太阳能LED路灯网络监控设计【说明书论文开题报告外文翻译】
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毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书1本毕业设计（论文）课题应达到的目的：通过毕业设计，使学生受到电气工程师所必备的综合训练，在不同程度上提高各种设计及应用能力，具体包括以下几方面：1. 调查研究、中外文献检索与阅读的能力。2. 综合运用专业理论、知识分析解决实际问题的能力。3. 定性与定量相结合的独立研究与论证的能力。4. 实验方案的制定、仪器设备的选用、调试及实验数据的测试、采集与分析处理的能力。5. 设计、计算与绘图的能力，包括使用计算机的能力。6. 逻辑思维与形象思维相结合的文字及口头表达的能力。2本毕业设计（论文）课题任务的内容和要求（包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求等）：1.本设计是通过单片机 STC90C52 来控制蓄电池的充放电，当白天日照强度很高时，太阳能电池板能够将光能转化为电能，经过系统电路的转换、调节储存到蓄电池中。当夜晚没有阳光时，蓄电池放电，为 LED 路灯照明提供电能。路灯的通断是通过光照强度影响光敏继电器来控制的。系统通过光敏电阻探测室外的光强，白天时光照强度大系统自动关闭路灯，夜晚是光照强度低，系统自动启动路灯。系统自动检测蓄电池的电量，当由于长时间的阴雨天气或蓄电池长期使用导致电量不足时，系统检测到的电压值低于蓄电池设定值或者蓄电池故障，系统给工作人员发短信，对照明系统进行人工控制。2.设计系统的硬件电路和软件程序，包括详细的硬件设备配置，系统连接，程序调试等详细步骤；3.最终完成一篇符合金陵科技学院毕业论文规范的系统技术文档，包括各类技术资料，电路图纸，程序等；4.系统要有实际的硬件展示，并能够通电运行；5.本子系统要与整个系统能够配合运行；6.能够完成各项任务，参加最后的毕业设计答辩。毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书3对本毕业设计（论文）课题成果的要求包括图表、实物等硬件要求： 1.按期完成一篇符合金陵科技学院论文规范的毕业设计说明书（毕业论文） ，能详细说明设计步骤和思路；2.能有结构完整，合理可靠的技术方案；3.能有相应的电气部分硬件电路设计说明；4.有相应的图纸和技术参数说明。5.要求液位控制系统能在实验室现有的设备基础上调试成功，并在答辩时完成实际系统展示。4主要参考文献： 1 周志敏，纪爱华。太阳能 LED 路灯设计与应用 北京，电子工业出版社，2009 2 李淼生.智能路灯节能控制器的设计与实现J华强电子网，2011，93 高菁，左谨平，刘军胜基于 STC 单片机学习平台的硬件电路设计J2009，114 郭一翔, 牛萍娟, 毛博年LED 路灯设计和实现J天津工业大学学报，2006，255 宋金莲太阳能发电原理与应用M.北京：人民邮电出版社，20071-136 金步平，陈哲良太阳能与照明J.新能源及工艺，2001，3 期：7-10 7 桑野幸德.太阳电池及其应用，钟伯强译M.北京科学出版社，199010-15 8 杨金焕，陈中华等21 世纪太阳能发电的展望J上海电力学院学报，2001，17 期：23-28 9 杨成银，黄志辉，邱望标太阳能 LED照明系统的设计J电气时代，2008.1：21-23 10Tom P.Hough.Trends in solar energy researchM.New York:Nova Science Publishers,200617-20 11 张耀明中国太阳能光伏发电产业的现状与前景J新能源与新材料，2007(l)：1-6. 12J KOVAC,L PETEEMAI,O LWNGYEI. Advanee light emitting diodes structures for optoelectronic applicationJ.Thin Solid Films,2003,422(2):22-26 13 黄汉云.太阳能光伏发电应用原理M.北京：化学工业出版社，2009：15-20. 14 沈辉，曾祖勤太阳能光伏发电技术M.化学工业出版社，2008：31-39. 15 吕耀文蓄电池充电方法的研究J内蒙古科技与经济 2009(1)：96-97毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书5本毕业设计（论文）课题工作进度计划：起 迄 日 期 工 作 内 容2015.11.04-2015.11.282015.11.29-2015.12.162015.12.17-2016.01.102016.02.25-2016.03.092016.03.09-2016.04.282016.04.29-2016.05.092016.05.09-2016.05.132016.05.14-2016.05.21在毕业设计管理系统里选题与指导教师共同确定毕业设计课题查阅指导教师下发的任务书，准备开题报告提交开题报告、外文参考资料及译文、论文大纲进行毕业设计（论文） ，填写中期检查表，提交论文草稿等按照要求完成论文或设计说明书等材料,提交论文定稿教师评阅学生毕业设计；学生准备毕业设计答辩参加毕业设计答辩，整理各项毕业设计材料并归档所在专业审查意见：通过 负责人： 2016 年 1 月 14 日 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 1结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写不少于1000 字左右的文献综述： 能源是现代社会存在和发展的重要基石。随着全球经济社会的不断向前发展，能源消耗也在相应的日益增长。由于长时间大量被开采，化石能源的稀缺性也愈发明显，并且能源稀缺性也逐渐在能源商品的价格上被反应出来。在全球化石能源的供应日趋紧张的背景下，大规模的开发和利用可再生的清洁能源，已成为未来各国在能源战略中的重要部分。研发和使用清洁的新能源越来越被各国所重视。太阳能作为一种新开发的，潜力巨大的新能源和可再生能源，早就已引起了世界各国的广泛重视。我国也对太阳能发电做了大量的科学研究。同时，我国在近几年也加大了在新能源领域的投入。太阳能作为人类取之不尽用之不竭的、清洁的可再生能源，具有充分的清洁性、安全性、广泛性、寿命长和维护方便、资源充足及潜在的经济等优点，在将来我国长远的能源战略中有着非常重要的战略地位。一、太阳能发电系统太阳能发电系统的普遍结构是：太阳能电池板、控制器、蓄电池（组）组成。在一些使用市网作为备用电源的系统中，还应该配置逆变器。各部分的作用分别为：（一）太阳能电池板：太阳能发电系统中最核心是东西就啊太阳能电池板，它也是这类系统中最昂贵的部件。它的功能是太阳发出的太阳能转化成为人们需要是电能，把电能通过转换电路和电路传输给蓄电池存储，也能直接给负载提供电力。电池板的价格的上升会直接影响到系统的总体成本。 （二）太阳能控制器：太阳能发电系统的工作是通过系统内的控制器来控制的，控制器还有保护蓄电池的作用，控制器内设防止过充和过放电路起保护作用。一些地方的较大温差，为了保护系统需要做温度补偿，一般在控制器内实现这功能。一些附加功能如：本文的控制电路中就使用了光控开关。 （三）蓄电池：常用的电池是铅酸型的。一些不是很大对电量要求不大的系统中，其他如镍氢电池、镍镉电池或锂电池也可以考虑使用。蓄电池的主要作用还是储存和提供电能，在白天光照强烈时把发出的电能存起来，等到需要用电的时候再通过供电电路给设备提供电能。 （四）逆变器：逆变器的等级一般有 220V、110V。12V、24V、48V 是太阳能电池板的电压等级。想要给 220V 的交流用电器供能，就需要把低压的直流电通过逆变转换的方法转成相对较高的交流电。所以，在一些系统中都涉及了 DC-AC 逆变器。在接入单片机或控制芯片的电压很低，所以需涉及到 DC-DC 逆变器，单片机一般是将 24V变为 5V 或者更低的 3V。二、GSM 模块 GSM 模块是一个电子集成器件，它是把各种原件如：GSM 射频芯片、基带处理芯片、功放器件、存储器等所有不同功能的器件集成在一块电路板上，而且这个电路板自带 GSM 射频处理、独立的操作系统、基带处理而且提供标准接口的一种功能模块。 所以，GSM 模块必然会具有够语音通话功能和发送短信的功能。而且还可以进行一些基于 GSM 网络的GPRS 数据传输功能，这些都是通信中的一些基本功能。如果把键盘、显示屏和电池接到 GSM 模块上就是一部具有基本功能的手机。 一般对 GSM 模块通信的开发需要使用 ARM 或者是单片机，并通过 RS232 串口通讯使用 AT 命令来控制 GSM模块，实现各种不同功能的无线通信。例如：给手机短信，GPRS 拨号上网，拨打电话等基本通讯功能。在成品的 GSM 模块基础进行的上的产品开发通常都是基于 ARM 平台，也就是嵌入式系统进行开发。一些 GSM 模块还具有“开放内置平台”的功能，可以让客户将自己编写的程序嵌入到模块内的软件平台中运行。三、GSM 远程监控系统本文是通过单片机 STC90C51 来控制蓄电池的充放电，当白天日照强度很高时，太阳能电池板能够将光能转化为电能，经过系统电路的转换、调节储存到蓄电池中。当夜晚没有阳光时，蓄电池放电，为 LED 路灯照明提供电能。路灯的通断是通过光照强度影响光敏电阻继电器来控制的。系统通过感光探测器探测室外的光强，白天时光照强度大系统自动关闭路灯，夜晚是光照强度低，系统自动启动路灯。系统自动检测蓄电池的电量，当由于长时间的阴雨天气或蓄电池长期使用导致电量不足时，系统检测到的电压值低于蓄电池设定值，系统给工作人员发短信，对照明系统进行人工控制。目前，独立光伏控制系统在太阳能路灯控制系统的设计中被广泛使用。其主要由六个部分组成：发电用的太阳能电池板、储存和供电用的蓄电池、照明用的 LED 路灯、控制用的控制器、内部的充电电路、充放电/驱动负载的电路。太阳能电池板输出经 BUCK 电路调节后直接与蓄电池连接，系统主控芯片采用单片机STC90C51。参考文献： 1 宋金莲太阳能发电原理与应用M.北京：人民邮电出版社，20071-13 2 金步平，陈哲良太阳能与照明J.新能源及工艺，2001，3 期：7-10 3 桑野幸德.太阳电池及其应用，钟伯强译M.北京科学出版社，199010-15 4 杨金焕，陈中华等21 世纪太阳能发电的展望J上海电力学院学报，2001，17 期：23-28 5 杨成银，黄志辉，邱望标太阳能 LED 照明系统的设计J电气时代，2008.1：21-23 6Tom P.Hough.Trends in solar energy researchM.New York:Nova SciencePublishers,200617-20 7 张耀明中国太阳能光伏发电产业的现状与前景J新能源与新材料，2007(l)：1-6. 8 杨金焕，陈中华等21 世纪太阳能发电的展望J上海电力学院学报，2001，17 期：23-28 9 杨成银，黄志辉，邱望标太阳能 LED 照明系统的设计J电气时代，2008.1：21-23 10Tom P.Hough.Trends in solar energy researchM.New York:Nova Science Publishers,200617-20 11 张耀明中国太阳能光伏发电产业的现状与前景J新能源与新材料，2007(l)：1-6. 12J KOVAC,L PETEEMAI,O LWNGYEI. Advanee light emitting diodes structures for optoelectronic applicationJ.Thin Solid Films,2003,422(2):22-26 13 黄汉云.太阳能光伏发电应用原理M.北京：化学工业出版社，2009：15-20. 14 沈辉，曾祖勤太阳能光伏发电技术M.化学工业出版社，2008：31-39. 15 吕耀文蓄电池充电方法的研究J内蒙古科技与经济2009(1)：96-97 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 2本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段（途径）： 1.去图书馆查阅相关资料，经过汇总，作为参考资料； 2.充分利用网络资源，进行相关信息的搜索； 3.理论联系实际，利用 proteus 软件仿真成功后搭建硬件电路。 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 指导教师意见：1对“文献综述”的评语：综述内容较为丰富，参考文献合理，概括了课题所包含的研究内容的相关背景、基础知识、发展现状等，同时还对本课题所研究的任务进行了一定的阐述，对本课题的研究有一定的指导意义。2对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见和对设计（论文）结果的预测：本课题有一定难度，工作量适中，研究涉及相关知识范围较广，对系统设计及程序设计能力亦有较高的要求。通过查阅相关资料，同学交流，指导老师的指导，并结合大学知识的积累，该同学可以在规定时间内完成符合本科生要求的毕业设计。3.是否同意开题： 同意 不同意指导教师： 2016 年 03 月 08 日所在专业审查意见：同意 负责人： 2016 年 03 月 09 日0译文题目： Remote Monitoring for Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Rural Application using GSM Voice ChannelRemote Monitoring for Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Rural Application using GSM Voice ChannelThe health of the Solar PV systems should be monitored continuously for their better performance and maintenance. For PV systems installed at rural locations, remote monitoring capabilities provide the information in advance when system performance is degraded or is likely to fail. Based on this information, preventive maintenance can be carried out to improve the performance and life of the system, thereby reducing the overall operating cost.Advantages and disadvantages of several monitoring systems for rural application, based on the techniques of communication, such as, computer to computer communication (Ethernet), embedded system to computer (GSM) and embedded system to embedded system (GSM, GPRS) are discussed.A new technique is proposed as a solution to overcome the limitations of other techniques. The proposed technique uses GSM voice channel for the communication of data, in the form of analog signal between transmitter and receiver. In order to study and evaluate the performance of proposed technique, various experiments have been performed and impact of parameters like shape (sine, square and triangular), frequency (50 - 4000Hz) and amplitude (0 6 V) of analog signal have been studied. It is observed that sine wave of frequency from 300 Hz to 3300 Hz with 4.5 V maximum amplitude can be sent on voice channel of GSM network with less than 1% error. This technique has low initial as well as operating cost. The GSM network is readily available in rural areas; this technique can be used easily.1. Introduction1Clean solar electricity can be generated by solar photovoltaic as well as by solar thermal technologies. The contribution of solar electricity in the worlds total electricity generation is currently small percentage of total world energy production (0.2%) (Corresponding to 72 GWp capacity of solar plants as compare to 3600 GWp capacity of generated power plants) 1, but it is increasing at very high rate. During the last several years, the average annual growth rates of renewable energy capacity have been 70% 1. In order to promote installation of solar power plants in India, the Government of India has also announced a national mission called Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) in 2010 2.As per the JNNSM, the set target is to install 20 GWp solar power capacity in India by year 2020 2. The planned capacity is nearly equally distributed among solar PV (SPV) and solar thermal technology. The JNNSM target includes installation of grid connected SPV systems as well as standalone or off-grid SPV systems. In this mission, the target is to install 18 GWp of grid connected solar power plants (including solar PV in reply GSM network assigns the temporary IP to the modem and connects the GSM modem to the internet 9. The GSM modem directly connects to the internet, which adds extra cost for downloading and uploading of data3Fig. 1. Procedure to connect GSM modem to internetIn this arrangement, every time when GSM modem sends a request to GSM network for connection to internet it allocates different IP address. Programming is done assuming a fixed IP address for transmission and reception. This becomes difficult for any system to deal with dynamic IP allocation. To resolve this issue one has to deal with complex programming.SMS using GSM : SMS is one of the simple and cheap ways for communication over GSM mobile network. SMS can contain 160 alphanumeric characters 10. These characters can be coded for security reasons or they can be directly utilized as data as per the requirements. Sometimes congestion in the GSM network can lead to the delay in delivery of the SMS. The delay can vary from few minutes to few hours. In some cases the SMS delivery can fails permanently. Therefore, there is issue of reliability with SMS communication 9.3. Proposed technique for data transmission and reception (PV system monitored using voice channel of GSM network)Considering limitations of existing communication techniques from the prospective of low cost & effective monitoring for standalone Solar PV system installed remotely, a new technique is proposed. In this technique the voice channel of the GSM network is proposed to be utilized.In this technique of communication, data is sent in the form of analog signals of various frequencies on the voice channel of GSM network. There are two locations: one remote location (where the SPV system is installed) and other location is called central station (where data monitoring and processing is done). At both locations, embedded systems are installed. The data transmission is initiated by the user by making a call from mobile phone at remote location, which is received by the mobile phone at the central station automatically. The data reception is automatically done. In this system, the initial as well as the operating costs are very low. Various experiments were performed for evaluating effectiveness of transmission and 4reception of analog signals on voice channel of GSM network.The audible range of the voice frequency for humans is from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. In telephony voice frequency band used for communication varies from 300 Hz to 3400 Hz 10. Similarly the frequency range for data transmission and reception can be varied from 300 Hz to 3400 Hz in order to utilize the voice channel of the GSM network for data communication.3.1. The embedded system at remote location:The embedded system installed at remote location will have various sensors for measuring parameters like voltage, current, power, temperature and radiation related to standalone SPV system. The output of these sensors is given to signal processing unit, which processes various signals and converts them into voice type analog signals for the transmission on GSM voice channel. The transmitter device used in this technique is a mobile phone. The standalone SPV system that need to be monitored is connected to the mobile phone through the earphone jack of mobile phone and then phone number of central station is dialed as shown in Figure 2.Fig 2. Embedded system at remote location for data transmission (remote monitoring center)4. Results and discussionsVarious experiments were performed in order to study and evaluate the transmission of analog signal on the GSM voice channel. Transmission and reception of any analog signal between transmitter and receiver can be characterized by 4 parameters1.Shape of transmitted and received signals2.Frequency of transmitted and received signals53.Amplitude of transmitted and received signals4.Distance between transmitter and receiverThe hardware used for this experiment is as follows: Transmitter:a. Frequency generator (function generator) b. Mobile Phone (Nokia 1108) c. Earphone for mobile (HDC 5)Receiver:a. Frequency detector (CRO) b. Mobile phone (Nokia 1110i) c. Earphones (HDC 5).The experiments have been conducted by varying one parameter and keeping other three constant. As tabulated in the Table 2Table 2: Percentage cost comparison of various remote monitoring system to total cost of systemParameter Shape Frequency Amplitude Distance1 Sine, Square, Triangular Fixed at 1.5kHz Fixed at 4.5 V Fixed2 Sine 100-3500 Hz Fixed at 4.5 V Fixed3 Sine Fixed at 1.5 kHz 0 - 6 V Fixed4 Sine Fixed at 1.5 kHz Fixed at 4.5 V Zero to 250 m1.Shape of transmitted and received signalWe have considered three basic shapes of the analog signal which are sine wave, square wave and triangular wave. These wave shapes can be easily obtained by using function generator. In this experiment, the signal frequency was kept constant at 1.5 kHz and The shape of frequency were varies in following order first sine wave, triangular wave and finally square wave. At the same time received wave was observed at receiver end and following results were obtained. When sine wave was transmitted, sine wave of almost same frequency was received as shown in figure 5 (a). When square wave was transmitted, the received wave was modified sine wave with harmonics as shown in figure 5 (b). For triangular wave transmission, sine wave of corresponding to fundamental frequency of triangular wave is received as shown in figure 5 (c). This variation in reception is due to the voice channel of the GSM network, it allows only speech like signal to be transmitted. Sine wave is a closet possible voice like waveform without any harmonics, whereas the square and triangular waveform contains only odd harmonics as given by Fourier series 11. 6From above experiments we can say the sine wave can be best transmitted over GSM voice channel without any distortion in shape.Fig 5 Observing 3 different shaped waveforms sent from transmitter and received at receiver on CRO(a) Sine wave transmitted and received (b) square wave transmitted and received (c) triangular wave transmitted and received2.Frequency of transmitted and received signalsIn this part of experiment frequency of transmission was varied from 200 Hz to 3500 Hz to evaluate the actual frequency range for transmission over GSM voice channel. The transmission and reception of signal was observed at both the ends. The difference between transmitted and received frequency wasFig 6 Graph of percentage (%) error in reception vs. transmitted frequencycalculated in percentage (%) and the percentage error vs. transmitted frequency graph is plotted as shown in Figure 6. The maximum error percentage was measured and 7calculated to be less than 1%. But generally, if frequencies range is 200 Hz - 1100 Hz percentage error is more as compare to the frequency range 1100 Hz - 3400 Hz3.Amplitude of transmitted and received signalsIn this experiment the transmission voltage was varied from 2 V to 6 V and results were observed at receiver. The received signal faithfully represented transmitted signal for 2 V to 4.5 V. when transmitted voltage was increased beyond 4.5 V, the clipping in the waveform was noticed as shown in figure 7Fig 7. Snap of clipping of wave shape transmitted beyond 5.5 V signal observed on CRO4.Distance between transmitter and receiverIn this experiment the distance between transmitter and receiver was varied. Initially, the transmitter and receiver both were kept in the same laboratory, then the transmitter was moved to another laboratory and receiver was kept in same laboratory for transmission and reception of analog signal and waveforms with their respective transmission and reception of frequency was observed. The difference in transmitted and received frequencies was calculated. As expected, distance between transmitter and receiver does not affect percentage error in transmission and reception of the signals. As per the basic of mobile communication, every mobile phone is connected to the base station of its network service provider first and then it connects the call to the respective service provider of desired destination mobile phone. The distance does not matter in communication of two mobile phones.5. ConclusionsVarious remote monitoring configurations have been stuied and related with each 8communication technique have been also discussed.A new technique has been proposed for communication using GSM voice channel for communication of data between transmitter and receiver. The data in form of analog signal of different frequencies and shapes are sent on the vocie channel of GSM network and received at receiver end. Frorm exprimental results,parameters like shape,frequency range and a
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