光伏发电模型控制系统设计【说明书论文开题报告外文翻译】
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毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 1结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写不少于1000 字左右的文献综述： 在世界的能源结构中，人们生产和生活所利用的一次能源主要是石油、天然气和煤炭等的化石能源。这些化石能源是经过数万年甚至更长的时间以来太阳辐射在地球上的一部分能源储存到古生物和古动物中，再经过长时间的演变而变成现今的化石能源。但是随着经济的发展、人口的增加和社会生活水平的不断提高，能源的消费量将持续增长，世界上的化石能源终将走向枯竭而被新能源所代替。据研究表明，太阳直接辐射到地球上的能量丰富，可以再生且不再污染环境，是最理想的代替能源之一。本设计利用光伏电池，可以将太阳能直接转换为电能加以利用称为光伏发电。一、光伏发电系统的原理光伏发电系统主要是利用光伏电池将太阳光辐射的能量转换为电能的直接发电的方式，光伏发电系统主要有光伏阵列、控制器、储能元件和变换环节构成的发电与电能变换系统。在光伏电池板产生的电能经过电缆、控制器、储能元件以及变换等环节予以储存和转换，转换成负载所使用的电能。光伏阵列：光伏阵列是多块光伏电池的连接，光伏电池透过光生伏特效应可以将太阳光能转化成直流电能，但一块光伏电池能够产生的电流不够一般负载的使用，所以将多块光伏电池连接在一起而形成了光伏阵列。光伏阵列能够利用逆变器将直流电转化成交流电以供使用。电缆：电缆是连接光伏阵列与电力电子变换器、电力电子控制器与负载之间的媒介，是传输电能功率的载体。它具有良好的导电能力，有一定的绝缘能量以及有良好的物理和化学特性。变换器：变换器是光伏发电系统的关键部件。变换器分为直流变换器和交流变换器两种，直流变换器类似与开关电源，将直流电压和电流变换为不同电压的等级的直流电压和电流；而交流逆变器是将直流电力逆变成交流电力。控制器：能够防止蓄电池过充电和过放电的设备。蓄电池的循环充放电次数和放电深度是决定蓄电池使用寿命的重要因素，因此能控制蓄电池组过充电或过放电的充放电控制器是必不可少的设备。储能元件：一般为蓄电池，其作用是贮存太阳能电池方阵受光照时发出的电能并可随时向负载供电。当光伏阵列输出直流电时，电能流经充电控制器进入蓄电池储能。二、光伏发电的发展趋势太阳能作为新能源的一种有着巨大的优势，所以世界各国都在努力研发新技术进行获取，比较成熟的是太阳能光伏发电技术。太阳能光伏发电现已成为新能源和可再生能源的重要组成部分，也被认为是当前世界最有发展前景的新能源技术。目前太阳能光伏发电装置已广泛应用于通讯，交通，电力等各个方面。 而在进行太阳能光伏发电时，由于一般太阳能极板输出电压不稳定，不能直接将太阳能极板应用于负载，需要将太阳能转换为电能后存储到一定的储能设备中，如铅酸蓄电池等等。但只有当太阳能光伏发电系统工作过程中保持蓄电池没有过充电，也没有过放电，才能使蓄电池的使用寿命延长，效率也得以提高，因此必须对太阳能光伏发电的工作过程加以控制，这种情况下光伏发电机控制系统应运而生。 光伏发电机控制系统具备充电控制、过充保护等一系列功能，这样控制系统在光伏发电的整个过程中起着枢纽作用，它控制太阳能极板对蓄电池的充电，加快蓄电池的充电速度，延长蓄电池的使用寿命。同时光伏发电机控制系统还要控制蓄电池对负载的供电，保护蓄电池和负载电路，避免蓄电池发生过放现象，由此可见，光伏发电机控制系统具有举足轻重的作用。三、光伏发电的追日系统控制光伏发电的追日系统也称为光伏阵列最大功率点跟踪。虽然太阳能分布广泛、能量丰富。但是由于天气的原因，光伏电池的功率变化不定。光照的强度不同输出的功率也不同。在一定的光照强度和环境温度下，光伏电池可以工作在不同的输出电压，但只有在某一输出电压值时，光伏电池的输出才能达到功率的最大值，这时光伏电池的工作点就到达了输出功率电压曲线的最高点，称之为最大功率点。只有光伏电池始终工作的最大功率点附近时，才能使光伏电池的输出达到功率的最大值，因此在光伏发电系统中，需要提高系统的整体效率，一个重要的途径就是调整光伏电池的工作点，使得光伏电池始终工作在最大功率点附近，这个过程就是最大功率点跟踪（MPPT） 。也就是追日系统。四、参考文献1 施佳锋,沈燕,程彩艳等,丁茂生.光伏发电有功自动控制技术J, 宁夏电力,2012(1):1-52 董宏,张飘.通信用光伏与风力发电系统M,人民邮电出版社,20083 姚虹春.适于多类型光伏电站监控系统的综合通信技术J, 电力系统通信, 2012, 33(1):129-133 4 郁汗琪，王华.可编程智能控制器（PAC）技术及应用：基础篇M,北京：机械工业出版社，20115 赵争鸣，刘建正，孙小英，袁立强.太阳能光伏发电及其应用M,科学出版社,20056 崔容强,赵春江,吴达成.并网型太阳能光伏发电系统M,化学工业出版社，20077 王长贵,崔容强,周篁.新能源发电技术M,中国电力出版社,2003 8 Ryoichi Komiyama,Saeko Shibata, Yosuke Nakamura, Yasumasa Fujii ,Analysis of possible introduction of PV systems considering output power fluctuations and battery technology, employing an optimal power generation mix model,ElectJ. Electrical Engineering in Japan, 2013, 182(2):9199 Taus Peter, Rybar Radim. Utilization of photovoltaic panels in urban build-up areas grid onJ. Acta Montanistica Slovaca. 2001, 6(5):41-4510 刘艺柱.GE智能平台自动化系统实训教程M,天津大学出版社,2014.411张兴磊,杨丽丽,张东凤.一种太阳自动跟踪系统的设计J,青岛农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2009, 25(4):315-31812王芹，滕今朝.可编程控制器技术及应用：西门子 S7-200 系列M,天津大学出版社,2008.3 13严盈富.PLC入门M,北京：人民邮电出版社.2005.8 13严盈富.PLC入门M,北京：人民邮电出版社.2005.8 14 Ramchandra Bhandari, Ingo Stadler. Electrification using solar photovoltaic systems in NepalJ. Applied Energy, 2011, 88(2):458-465 15 Bjarne A. Foss. Applying parameter identification and optimal input design in well-testing J. Modeling, Identification and Control. 1988, 9(4):191-206毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 2本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段（途径）： 本课题要研究或解决的问题是：1.如何对系统的硬件设备进行选择，如何对硬件电路进行研究规划；2.在一定的基础上，如何进行软件编程及 MPPT 的运算；3.在完成上述两个步骤后，还需考虑怎样设计出整体的电路原理图。研究手段（途径）：1.去图书馆查阅相关资料，经过汇总，作为参考资料；2.充分利用网络资源，进行相关信息的搜索；3.以小组讨论的形式展开对课题的研究；4.理论联系实际，利用学校创新实验室中的设备进行模拟仿真。毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 指导教师意见：1对“文献综述”的评语：该生通过大量搜集和查阅文献资料，对与“光伏发电控制系统”相关的国内外前人工作较好地进行了综合分析和归纳整理，并重点论述了“光伏发电系统原理” 、 “追日系统控制”等内容，但在“逆变” 、 “并网” 等方面内容阐述相对不足。从“文献综述”全文来看，基本达到了学校对“文献综述”的要求。2对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见和对设计（论文）结果的预测：该生对于所开课题进行了较为详尽的市场调研，参考了一定数量的文献资料，最后确定的课题“光伏发电模型控制系统设计”对光伏发电技术的应用具有一定的参考价值。本课题是学生所学专业知识的延续，符合学生专业发展方向，对于提高学生的基本知识和技能、提高学生的研究设计能力有一定的锻炼和提升作用；本课题研究目标清晰，研究手段基本合理，工作量适当，难度适中，学生能够在预定时间内完成该课题的设计研究工作。3.是否同意开题： 同意 不同意指导教师： 2016 年 02 月 28 日所在专业审查意见：同意 负责人： 2016 年 03 月 04 日0译文题目： Electrification using solar photo-voltaic systems in Nepal 尼泊尔的太阳能光伏发电系统 Electrification using solar photovoltaic systems in NepalAbstract：Historically, the rural population of Nepal has been meeting their energy needs from traditional sources like fuel wood and other biomass resources. Only about 44% of the total population has access to grid electricity. Because of countrys rough and mountainous topography, high cost of grid extension, and low and scattered population density, constructing some big power plants (e.g. large hydropower) can not meet the electricity needs of all people, especially those living in rural areas. Distributed generation of electricity, using environment friendly solar photo-voltaic (PV) systems, might be one of the reliable alternatives for urban as well as rural electrification. This article begins with a general overview of energy resources in Nepal. Present status and perspectives of solar PV sector have also been discussed. Benefit cost and break-even analyses of solar PV systems in Nepalese urban areas have been carried out. The break-even year has been calculated between 2027 and 2036 for PV systems with system life time between 40 and 25 years, respectively. It has been concluded that the solar PV systems are not the economic solutions for grid connected urban areas in Nepal. On the other hand, this article concludes that the rural electrification projects should not be decided on the basis of mere monetary benefits, rather many social aspects should be considered, and in this case, there are not convincing alternatives to solar PV systems for electrification in many rural villages in Nepal.11. IntroductionElectricity plays a vital role in social economic development of a country. Economic growth and improved living standards of people are directly or indirectly related to the increasing utilization of energy. Nepal has a large number of remote villages that do not have electricity supplies. Linking the rural areas to national electricity grid would be very difficult because it would need a lot of time and budgetary investments . However, renewable energy technologies might be the lower cost options in rural Nepalese villages,where population and load density are low. Development and promotion of alternative energy sources in rural areas would help to enhance the quality of rural life by reducing the time spent in fuel wood collection, creating additional employment opportunities,health improvement, and increasing the access to education for children. Additionally, the promotion of alternative energy sources contributes to reduce the green house gases emissions that helps for the possible carbon trading in global market under the clean development mechanism (CDM) of Kyoto Protocol. The earned fund can be invested in the alternative energy projects.Despite having vast potential of techno-economically viable hydro resources, Nepal is facing a huge shortage of electricity supply.Due to the rough physical terrain and scattered human settlement in rural areas, the grid extension to those areas, especially to remote hill districts, seems next to impossible in the foreseeable future . Thus, the decentralized energy service provision may be an effective alternative energy service option to meet the growing energy demand of rural people in the aforementioned circumstances. Among the various decentralized energy service technologies, solar PV is one of the proven and potential technologies for rural electrification and that is the focus of this article.22. Scope and objectivesAbout 10 million people, out of Nepals estimated population of 28.5 million (at the end of 2006), live in such remote locations (518 days walk) that neither a road nor the national electricity grid will reach them for decades to come. More than half of countrys population is still deprived of electricity. The cost of grid extension will be prohibitive for a number of villages in the high mountainous areas; and the local mini/micro grids from micro-hydro power plants are not viable in many of these areas . Biogas production (for cooking and lighting purpose), in these high hilly areas, is not feasible because of very low temperature (below 10 ?C) . This bitter fact compels Nepal to look for other off grid electricity sources. Solar PV technology has been proven to be a viable option because of its modular size, small weight, and ease of installation. Also, adverse physical characteristics of rural areas do not hinder much the dissemination of solar PV systems .The need of electricity is not only for rural areas, but the grid connected locations are also seeking the reliable electricity supplies because of big load shedding problem.The first objective of this study is to assess the economic feasibility of solar PV systems in Nepalese urban areas. Although PV systems are popular in the country, they cannot yet sustain without government subsidies. In the past, the subsidy was provided only to the PV systems that are installed in rural areas, but this situation has been changed since last year when the government announced that the residents living in cities as well will get subsidies for installing the solar PV systems. Such an announcement was politically motivated when the load shedding hours, during winter 2008/2009, has reached up to 16 h a day. This situation has surfaced two discussions: (i) whether the grid connected households should shift from using grids to the installation of solar PV system for reliable electricity supply, and (ii) whether it is wise to spend a huge amount of money for PV subsidies among grid connected urban residents in a country like Nepal. The second objective of this study is to assess the economic feasibility of stand alone solar PV systems over grid extension in those rural areas, which are relatively closer to the existing grid (in the range of some 3kilometers).For the analysis of those objectives, an economic analysis model has been developed, and the results from benefit cost and breakeven analyses have been presented in this article.3. Energy situation in NepalEnergy sources have been categorized under three broad types in Nepal: traditional, commercial, and alternative energy sources. Traditional energy sources include biomass fuels particularly fuel wood, agriculture residue, and animal waste used in the traditional way (i.e. direct combustion). Commercial sources of energy are fossil fuels (coal and petroleum fuels) and electricity from large hydropower plants. Alternative energy sources include new,renewable, and non conventional forms of energy (e.g. solar, micro-hydro, wind, biogas, briquettes, etc.).Biomass, hydropower, and solar energy are three major energy resources in the country. Besides these, there exist some sporadic deposits of natural gases and coal reserves, which are very small in quantity and are not yet exploited commercially . The country is spending a major share of export earnings to import petroleum products. Total energy consumption of the country is largely dominated by the use of traditional energy sources. In 2005, the share of traditional forms of energy in total energy consumption was estimated to be about 88%. The remaining 12% of consumed energy came from commercial and alternative energy sources, and the share of electricity in total energy use was less than 2% . Fig. 1 shows energy consumption pattern of the country by energy source type in 2005.If the present energy consumption pattern (by source type) is compared with the same pattern from a decade ago, there is hardly any significant change. The country has not been able to get rid of its high dependence on biomass to meet the energy demand. Fig. 2 shows the change in the energy consumption pattern by source type for the period of 19952005. Although the use of alternative energy resources has increased by almost five times in the given period, this has still negligible share in total energy consumption.4Unlike in developed countries, almost 90% of total energy consumption has been used in residential sector as shown in Fig. 3.In rural areas, major residential energy consumption is for cooking and sometimes for livestock food preparation. The traditional biomass sources, especially fuel wood and agricultural residues, are major cooking fuels. Exploitation of fuel wood from the forest has become the major cause of deforestation. In urban areas, kerosene and natural gas meet cooking fuel demands. So far, the major use of electricity in residential sector is limited to lighting and operating household appliances (e.g. television, refrigerator, etc.).Industrial sectors use electricity and fuel oil. Petroleum products(i.e. diesel and petrol) are the major transport fuels; however, there are very few vehicles operated with electricity (i.e. 5batteries) and natural gas. Although about 81% of the countrys total population depends on agriculture , there is hardly any modernization in this sector. This is why the agro sector consumes much less energy,i.e. only about 0.8% .Though Nepal has a huge potential of hydropower generation,its exploitation is very minimal. Various studies show that the feasible potential is about 83 GW, of which about 42 GW is considered as technically and economically viable . The actual generation capacity of hydropower is limited to only 0.64 GW , due to the lack of necessary investment. Besides hydropower, there is a thermal generation capacity of about 53 MW, which is not in regular operation though . The national electrification rate, in 2006, was around 44% with a very uneven regional and urban/rural distribution. However, the access to grids does not necessarily mean that there is a reliable electricity supply to meet the needs of the people. The electricity demand is more than the supplycapacity and there are frequent blackouts. Fig. 4 shows a system load curve of the country with load shedding case for a particular day in 2006.6At present, this situation has further worsened due to the increase in demand and no additional power plants in operation.During the winter of 20082009, the load shedding period was up to 16 h a day . This might be slightly less during rainy season when the run of river type power plants could generate their full capacity. Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA), a sole government utility responsible for national electrification (generation, transmission, and distribution), has forecasted the future electricity demand as shown in Fig. 5. There are no big hydropower plants in the construction phase up to date. Past experiences show that it takes at least 45 years for the construction of a new hydropower plant that can generate electricity. This clearly shows that the black out situation will not improve in the near future. This will virtually stop any grid extension plans in new locations. As shown in Table 1, the biggest portion of total electricity generated by NEA has been consumed by domestic customers, mainly for lighting purpose. Lighting is the key sector where solar photovoltaic can also fulfill the electricity demand.74. Solar photovoltaic development in NepalMost of the villages in Nepal are isolated from modern means of energy supplies. The major electricity demand, at the moment, in these villages is for light. Villagers light their homes either by kerosene lamps or by wooden flames, which cannot provide sufficient light and are also problematic in terms of health, safety, hygiene.The kerosene is not easily available and is very much costly due to additional transport costs in remote areas. This is why the solar PV sector is very popular among rural dwellers. Fortunately, the country receives an ample amount of solar radiation with an average of 3.66.2 kW h/m 2 /day, and the sun shines for about 300 days a year . The development of solar energy technology is, thus, reasonably favourable in many parts of the country.The exact date of the first use of solar PV in Nepal cannot be ascertained, but it is said that the first PV module was used in 1963 in anairport for navigational purpose . Recorded use of solar PV for domestic electrification started only in 19911992. By now, the major user of solar PV systems is the residential sector. Based on their application areas, the solar PV systems in Nepal are categorized in the following four types .4.1. Solar home system (SHS)SHS is defined as the household electricity supply system with solar PV panel of capacity 10 W p or more, battery, charge controller, and appropriate number of DC lights. SHS is the most widespread application of solar PV technology in Nepal. By 8December 2007, a total number of about 115,000 SHSs had been installed throughout the country with the total installed capacity of 3.5 MW p . Fig. 6 shows the SHSs installation trend in Nepal during 19922007.The annual growth rate of SHS installations was an increasingtrend until 2002. The growth rate fluctuated in 2003 and 2004,and decreased thereafter. This might be due to discontinuat
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