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冷滚打
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冷滚打机床滚打主轴及滚打轮设计说明书,冷滚打,机床,主轴,滚打轮,设计,说明书,仿单
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I冷 滚 打 机 床 滚 打 主 轴 及 滚 打 轮 设 计摘要 : 冷滚打技术是一种新型的塑性成形的 加工技术, 其原理是利用高速转 动的滚打轮对工件表面进行不停地滚打, 由于滚打轮有规则的外形, 并且 金属在 冷态下会有塑性变形的能力,所以会使被击打部位的金属发生细小的塑性变形, 最后通过累积而加工成的需要的工件。 冷滚打成形技术与传统的加工方式相比较 其 具 有 高 效 率 、 环 保 、 能 量 损 耗 低 等 诸 多 优 势 , 大 多 数 运 用 于 丝 杠 、 齿 轮 、 齿 条 等零件的加工,具有良好的发展前程。本文通过对用冷滚打技术进行加工齿条的原理进行剖析, 针对滚打轮和滚打 主轴进行了结构设计和有关计算。 然后利用三维建模软件对本文所设计的滚打主 轴和滚打轮进行建立模型, 通过有限元分析软件, 对其进行模态分析 , 对冷滚打 成形技术在工程实际运用中有巨大意义。关键词:齿条;冷滚打;成形原理;滚打主轴;滚打轮;有限元IVAbstractCold rolling technology is a new type of plastic forming technology. The principle is to roll the workpiece surface without stopping, because the rolling wheel has a regular shape, and the metal has the ability of plastic deformation at normal temperature, so it will make the metal in the hit part have small plastic deformation, and finally form the necessary workpiece through the accumulation.cold rolling forming technology has many advantages, such as high efficiency, environmental protection, low energy loss and so on. Most of them are used in the forming of spline, gear, rack and other parts.In this paper, the principle of machining rack by cold roll beating technology is analyzed, and the structural design and relevant calculation are carried out for rolling wheel and rolling spindle. Then the 3D modeling software is used to model the rolling spindle and rolling wheel, and modal analysis is carried out on the basis of finite element analysis software. The cold roll forming technology has great significance in engineering application.Keywords : Cold gear rolling; The forming principle; Roll spindle; Roller; Finite Element目 录摘 要 .IAbstract.II1 绪 论 .11.1 课 题 研 究 背 景 及 意 义 .11.2 国 内 外 冷 滚 打 研 究 现 状 .21.2.1 国 外研 究 状况 .31.2.2 国 内研 究 状况 .31.3 本 章 小 结 .42 总 体 方 案 的 确 定 .52.1 冷 滚 打 成 形 技 术 的 基 本 原 理 .52.2 滚 打 主 轴 设 计 方 案 初 定 .52.3 滚 打 轮 的 设 计 方 案 .72.4 本 章 小 结 .73 滚 打 主 轴 的 设 计 计 算 .83.1 材 料 的 选 择 .83.2 轴 的 设 计 .83.3 滚 打 主 轴 的 校 核 .93.4 本 章 小 结 .104 滚 打轮 的 设计 .114.1 基 于 展 成 法 对 齿 轮 冷 滚 打 方 法 及 运 动 分 析 .114.2 齿 轮 滚 打 轮 安 装 角 .124.3 齿 轮 冷 滚 打 滚 打 轮 的 设 计 .124.4 基 于 成 形 法 的 齿 条 冷 滚 打 成 形 原 理 .134.5 齿 条 的 结 构 .134.6 齿 条 冷 滚 打 滚 打 轮 的 设 计 .144.7 本 章 小 结 .155 滚 打 装 置 的 建 模 及 滚 打 主 轴 的 有 限 元 分 析 .165.1 各 零 件 的 三 维 模 型 .165.2 滚 打 装 置 三 维 模 型 .165.3 滚 打 主 轴 的 有 限 元 分 析 .17IIIIV5.3.1 滚 打 主 轴 的 加 载 .185.3.2 模 态 分 析 .195.4 本 章 小 结 .216 总 结 与 展 望 .226.1 总 结 .226.2 展 望 .22参 考 文 献 .23致 谢 .24V1 绪 论1.1 课题研究背景及意义精密塑性成形技术作为制造业的一大分支, 推动着航空航天、 汽车制造、 军 事工业等高科技术领域迅速发展, 与传统的加工技术不同, 精密塑性成形技术依 照工件塑性成形原理, 改进传统加工技术的缺点, 在大批量生产、 能耗以及时间 成 本 方 面 有 了 很 大 的 提 高 , 目 前 在 工 程 领 域 及 实 际 生 产 方 面 应 用 十 分 广 泛 1。精密塑性成形是一种在模具等外力作用下, 运用材料的塑性来加工工件, 能 够达成少切削或无切削的工艺方法。 该技术运用结晶、 塑性成形等各种物理和化 学方法, 根据提前设计好的各类零部件, 使得己加工的制件尽可能接近最终形状 或 满 足 尺 寸 要 求 。 与 “去 除 材 料 ”的 成 形 原 理 不 同 , 该 技 术 采 用 “累 积 ”成 形 原 理, 使工件的变形规律、 应力应变、 摩擦机理等各种参数都合理化, 其内部组织 和各种物理、 机械性能都得到改善和强化。 与传统的加工技术相比较 , 冷滚打成 形技术是新型的先进精密塑性成形加工方式, 弥补了传统技术的劣势, 其优势如 高效率、环保、能量损耗低等,图 1.1 为现代加工技术的分类与特点。图 1.1 加 工 技 术 的 分 类 与 特 点2冷滚打成形技术是一种新型的金属塑性成形加工方式。 其原理是使用规则特 定的滚打轮对工件毛坯进行快速连续地击打、 滚压和摩擦, 运用了金属工件 的塑 性, 迫使工件表面金属流动, 发生部分的 塑性变形 , 最后加工成所需要零件。 目 前冷滚打成形技术对齿条、 丝杠、 齿轮等功能表面的加工技术方面己经得到广泛 应 用 2。 图 1-2 所示为冷滚打技术在加工工件的成形过程,由于成形过程中工件 表面具有复杂的金属流动和运动, 材料成形过程涉及复杂的材料非线性, 此外对 成 形 精 度 的 影 响 因 素 众 多 , 其 成 形 过 程 不 易 精 确 把 握 3。 目 前 , 冷 滚 打 成 形 技 术 的 精 度 等 问 题 己 经 成 为 制 约 其 推 广 的 重 大 难 题 4。 钻 研 冷 滚 打 技 术 的 成 形 原 理 , 掌握住成形工艺参数对精度的影响变化, 是当前冷滚打成形研究中急需解决的问 题 5。图 1-2 冷滚打成形过程1.2 国内外冷滚打研究现状经过一个世纪的发展, 国外已经可以利用冷滚打技术加工丝杠、 齿轮、 花键 等零件,能够大批量生产。国内目前还处于理论研究阶段。31.2.1 国 外 研 究 状 况在 1905 年 , 国 外 最 早 由 由 法 国 工 程 师 Henri Alexandre Cardozo 和 Gustave Antoine Lambert 提 出 的 , 提 出 一 种 运 用 对 称 安 装 的 滚 打 装 置 进 行 棒 料 滚 打 的 结 构,在 1955 年 , 瑞 士 科 学 家 Ernst Grob 和 KraPfenbauer 使 用 在 数 控 机 床 上 对 称 安装的滚打轮, 在高速中心轴的带动下, 对工件进行连续击打, 形成花键所需要 的 齿 形 , 这 种 成 形 方 式 被 称 为 Grob 法 6。 KraPfenbauer.H 等 对 冷 滚 打 成 形 技 术 在 工 程 应 用 中 进 行 探 索 , 解 析 了 在 冷 滚 打 过 程 中 , 对 工 件 产 生 的 精 度 问 题 7。 Smirnow-Alyaev-G.A 使 用 实 验 数 据 剖 析 了 花 键 冷 滚 打 过 程 中 的 变 形 状 况 , 得 出 了在成形过程中成形力分布的复 杂性以及不均匀性的结论 8。 Grob 等发现了在处 理滚打轮的安装角难题时, 能够使用安装止推环的方式, 来调整角度 , 让影响减 到 最 小 , 从 而 保 证 加 工 精 度 。 Weck.M 等在针对冷滚打成形后成形表面的冷作硬 化进行研讨过程中, 发现冷滚打成形后成形表面比压力加工形成的成形表面的抗 疲劳硬度提高 25 -35 9。1.2.2 国 内 研 究 状 况国内相关学者, 如河南科技大学崔凤奎教授和西安理工大学李言教授基于理 论计算、 有限元仿真和实验验证三种方法, 主要对冷滚打成形理论 , 冷滚打加工 的方法, 滚打轮的设计与改进, 冷滚打机床的优化 、 滚打轮运动分析等方面进行 了 全 面 剖 析 10。在运动学方面, 西安理工大学李言教授等按照啮合原理以及微分几何, 以齿 面啮合模型为基础, 得到了齿形啮合面的接触方程, 并提出了丝杠冷滚打成形过 程中的运动关系, 除此以外 , 通过齿形误差分析与螺旋形分析, 得到了最终消除 误差的办法。 张璐等利用墩粗等原理, 依据牛顿迭代法和主应力法 , 确立了冷滚 打滚打力的解析关系, 并通过冷滚打实验验证了改进后解析方程的准确性。 孙娟 等在利用冷滚打技术对花键成形过程中, 获取了花键的受力情形和冷滚打力的变 动规则。 苏志鹏等创建了利用冷滚打技术加工齿条时, 运动的数学模型 , 并提出 冷滚打花键成形中一直有干涉现象。 杨明顺, 分析了冷滚打过程中 , 鳞纹发生的 来源, 取得了纵向波纹不平度和有关工艺参数之间的关系表达式与成形工艺参数 对 表 征 参 数 的 影 响 , 并 通 过 实 验 进 行 了 验 证 11。4河南科技大学崔凤奎教授对滚打轮的弹塑性修正方案的设计, 确立了滚打轮 的轮廓模型以及滚打轮的 CAD 磨削仿真系统,在滚打轮设计方面做出了巨大贡 献, 为滚打轮的轮廓以及后续的优化提出了指导性方案。 王晓强等人分析了滚打 功能表面的残余应力, 对加工成形后的工件的冷塑性和热塑性变形及其金相组织 进行了探讨, 并对冷滚打成形件表面和内部的残余应力分布规律进行了总结。 徐 正华等人对成形隔框类结构件的变形程度从残余应力等方面进行了探究, 并通过 有 限 元 分 析 法 进 行 了 冷 滚 打 成 形 中 残 余 应 力 的 模 拟 与 分 析 12。1.3 本章小结本章介绍了精密塑形成形技术以及冷滚打成形技术, 叙述了冷滚打技术国内外 外发展历史,和冷滚打技术研究的现状。52 总 体 方 案 的 确 定2.1 冷滚打成形技术的基本原理图 2-1 冷滚打加工原理图 冷滚打成形技术是常温下,通过规则并且特定的滚打轮进行高频率地冲击和滚打的新型塑性成形技术。冷滚打加工的基本原理可见于图 2.1,每当滚打主轴 转动时,便会带动安置于滚打主轴上的滚打轮进行转动。之所以滚打轮会转动, 是因为摩擦力的存在。 当主轴旋转一周时, 滚打轮会冲击一段工件 , 并且在工件 的连续进给下每次冲程塑性变形量逐渐累积。 最后, 在工件的表面上形成了所需 加工出的形状。冷滚打成形是对工件进行高频率地冲击的过程, 因此, 除了需要良好的刚性 之外, 滚打主轴还需要避免由于加工产生的冲击而引起 的共振 。 同时 , 当滚打轮 撞击工作部件时, 滚打轮和滚打头的中心轴承会产生很大的冲击, 容易损坏。 因 此,滚打轮中心轴承的可靠性应提高,所以设计滚打轮及其中心轴承易于更换。 2.2 滚打主轴设计方案初定目前, 根据滚打轮的安装方法, 滚打主轴结构主要由轴向夹紧和径向连接这 两种方式组成, 其结构可见于图 2.2。 如图 2.2.a 所示 , 轴向卡紧的主轴用锁定螺 母结构锁定, 以锁定头部 , 从而滚打轮定位有定位卡 , 并且滚打轮和头盖配有垫6圈以调节轴向位置。 滚打轮可以通过圆形铜套筒转动。 滚打轮及其轴承承载力强 , 需要易于更换,但其结构较为复杂,刚性差,轴不易定位,圆形铜套用作轴承, 对装配和润滑要求高, 而且一旦铜套的磨损易于锁定。 径向连接轴通过连接螺钉 固定在滚打主轴上, 通过将滚针轴承滚动到滚轴芯轴上使滚轮旋转。 轴向由铜垫 固定。主轴结构刚性好,滚轮支撑标准件,定位精度高,但滚轮的承载能力差, 滚动体承载能力差,滚针轴承性能差,容易损坏。图 2-2 冷 滚 打 主 轴 结 构基于上述两种结构对滚动装置进行了改进。滚打装置由滚打主轴,滚打轮, 轴承和对应的紧固件构成。 轴的左右两部分用螺钉固定, 通过滚动轮自身的配合Machine design theoryThe machine design is an application technical science which designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need. It involves all domains of the project technology , which mainly studies basic idea of the size, the shape and the detailed structure of products. And it also studies the questions of manufacture, sale and usage.The one who do machine design work is called designer or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Design engineer not only has the creativity in the work, but also has deep elementary knowledge in mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineering material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology.As words above, the goal of the machine design is to produce the product which meets the human need. The invention, discovery and technical knowledge are not necessarily bringing the advantages to humanity, which take benefits when they are applied on the product. So , it should be realized that if the product is needed or not before a special design carrying on .Its a good opportunity for machine designer to use creative ability on the product design, system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology. Grasps the project elementary knowledge is more important than memorize some data and the formula. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design. On the other hand, it should be earnest precisely all operations. For example, a decimal point position wrongly can cause the correct design to false.A good designer should dare to propose the new idea ,and willing to undertake the certain risk. when the new method is not suitable, back to original method. Therefore, designers must have patience. Because the time and the endeavor cannot guarantee success. A brand-new design will leave the obsolete and well known method. As conservativeness of many person, it is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement of method for existing product, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, and combine with new idea which has not unified.A new design will have questions on many flaws and things not been able to expect. After these flaws and the question are solved, it can manifest superiority of new product. Therefore, when a performance superior product is born, it is following a higher risk also. We should emphasize that, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, it is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method. In the preliminary stage of design, its allowed to display the creativity for designers fully, none of restraint will be take. Even if having many impractical ideas, these can be correct in the early design, before the blueprint drawings are drawed . Only then, the mentality on innovation will be not stop up. Usually, several sets of design proposals will be proposed and compared. May be some thoughts will be used in the last proposal from the other proposals which are not accept .Psychologist frequently discuss that the people should adapts the machine which they operate. Designers basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because, there isnt a best superior operating area and the operating process for all persons. Another important question is project engineer must exchange and consult with other concerned person. In the initial stage, designers have to exchange and consult with the administrative person of the preliminary design which would be approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing. In order to carry on the effective exchange, have to solve the following problems: (1) whether this product truly needed by the people? (2) its competitive or not for this product compare with other companies existing similar products ? (3) if this kind of product is economical? (4) if the service is convenient? (5) if the product will be good on sale? Whether it may gain?Only the time can give the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale can only be go on when the above questions have preliminary affirmation answer. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, consult with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal.Usually, some problems will happen in the manufacture process. Such as making some modifies on components size or the common to make the components production easily. But, the project change must be authorized by designer to guarantee the products function not to be damaged. Sometimes, some kinds of design flaws founded before product assembling or in the experiment before packing. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. There is always a better method to complete the design work. Designers should be supposed unceasingly diligently, to seek these better methods. Recent year, the engineering material choice appeared more important. In addition, the choice process should be a continuously and reappraisal process. The new materials unceasingly appear, and some original materials keep reducing. The environmental pollution, material recycling, workers health and security will attach the new limiting condition to the choice of materials. In order to reduce the weight or save energy, it should be requested to use different material. The competition from domestic and international, the request enhancement for product service maintenance and convenience , customers aspect and so on will feedback pressure and urge the people to carry on the material reappraising. Because of the materials wrong selected , which cause the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In additional, its clear that the material and the material processing interdependence. Therefore, in order to get the satisfy result under the reasonable cost and quality guarantee, project engineer have to choose, determine and use the materials carefully. The first step of product manufacturing is design . Design usually divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically consider the function of product. They always conceive and consider several plans, then decide if the thought is feasible; If it is feasible, they should make the further improvement to one or several plans. In this stage, the question of choice of material is: Is there a material which can conform the performance to be supplied for choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance to develop a kind of new material in limit of the cost and the time.In the functional design and the engineering design stage, it needs to make a practical feasible design. The quite complete blueprint must be drew up in this stage, and choose, determine the materials for each kinds of components. Usually, the prototype or the working model must be manufactured , and carries on the experiment to it, appraises products function, reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment will indicate that some materials will be replaced , before the product sending into the production line. But, this point is absolutely not a excuse to take not earnestly choice of the material. The outward appearance, the cost and the reliability of the product should be carefully considered, unified with the function of product. Its best for a successful company to use the same materials which are used in the normal production and the same manufacture technology when they are manufacturing the prototypes as much as possible. The function completely prototype cannot be made economically according to the anticipated sales volume, or there are some great different in the quality and the reliable for prototypes and the official production installment , this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer should complete the analysis, the choice and the determination of the material in this stage , but not remains it to the production design stage . Because, the material replacement in the production design stage is decided by other people, who are inferior to project engineer to all functions understanding of the product. In the production design stage ,it should be completely determined with the material, to make them to adapt with the existing equipment, and to use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover, the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, it will appear the situation to change the material on using. The experience indicated that, use some certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, changing the materials after the production process will spend higher than changing the materials before the production process . Completing the choice of materials in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. The most common reason for changing the materials when the product under manufacturing is that the new material is appeared. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost or improve the product performance. But, the earnest appraisal to the new material must be carried on , to guarantee its all performance to achieve the purpose. Remember that: the new materials performance and the reliable is not understood by the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is that the selects of the new material not truly understood their long-term operational performance. The product responsibility lawsuit forces designers and the company use the best procedure when they choose materials. In the material choosing process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use the best and the latest information about the material application aspect; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the possible and reasonable usage of product (for example: designer is also supposed further to forecast and the consideration when the product used wrong. In recent years, many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) the material data are not entire or some data are indefinite, especially its long-term performance data; (d) the quality control plan is not suitable or not confirmed; (e) the personnel who is not competent to choose the material.Through the analysis five questions above , may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. It will avoid these questions appearance and indicate the direction after these questions analysis. Although, using the best choice of material will not avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit. Designer and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. From the above discussion, the choice of material should understand the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method comprehensive and basically.机械设计理论机械设计是设计新产品或改进旧产品以满足人类需要的应用技术科学。它涉及到项目技术的各个领域,主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本思想。并对生产、销售和使用中存在的问题进行了研究。做机械设计工作的人被称为设计者或机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅具有创造性的工作,而且在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造技术方面有很深的基础知识。如上所述,机械设计的目标是生产符合人类需要的产品。发明、发现和技术知识不一定给人类带来好处,当它们被应用于产品时会带来益处。因此,在进行特殊设计之前,必须了解产品是否需要。这是机械设计师在产品设计、系统分析和配方产品制造技术上运用创新能力的良好时机。掌握项目的基础知识比记忆一些数据和公式更重要。仅仅服务数据和公式不足以做出一个好的设计的完全决策。另一方面,它应该是非常精确的所有操作。例如,小数点位置错误会导致正确的设计错误。一个好的设计师应该敢于提出新的想法,并愿意承担一定的风险。当新方法不适用时,回到原来的方法。因此,设计师必须要有耐心。因为时间和努力不能保证成功。一个全新的设计将留下过时和众所周知的方法。作为许多人的保守性,这不是一件容易的事情。机械设计师应不断探索现有产品的改进方法,在这一过程中应认真选择原来的设计、工艺确认原则,并结合尚未统一的新理念。一个新的设计会对许多瑕疵和无法预料的事物产生疑问。经过这些缺陷和问题的解决,可以体现出新产品的优越性。因此,当一个性能优越的产品诞生时,它也跟着一个更高的风险。我们要强调的是,如果设计本身不要求使用全新的方法,那么对于使用新方法的转换目标就不必要了。在设计的前期阶段,可以充分展示设计师的创造力,不受约束。即使有许多不切实际的想法,这些都可以在早期的设计中正确,在绘制图纸之前。只有这样,创新的心态才会止步。通常,将提出几个设计方案并进行比较。可能会有一些想法被用于其他提案中不接受的最后提案中。心理学家经常讨论人们应该适应他们操作的
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