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陕西
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扳手
工艺
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扳手头工艺规程设计及加工实现说明书,扳手,工艺,规程,设计,加工,实现,说明书,仿单
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附录B 英文文献Machine-finishing technological process one, machine-finishing technological process The machine-finishing technological process is stipulates the components machine-finishing technological process and the operating procedure and so on the technological document.It is the machine manufacture factory most main technology document.Its concrete function is as follows: 1. The technological process is instructs the production the main technical document, is directs the scene production the basis. Regarding large quantities of mass production factory, because the production organization is strict, the division of labor is careful, the request technological process quite is detailed, can be advantageous for the organization and the direction production.Regarding the single unit small serial production factory, the technological process may simple.But regardless of the scale of production size, all must have the technological process, otherwise the production scheduling, the technical preparation, the key technologies research, the equipment disposition and so on all are unable to arrange, the production will fall into chaotic.At the same time, the technological process also is deals with the production issue the basis, if the product quality question, may be clear about each production unit according to the technological process the responsibility.Carries on the production according to the technological process, is advantageous for the guarantee product quality, obtains the high production efficiency and the economic efficiency. 2. The technological process is the production organization and the supervisory work basic basis. First, had the technological process, before new product investment production, may carry on before the related production the technology preparatory work.For example for the components processing preparation engine bed, designs the special-purpose labor, clamps, the measuring instrument and so on.Next, the factory design and the dispatch department basis technological process, arranges various components the batch feeding time and quantity, the adjuster load, various job sites have the rhythm according to a man-hour of fixed quantity to carry on the production and so on, causes the entire enterprise various administrative offices, the workshop, the construction section and the job site close coordination, guaranteed completes the productive plan balanced. 3. The technological process is newly built either changes (expands) the construction work factory or the workshop basic document. When newly built either changes (expands) the construction work factory or the workshop, only then based on the technological process can determine the production needs engine bed and other equipment type, quantity and specification; Workshop area; Engine bed layout; Produces workers kind of work in a factory, the technical rank and quantity; Auxiliary departments arrangement. But, the technological process is not fixed invariable, it is produces the worker and technical personnels in production process practice summary, it may carry on the revision according to the production actual situation, causes it to improve and the consummation unceasingly, but must have the strict examination and approval procedure. Second, technological process making principle The technological process formulation principle is high quality, the high production, the low cost, namely in under the guarantee product quality premise, strives for the best economic efficiency.When making technological process should pay attention to the following question: In technical sophistication When making technological process, must understand the domestic and foreign this profession the processing technology level of development, through the essential engineer testing, uses the advanced craft and the craft equipment positively. 2. In economical rationality Under certain working condition, possibly can appear several kinds to be able to guarantee the components specification the craft plan, this time should or contrasts mutually through the calculation, in the choice economy the most reasonable plan, causes the product the energy, the material consumption and the production cost is lowest. 3. Has the good work conditionWhen making technological process, must pay attention guaranteed when worker operation has good and the safe work condition.Therefore, must pay attention in the craft plan uses the mechanization or the automated measure, reduces the light industry altogether numerous and diverse physical labor. Third, time making technological process firsthand information Time the making technological process firsthand information mainly has: 1. Product pattern and engineering factor. If product assembly drawing and detail drawing; 2. Product craft plan. If product acceptance testing and evaluation quality specification, semifinished materials material and so on; 3. Product spare part craft route table or workshop division of labor detailed list.Understands the product and enterprises management situation;4. Product production guiding principle (annual output).In order to determination production type; 5. This enterprises working condition. In order to draw up the technological process is practical and feasible, certainly must understand and the familiar this enterprises working condition.If semifinished materials productivity, workers technical level as well as special purpose equipment and craft equipment manufacturing capacity, enterprise existing equipment condition and so on; 6. Related craft standard. If each craft handbook and graph, but also should be familiar with this enterprise each kind of enterprise standard and the profession standard; 7. Related equipment and craft equipment and material.The equipment and the craft equipment selects which regarding this technological process should have understood thoroughly, like specification, performance, new old degree and existing precision and so on; 8. Domestic and foreign similar product related craft material.The technological process making, needs to study the domestic and foreign related craft material frequently, positively introduces the suitable advanced processing technology, raises the technological level unceasingly, obtains the maximum economic efficiency. Fourth, making technological process step 1 Computation components production guiding principle, determination production type; 2. Analysis product assembly pattern and components pattern Mainly includes the components the processing technology capability, the assembly technology capability, the main processing surface and the specification, the understanding components in product function; 3. Definite semifinished materials type, structure shape, manufacture method and so on; 4. Drafts the craft route Including the preferred orientation datum, determines various superficial the processing method, the division processing stage, the determination working procedure centralism and the disperser degree, the reasonable arrangement processing order and so on;5. Determines various working procedures the processing remainder, the computation working procedure size and the common difference; 6. Chooses the equipment and the craft equipment;7. Determination cutting specifications and computing time fixed quantity; 8. Filling in technological document. Fifth, technological document form The technological document content, fills in certain form the card, namely becomes the production to prepare and to construct the basis technological document.The commonly used technological document form has the following several kinds1. Machine-finishing technological process card This kind of card take the working procedure as a unit, briefly lists the craft route which the entire components processing passes through (including semifinished materials manufacture, machine-finishing and heat treatment and so on).It is draws up other technological document the foundation, also produces the basis which the preparation, the arrangement work plan and the organization produce.In this kind of card, because various working procedures showing insufficiently is concrete, therefore not directly instructs the worker to operate generally, but many uses as the production management aspect.But in single unit small serial production.Because usually does not establish other detailed technological document, but on by this kind of card instruction production.The machine-finishing technological process card sees Table 3-5 to show. Machine-finishing process chartThe machine-finishing process chart is take the working procedure as a unit, explains the entire technological process in detail one technological document.It is uses for to instruct the worker to produce and to help the shop management personnel and the technical personnel grasps the entire components processing process one kind of main technical document, is widely uses in the mass productions the components and in the important components small serial production.The machine-finishing process chart content including the components material, the weight, the semifinished materials type, the process number, the working procedure name, the working procedure content, the craft parameter, the operation requests the equipment and the craft equipment which as well as uses and so on.The machine-finishing process chart form sees Table 3-6 to show. 3. Machine-finishing working procedure card The machine-finishing working procedure card is the basis machine-finishing process chart is a working procedure making.It explained in detail entire components each working procedure the request, is uses for specifically to instruct the technological document which the worker operates.Must draw the working procedure diagram on this kind of card, explained this working procedure each labor step content, the craft parameter, the operation request as well as use the equipment and the craft equip.Uses in large quantities of mass productions generally the components.附录C 中文翻译机械加工工艺规程一、机械加工工艺规程机械加工工艺规程是规定零件机械加工工艺过程和操作方法等的工艺文件。它是机械制造工厂最主要的技术文件。其具体作用如下： 1 工艺规程是指导生产的主要技术文件，是指挥现场生产的依据。对于大批大量生产的工厂，由于生产组织严密，分工细致，要求工艺规程比较详细，才能便于组织和指挥生产。对于单件小批生产的工厂，工艺规程可以简单些。但无论生产规模大小，都必须有工艺规程，否则生产调度、技术准备、关键技术研究、器材配置等都无法安排，生产将陷入混乱。同时，工艺规程也是处理生产问题的依据，如产品质量问题，可按工艺规程来明确各生产单位的责任。按照工艺规程进行生产，便于保证产品质量、获得较高的生产效率和经济效益。 2 工艺规程是生产组织和管理工作的基本依据。首先，有了工艺规程，在新产品投入生产之前，就可以进行有关生产前的技术准备工作。例如为零件的加工准备机床，设计专用的工、夹、量具等。其次，工厂的设计和调度部门根据工艺规程，安排各零件的投料时间和数量，调整设备负荷，各工作地按工时定额有节奏地进行生产等，使整个企业的各科室、车间、工段和工作地紧密配合，保证均衡地完成生产计划。 3 工艺规程是新建或改（扩）建工厂或车间的基本资料。在新建或改（扩）建工厂或车间时，只有依据工艺规程才能确定生产所需要的机床和其它设备的种类、数量和规格；车间的面积；机床的布局；生产工人的工种、技术等级及数量；辅助部门的安排。 但是，工艺规程并不是固定不变的，它是生产工人和技术人员在生产过程中的实践的总结，它可以根据生产实际情况进行修改，使其不断改进和完善，但必须有严格的审批手续。 二、工艺规程制订的原则工艺规程制定的原则是优质、高产、低成本，即在保证产品质量的前提下，争取最好的经济效益。在制订工艺规程时应注意下列问题： 1 技术上的先进性在制订工艺规程时，要了解国内外本行业的工艺技术的发展水平，通过必要的工艺试验，积极采用先进的工艺和工艺装备。 2 经济上的合理性在一定的生产条件下，可能会出现几种能保证零件技术要求的工艺方案，此时应通过核算或相互对比，选择经济上最合理的方案，使产品的能源、材料消耗和生产成本最低。 3 有良好的劳动条件在制订工艺规程时，要注意保证工人操作时有良好而安全的劳动条件。因此，在工艺方案上要注意采用机械化或自动化措施，以减轻工共繁杂的体力劳动。 三、制订工艺规程时的原始资料制订工艺规程时的原始资料主要有： 1 产品图样及技术条件。如产品的装配图及零件图； 2 产品的工艺方案。如产品验收质量标准、毛坯资料等； 3 产品零部件工艺路线表或车间分工明细表。以了解产品及企业的管理情况；4 产品的生产纲领（年产量）。以便确定生产类型；5 本企业的生产条件。为了制订的工艺规程切实可行，一定要了解和熟悉本企业的生产条件。如毛坯的生产能力、工人的技术水平以及专用设备与工艺装备的制造能力、企业现有设备状况等； 6 有关工艺标准。如各种工艺手册和图表，还应熟悉本企业的各种企业标准和行业标准； 7 有关设备及工艺装备和资料。对于本工艺规程选用的设备和工艺装备应有深入地了解，如规格、性能、新旧程度和现有精度等； 8 国内外同类产品的有关工艺资料。工艺规程的制订，要经常研究国内外有关工艺资料，积极引进适用的先进的工艺技术，不断提高工艺水平，以获得最大的经济效益。 四、制订工艺规程的步骤1 计算零件的生产纲领、确定生产类型；2 分析产品装配图样和零件图样主要包括零件的加工工艺性、装配工艺性、主要加工表面及技术要求，了解零件在产品中的功用； 3 确定毛坯的类型、结构形状、制造方法等；4 拟订工艺路线包括选择定位基准、确定各表面的加工方法、划分加工阶段、确定工序的集中和分散的程度、合理安排加工顺序等； 5 确定各工序的加工余量，计算工序尺寸及公差；6 选择设备及工艺装备；7 确定切削用量及计算时间定额；8 填写工艺文件。五、工艺文件格式将工艺文件的内容，填入一定格式的卡片，即成为生产准备和施工依据的工艺文件。常用的工艺文件的格式有下列几种： 1 机械加工工艺过程卡这种卡片以工序为单位，简要地列出整个零件加工所经过的工艺路线（包括毛坯制造、机械加工和热处理等）。它是制订其它工艺文件的基础，也是生产准备、编排作业计划和组织生产的依据。在这种卡片中，由于各工序的说明不够具体，故一般不直接指导工人操作，而多作为生产管理方面使用。但在单件小批生产中。由于通常不编制其它较详细的工艺文件，而就以这种卡片指导生产。机械加工工艺过程卡片见表所示。 2 机械加工工艺卡片机械加工工艺卡片是以工序为单位，详细地说明整个工艺过程的一种工艺文件。它是用来指导工人生产和帮助车间管理人员和技术人员掌握整个零件加工过程的一种主要技术文件，是广泛用于成批生产的零件和重要零件的小批生产中。机械加工工艺卡片内容包括零件的材料、重量、毛坯种类、工序号、工序名称、工序内容、工艺参数、操作要求以及采用的设备和工艺装备等。机械加工工艺卡片格式见表所示。 3 机械加工工序卡片机械加工工序卡片是根据机械加工工艺卡片为一道工序制订的。它更详细地说明整个零件各个工序的要求，是用来具体指导工人操作的工艺文件。在这种卡片上要画工序简图，说明该工序每一工步的内容、工艺参数、操作要求以及所用的设备及工艺装备。一般用于大批大量生产的零件。I扳手头工艺规程设计及加工实现摘要：扳手头是一种广泛使用的工具零部件，结构虽然简单，但在人们日常生活中有着十分重要的作用。伴随中华人民共和国制造业的飞速成长，机械制造加工行业必然和国际一流水平接轨，目前中国的机械制造水平已经接近日本、美国等发达国家水平。这就对对于扳手头的质量、可靠性等提出了更高的要求。且数控制造作为机床加工企业之中最为关键的的一部分，也必会迈进一个新的纪元。论文采用对已获取的资料和信息进行分析研究的方法，通过阅读相关文献和书籍,了解相关问题的理论基础的手段，得出了本次的毕业设计的结果。首先需要对扳手头进行分析，以及切削用量的选择，工件的定位装夹，加工顺序，结合数控加工的特点，分别进行工艺方案分析，机床的选择，刀具加工路线的确定，数控程序的编制，最终形成可加工流程。此设计说阐述了机械加工工艺设计步骤以及的 CNC 编程的过程，分析了非自动编程的方法。在这种情况下，通过对零件进行的工艺设计流程和数控加工编程进行了综合探讨，最后的结果通过仿真验证，建立了零件的数控加工代码，得出了本零件最终效果。按照毕业设计的相关要求，完成了本次毕业设计，掌握了零件设计的工艺规程及数控编程技术基本知识。关键词：扳手头；工艺规程设计；机床加工；数控技术IIDesign of wrench head machining process planning and realizationAbstract: The wrench head is a widely used tool component. Although the structure is simple, it has a very important role in peoples daily life. With the rapid growth of the manufacturing industry in the Peoples Republic of China, the machinery manufacturing and processing industry must be in line with the world-class level. At present, Chinas machinery manufacturing level is close to the level of developed countries such as Japan and the United States. This imposes higher requirements on the quality and reliability of the wrench head. CNC manufacturing, as the most crucial part of the machine tool processing industry, will also enter a new era.The paper adopts the method of analyzing and researching the acquired data and information, and obtains this graduation design by reading relevant documents and books and understanding the theoretical basis of related issues. Firstly, the head of the wrench needs to be analyzed, the choice of cutting amount, the positioning and clamping of the workpiece, the processing sequence, and the characteristics of the numerical control processing are used to analyze the process plan, the selection of the machine tool, the determination of the tool processing route, and the programming of the NC program. The final process can be formed. This design statement elaborated the machining process design steps and the CNC programming process, and analyzed the non-automatic programming methods. In this case, the process design process of the part and the numerical control machining programming were comprehensively discussed. The final result was verified by simulation, and the numerical control machining code of the part was established, and the final effect of the part was obtained. In accordance with the relevant requirements of the graduation project, completed this graduation project, mastered the process specification part design and NC programming basics.Keywords: wrench head; process design; machining; numerical controlIII目 录摘要 .IABSTRACT .II1 绪论 .11.1 设计概要 .11.2 设计背景及发展方向 .12 数控制造工艺流程 .23 扳手头零件零件设计与分析 .53.1 扳手头零件图工艺分析 .53.2 扳手头零件的造型设计 .64 工艺设计 .84.1 毛坯部件选择 .84.2 定位特征的正确选择 .94.2.1 粗基准的正确选择 .94.2.2 精基准选用的准则 .94.3 加工工具的正确选择 .94.4 工装选择 .104.5 切削机床的采用 .104.6 工艺路线的制定 .114.7 工艺流程图绘制 .114.8 机加参数与时间的求算 .125 扳手头零件数控编程设计 .185.1 NC 编程简介及扳手头零件编码方式选择 .185.2 基于 SIEMENS UG 的 NC 编程 .185.2.1 粗铣扳手头轮廓面及上下端面 .195.2.2 精铣扳手头轮廓面及上下端面 .215.2.3 清角铣扳手头轮廓面及上下端面 .235.3 后处理程序 .24结论 .25参考文献 .26IV致谢 .27附录 A 工艺卡片 .28附录 B 英文文献 .29附录 C 中文翻译 .3411 绪论1.1 设计概要机械 设计与制造流程中，零部件的加工取决于零件工艺规程的设计，在本扳手头零件进行设计计算和校核后，制定它的工艺路线并根据此进行加工。在高速数控机床上对零部件进行机床加工的时候，为确保 产品工件加工制造精度，首先 必须要确保 产品工件 在高速数控机床 上 据有合理的方向，而后通过 夹紧装置使 产品工件的适当位置不能移动，这个任务便是由 专用工装完成。机床夹具 为高速数控机床的一类额外设备，安设 产品工件 后使它得到高速数控机床 或 金属切削刀具的适当位置，还把 产品工件稳固地夹紧。1.2 设计背景及发展方向机械 设计与制造流程中，在高速数控机床上对零部件进行机床加工的时候，为确保 产品工件加工制造精度，首先 必须要确保 产品工件在高速数控机床上据有合理的方向，而后通过夹紧装置使 产品工件的 适当位置不能移动，这个任务便是由 专用工装完成。机械制造对产品的品系和生产速度作出了更高的基本要求，使中、小批产品制造作为机械产品制造的主流，为了顺应机械产品制造的这种发展方向，必定对机床夹具作出更高要求。它基本表现在下列多个层面：1.增强机床夹具的强化工作想要增速全新产品的投产，标准化基本工作，推进加工装备的先期工作，以得到合适的技术经济价值，必须重审机床夹具的规格化，规格化和通用性工作。2.全力研发普及实用新型机床夹具在小批产品制造或全新产品试设计中，理应普及运用机床组合夹具和半机床组合夹具。在多品系，中与小批加工中，理应全力普及运用可调机床夹具，特别是成组机床夹具。3.改进 专用工装的 机械 一体化，机械化 水平若干年来，快速， 全自动夹具 基本得到了急速的成长。根本原因是：因为数控 自动化机床，组合高速数控机床及其他快速机械化高速数控机床的出现，要求 专用工装能适应高速数控机床的基本要求，就能更合适的表现高速数控机床的效用。另外一个角度，如使用气动、电动等 全自动夹具夹紧，避开了人工操纵用描线等有关方法来进行定位 产品工件，减少 了安设 产品工件的时间，减少 了加工强度 大小，特别大改进了生产速度。22 数控制造工艺流程（1）数控编程的首要任务是计算制造中的刀具数据。德国西门子 UG NX 拥有多种粗加工各类复杂零件的生产类别，客户可根据零件形状，表面光洁度和制造精度要求选择合适的加工类别。关于不 尽相同的制造类别，德国西门子 UG NX编程过程均需通过相关技术人员的操作才能完成。其过程按照下图。（2）NC 编程的一部分是机械加工一个重要的前提和重要的基础，德国西门子 UG NX 数控加工程序设计必须以模型为制造对象。德国西门子 UG NX 拥有更好的美制系统，客户可以在单元内部交换工件设计，表面绘制等单元创建所需的部件 D 模型，完成后转换到相应的数控加工子程序。德国西门子 UG NX 还有一个预先安装的格式转换接口，客户可以先将其他的 D 系统创建的零件数据转换成通用的格式转换格式，如 IGES，STEP、Proe 专用格式、solidworks 专用格式等，然后导入德国西门子 UG NX 和基本零件数据。 获取零件数据的总体方法将在下一章中介绍。（3）优化零件数据。原因是 D 设计人员特别多地 仔细考虑制件设计的 非常方便性和完备性，偏少顾及零件数据对 CA 制造形成的影响，因而要按照制造对象的判断及制造区域设置对模型做这些优化。零件数据的优化屡屡有下列这些内容。 CAD系 统建 立 零 件模 型 加 工 工 艺 分 析 及 规 划 完 善 零 件 模 型 设 置 加 工 参 数 生 成 数 控 刀 路 检 验 数 控 刀 路 生 成 数 控 程 序 CAM系 统 切 削 方 式 刀 具 参 数 加 工 程 序 参 数 加 工 对 象 数 控加 工 图 2.1 加工编程设计过程图关于因为有不合理地方存在而导致的三维曲面空缺地方，理应补充完全。3如加工孔的三维曲面，在短小的内槽地方等，理应将几个三维曲面重头做完整，如此得到的刀具刀路规范且安全。可靠曲面对轮廓线实行调整。关于根据公共格式转化格式 基本得到的制件D 模型，看上去像顺滑线条可能有结点，看上去像整体的曲面在链接处兴许不相交，可以如此进行调整或创造边界线建立出最好的制造区域样条。创建刀轨约束边界。要采用边界来约束制造范围的制造区域，先创建出区域样条。（4）设置过程数据。配置设置可以作为一个过程评估和整体实施的总体规划，这就构成了使用德国西门子 UG NX NC 编程的基本控制内容，直接关系到建立数控加工程序的质量。 配置设置主要涉及以下几个方面：设置制造对象、设置机加方法、设置加工工具及系统参数、设置制造指令参数。 （5）创建切削工具：完成参数设置后，德国西门子 UG NX 将自动电脑计算刀具路径。（6）测试切削路径：为确保数控加工程序的可靠性，必须对已建立的刀具路径进行测试和计算。刀具路径是否明显存在问题，可以在测试加工中得以发现。在测试中发现的相关问题应该是变量设置的具体参数，然后再次解决问题，检查直到出错。（7）建立数控加工程序。前面建立的光是切削刀路，还要将刀具数控编程轨迹以 有关规定的主要格式转变为数控编码还输出保存。 数控加工程序文件
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