鏋勫鍔犲宸壓 J.璧瓙锛014,13:298 11 鍞尝.姹借溅瀹夊叏甯殑鎬兘 浠鐩稿叧鎺J.姹借溅涓庨 浠讹紝2011,14:32-35 12 钄 .姹借溅 潰 涔 虹 鍙 繚鎶垎鏋 D. 鐞 锛011 13 浣 .棰” 忓 鍏 闃 鏁 D. 鐞 锛012 14 .姹借溅瀹夊叏甯” 爺绌禰J.姹借溅绉戞 锛011,04:33-36+32 15 鏂 牴 姹借溅瀹夊叏甯 甯 閲忕壒鎬J.姹借溅涓庨 浠讹紝2010,14 姣 涓 璁 璁紙璁 鏂囷級浠 鍔 涔 5锛庢湰姣 璁捐 锛堣 鏂囷級璇鹃宸 璁锛 2015.12.05-2015.12.22 纭 ” 锛 鍐欏 棰 锛 寚瀵兼暀甯 鍙戜换鍔功锛 鐢熸 煡闃呰 棰樼 鍏冲弬鑰冩枃鐚 佽 鏂欙紝鎾板啓棰 姤 2015.12.23-2016.01.22 氦棰 姤 佸 鏂囧弬鑰 鏂欏璇戞枃 瘯涓氳璁紙璁烘枃锛夊 濮瘯涓氳璁璁烘枃 ) 2016.01.23-2016.04.15 鍏 璁捐 爺绌 柟 疄鏂 紝 氦姣 璁捐 锛堣 鏂囷級夌锛 鍐 鏈熸 2016.04.16-2016.05.04 瀹璁烘枃璁 功 佸浘 瓑 锛浜 瘯涓氳璁紙璁烘枃锛夊 紝鎸囧 鑰佸笀瀹 2016.05.05-2016.05.09 氦姣 璁捐 鏂锛 鐢熷囩 璇currency1鏁欏笀璇 currency1瀛敓姣 璁捐 锛堣 鏂囷級 2016.05.10-2016.05.16 鏍 瀛櫌缁熶竴瀹“锛岃繘琛瘯涓氳璁紙璁烘枃锛夌鎵鍦 涓氬 瑙細”氳 浜fi細 2016 骞 1 鏈 10 鏃姣 涓 璁 璁紙璁 鏂囷級寮 棰 鎶 鍛 璁捐 锛堣 鏂囷級棰樼洰锛氬熀浜庡姏瀛壒鎬 垎鏋愮殑姹借溅瀹夊叏甯璁笌浠跨湡鍒嗘瀽 瀛敓濮撳悕锛氬垬缁忓簡 瀛 鍙凤細 1204104069 涓 涓氾細杞締宸 鎵鍦 闄細鏈虹數宸瀛櫌 鎸囧 鏁欏笀锛氬瓱濡嶅 鑱 绉帮細璁插笀 2016 骞 1 鏈8 鏃 寮棰樻姤鍛婂鍐欒 姹 1锛庡紑棰樻姤鍛婏紙鍚 滄枃鐚 患杩扳濓級浣滀负姣曚笟璁捐 锛堣 鏂囷級绛旇京濮斿憳浼氬 瀛 敓绛旇京璧勬牸瀹煡鐨勪緷鎹潗鏂欎 涓 鎶 斿 鎸囧 鏁欏笀鎸囧 涓 姣 曚笟璁捐 锛堣 鏂囷級宸 湡鍐 缁 甯 鎵鍦涓氬 锛2锛庡紑棰樻姤鍛婂currency1瀹“fifl 宸 ”鏁欏 涓璁捐 鐨數瀛枃嗘牸寮 帮 鎵撳鍦 瀹涓婂 锛 斿鏃缁 甯 3锛 滄枃鐚患杩扳 鎸 鏂 殑 嗘 枃锛 锛 鎵撳锛夊 鏈 紑棰樻 姤鍛 涓 洰鍐 瀛敓鍐 枃鐚 患杩 殑鍙 枃鐚 涓嶅浜 5囷紙涓嶅 鍐 級锛4锛 鏈 绛 鏈 殑 锛 ” B/T 7408 4 暟鎹 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年 2 月 22 日A Comparison of the Use of Pyrolysis Oils in Diesel EngineABSTRACTCreating a sustainable energy and environment, alternative energy is needed to be developed instead of using fossil fuels. This research describe a comparison of the use of pyrolysis oils which are the tire pyrolysis oil, plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel oil in the assessment of engine performance, and feasibility analysis. Pyrolysis oils from waste tire and waste plastic are studied to apply with one cylinder multipurpose agriculture diesel engine. It is found that without engine modification, the tire pyrolysis offers better engine performance whereas the heating value of the plastic pyrolysis oil is higher. The plastic pyrolysis oil could improve performance by modifying engine. The economic analysis shows that the pyrolysis oil is able to replace diesel in terms of engine performance and energy output if the price of pyrolysis oil is not greater than 85% of diesel oil.Keywords: Pyrolysis; Pyrolysis Oil; Engine Performance; Feasibility Study1. Introduction Due to the fossil fuel crisis in past decade, mankind has to focus on developing the alternate energy sources such as biomass, hydropower, geothermal energy, wind energy, solar energy, and nuclear energy. The developing of alternative-fuel technologies are investigated to de-liver the replacement of fossil fuel. The focused technologies are bio-ethanol, biodiesel lipid derived bio-fuel, waste oil recycling, pyrolysis, gasification, dimethyl ether, and biogas . On the other hand, appropriate waste management strategy is another important aspect of sustainable development since waste problem is concerned in every city. The waste to energy technology is investigated to process the potential materials in waste which are plastic,biomass and rubber tire to be oil. Pyrolysis process becomes an option of waste-to-energy technology to deliver bio-fuel to replace fossil fuel. Waste plastic and waste tire are investigated in this research as they are the available technology. The advantage of the pyrolysis process is its ability to handle unsort and dirty plastic. The pre-treatment of the material is easy. Tire is needed to be shredded while plastic is needed to be sorted and dried. Pyrolysis is also no toxic or environmental harmful emission unlike incineration .The tire pyrolysis oil and plastic pyrolysis oil have been investigated and found that they both are able to run in diesel engine and the fuel properties of the oils are comparable to diesel oil . Both pyrolysis oils are a complex mixture of C5-C20 organic compounds. The tire pyrolysis oil contains a great proportion of aromatics and up to 1.4% sulfur content whereas the plastic pyrolysis oil is able to occur high chlorine content if the plastic is unsorted . The assessment in terms of chemical process, production and feasibility study of both pyrolysis oils are done in previous researches . There is no research about the use of the oil in terms of cost analysis and potential of fossil fuel replacement.This research describes a comparison of the use of pyrolysis oils which are the tire pyrolysis oil and plastic pyrolysis oil in the assessment of engine performance, environmental impact, and feasibility analysis. The oils are researched and applied with DI Diesel engine. The sensitivity analysis of the oil price subjected to the oil performance is also distinguished in the research. The oil characteristic and financial data are studied from a commercial plastic pyrolysis and a commercial tire pyrolysis plant in Thailand.2. Pyrolysis Oil Feedstock material is the main factor to indicate the properties of the pyrolysis oil. Tire pyrolysis and plastic pyrolysis technologies are the available technologies on the market in Thailand. The feedstock pre-process is one of the main factors to assess the possibility of the technology. The waste tires are collected easily from the scavenger and garage as they are bulky and heavy but only shredding process is required to reduce the size. The waste plastics are collected from scavenger, MSW sorting plant, and landfill area. The weakness of the plastic is the character of the plastic, which is mainly from plastic bag, is small high impurity and bulky. Sorting and cleaning is required for plastic process. However, as the purpose of the process is turning waste to energy, the pyrolysis process of tire and plastic is distinguished and compared in this research. Physical and chemical analysis properties of both oils are studied and compared in order to ensure to usage of the oil in diesel engine.2.1. Plastic Pyrolysis Oil In the USA, plastic waste approximately 31 million of tons was generated in 2010 which is about 17.45% of total waste by weight as shown in Table 1 . The percentage of the plastic waste is also similar in Thailand and around the world. As known that plastic is a nondegradable petroleum based product. The old landfill area is found that degradable product composted, become soil while plastic is still exist. This problem is solved by converting waste plastic to energy by pyrolysis process. As the petroleum based plastic is the polymeric material, the plastic pyrolysis process is the thermal de-polymerization process in the absence of oxygen which is able to convert plastic into gasoline-range hydrocarbons . The waste plastic used in pyrolysis process is needed to be sorted and cleaned. The Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP) which are the main component of the plastic in municipal solid waste are used in the process in order to prevent the contamination of chlorine in the oil . The classified waste plastic is processed from an autoclave pyrolysis reactor. In general, product yields from pyrolysis are varied with temperature. The plastic pyrolysis oil used in this research is processed at 300-500C at atmospheric pressure for 3 hours. The product output consists of 60-80% pyrolysis oil, 5-10% residue and the rest is pyrolysis gas on weight basis. The plastic pyrolysis oil used in this research is processed from a commercial waste plastic pyrolysis plant in Thailand. Table1. Contents of municipal solid waste in the USA year 20102.2. Tire Pyrolysis Oil In the USA, about 303.2 million of waste tires were discarded in year 2007, while about 60 million of waste tires in Thailand year 2011. Not to mention about the cumulative waste tire in landfill, the problem of tire disposal will be increasing gradually due to the expanding of vehicle market. The tire pyrolysis process converts waste tires into potentially recyclable materials such as flammable gas, pyrolysis oil and carbon black . Although the amount of waste tire is less than the waste plastic, the option of the waste tire conversion is limited. Tire pyrolysis oil plant has been established around the world in order to produce the substitute liquid fuel for heating purpose as found that the tire pyrolysis oil have a high gross calorific value (GCV) of around 41-44 MJ/kg . Waste tire is needed to be shredded before process. The desulphurization is required in the pyrolysis system to eliminate the sulfur. It was determined that the oil production yield of tire pyrolysis process has a maximum at 350C and decomposes rapidly above 400C . The plastic pyrolysis oil used in this research is processed at 300-500C at atmospheric pressure for 3 hours. The tire pyrolysis oil used in this research is processed from a commercial waste tire pyrolysis plant in Thailand. The product output consists of 35% pyrolysis oil, 56% residue and the rest is pyrolysis gas on weight basis. The amount of the residue is tire wire scrap and carbon black. 2.3. Characteristic of Pyrolysis Oil Pyrolysis is a complex series of chemical and thermal reactions to decompose or depolymerize organic material under oxygen-free conditions. The products of pyrolysis include oils, gases and char. The pyrolysis oil products in this research are from tire and plastic which are dissimilar in physical properties and chemical properties. The appearance of the tire pyrolysis oil is thick-liquid and dark colour oil whereas the appearance of the plastic pyrolysis oil is grease oil liked and dark colour oil at 30C (room temperature). They all strong smell due to the high aromatic substance. As the comparison usage of this research is in diesel engine, the pyrolysis oil from process is a mixture of carbon composition which are C5-C20 in tire pyrolysis oil and C10-C30 in plastic pyrolysis oil. The oil requires distillation process to differentiate the diesel-like oil from other compounds. The distillation temperature applied in this research is 180C. The substance that evaporates before 180C is taken out. The remaining is analyzed and tested in one cylinder multipurpose agriculture diesel engine. The properties comparison of plastic oil, tire oil and diesel oil is analyzed as shown in Table 2. The proximate analysis was conducted using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer. The elemental determination (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur content) are analyzed by a CHNS Elementary Analyzer. The chlorine content of PVC was determined by improved oxygen bomb combustion ion chromatography method which is based on the standard method in ASTM D 4208-02. The heating value of all the samples was measured using bomb calorimeter.The heating value and the flash point of plastic pyrolysis oil is the highest while the other properties are comparable. As the plastic pyrolysis oil is wax form in room temperature, the oil requires pre-heating process before input to diesel engine.3. Engine Performance Analysis Engine performance indicates the effects of a fuel in the engine. It shows the trend and possibility of using pyrolysis oil to replace diesel oil without any engine modification. It is necessary to determine break torque (T), engine break power (P)， break specific fuel consumption (bsfc), and break thermal efficiency ( th). These several parameters can be obtained by measuring air and fuel consumption, torque and speed of the engine, and heating value of the oil. The performance parameters can be calculated by equations as followed. 3.1. Break Torque Torque is an indicator of the function of break torque calculated by the moment of engine arm connected to weight scale as:T =FdWhere T is break torque in Nm, F is force of engine arm applied to the load in N, and d is the distance of engine arm from center of the rotor to the load. Table2. Properties of pyrolysis oil.3.2. Engine Break Power Engine break power (P) is delivered by engine and absorbed load. It is the product of torque and angular engine speed where P is engine break power in k W, N is angular speed of the engine in rpm as:3.3. Break Specific Fuel Consumption Break specific fuel consumption (bsfc) is the comparison of engine to show the efficiency of the engine against with fuel consumption of the engine in g/k W-hr where（ in）is the fuel consumption rate in g/hr as:3.4. Break Thermal Efficiency The percentage of break thermal efficiency of the engine (nth) is related to engine break power (P) and the total energy input to the engine which is QLHV lower heating value of fuel in k J/kg applied to the fuel consumption rate as:3.5. Experimental Detail The characteristics of an engine used this experiment which is a multi-purpose agricultural direct injection diesel engine (Kubota ET-70) are shown in Table 3. Schematic of the experimental set up is shown in Figure 1. The engine equipped with measuring elements including weighing device, manometer, orifice plate, tachometer, thermocouple and black smoke meter at the exhaust. As the experiment was run in constant speed, the torque output from the experiment is measured by the breaking force absorbed by the load. The absorbed load is maximum 7 k W. The pure distilled plastic pyrolysis oil, distilled tire pyrolysis oil and diesel oil were tested in this experiment.Table 3. Engine specification.The experiments were conducted by starting engine with the blended testing fuel. The operating conditions were set at a rated engine speed 1500 rpm. Loads were applied from 500W and stepped up until reached the maximum load. The air box and orifice plate flow meter are applied for air flow measurement. Fuel consumption is measured from the differential of the fuel in time. A chromel-alumel thermocouple was installed to measure the exhaust gas temperature. The engine was run for 5 minutes to reach the steady state of test condition before collecting data. At the end of the test, the engine was run with diesel fuel for sometime to flush out from the engine. 3.6. Engine Performance Result The experimental result of the engine performance shows the opportunity of using pyrolysis oil in diesel engine. The variation of the break thermal efficiency with the break power shows that the trend of thermal efficiency performance of the tire pyrolysis oil and plastic pyrolysis oil are comparable to diesel oil. The tire pyrolysis oil offers higher efficiency in the medium load while the plastic pyrolysis offers slightly lower efficiency. The maximum load production from plastic pyrolysis oil is the lowest which is 3,064 W where as the tire pyrolysis oil produces 3,282 W and diesel produces 3,500 W as shown in Figure 2. The trend lines of the plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel oil are similar in linear line unlike the tire pyrolysis oil which is in parabolic curve.Figure2. The variation of the break thermal efficiency with the break power.Figure3. The variation of the break specific fuel consumption with the break power. It shows that the tire pyrolysis oil consists of aromatics and complex compound which reflected in high efficiency in the medium load. The variation of the break specific fuel consumption with the break power in Figure 3 is also shown that both of the pyrolysis oil is applicable to use in diesel engine. The plastic pyrolysis oil offer the lowest break
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