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屋顶雨水收集利用及太阳能追踪发电系统【说明书论文开题报告外文翻译】,屋顶,雨水,收集,搜集,采集,利用,应用,太阳能,追踪,发电,系统,说明书,仿单,论文,开题,报告,讲演,呈文,外文,翻译

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毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书1本毕业设计（论文）课题应达到的目的：通过毕业设计，使学生受到电气工程师所必备的综合训练，在不同程度上提高各种设计及应用能力，具体包括以下几方面：1. 调查研究、中外文献检索与阅读的能力。2. 综合运用专业理论、知识分析解决实际问题的能力。3. 定性与定量相结合的独立研究与论证的能力。4. 实验方案的制定、仪器设备的选用、调试及实验数据的测试、采集与分析处理的能力。5. 设计、计算与绘图的能力，包括使用计算机的能力。6. 逻辑思维与形象思维相结合的文字及口头表达的能力。2本毕业设计（论文）课题任务的内容和要求（包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求等）：1、本课题设计以西门子 LOGO!为控制核心建筑绿化节能综合控制系统。由绿化系统，雨水资源利用系统，太阳能追踪发电系统三部分组成。设计由 PC 上位机和 LOGO!下位机构成的自动控制系统,通过将西门子 LOGO!系列作为下位机的主要硬件设备，设计硬件结构，完成数据采集、执行机构动作及中断程序的编写来实现相应功能。需要对整个系统进行认真分析,采用自动传感监测和控制技术,把液位,湿度和时间作为重要控制参数，达到相应的控制目的。2.设计系统的硬件电路和软件程序，包括详细的硬件设备配置，系统连接，程序调试等详细步骤；3.最终完成一篇符合金陵科技学院毕业论文规范的系统技术文档，包括各类技术资料，电路图纸，程序等；4.系统要有实际的硬件展示，并能够通电运行；5.本子系统要与整个系统能够配合运行；6.能够完成各项任务，参加最后的毕业设计答辩。毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书3对本毕业设计（论文）课题成果的要求包括图表、实物等硬件要求： 1.按期完成一篇符合金陵科技学院论文规范的毕业设计说明书（毕业论文） ，能详细说明设计步骤和思路；2.能有结构完整，合理可靠的技术方案；3.能有相应的电气部分硬件电路设计说明；4.有相应的图纸和技术参数说明。5.要求液位控制系统能在实验室现有的设备基础上调试成功，并在答辩时完成实际系统展示。4主要参考文献： 1 陈 浩 .图 解 西 门 子 LOGO!应 用 技 术 M.中 国 电 力 出 版 社 ,2008.2 肖 峰 ， 贺 哲 荣 .PLC 编 程 100 例 M.中 国 电 力 出 版 社 ， 2009. 3 王 长 贵 ， 王 斯 成 .太 阳 能 光 伏 发 电 实 用 技 术 .北 京 ： 化 学 工 业 出 版 社 ，2009.4 冯 垛 生 .太 阳 能 发 电 技 术 与 应 用 .北 京 ： 人 民 邮 电 出 版 社 ， 2009.5 陈 婵 娟 ， 薛 恺 .基 于 PLC 的 步 进 电 动 机 单 双 轴 运 动 控 制 的 实 现 .机 械 设 计与 制 造 .2009（ 03） .6 于 还 业 .温 室 环 境 自 动 监 测 系 统 J.农 业 工 程 学 报 ， 1997.7 丁 芳 .智 能 PID 算 法 在 液 位 控 制 系 统 中 的 应 用 J.微 计 算 机 信 息 ,2006.8 江 春 红 .基 于 PLC 的 液 位 模 糊 控 制 系 统 设 计 D.合 肥 工 业 大 学 ,2008.9 谢 晨 浩 .环 境 试 验 设 备 湿 度 测 量 不 确 定 度 的 分 析 J.电 子 质 量 ，2003（ 12） .10 金 发 庆 .传 感 器 技 术 与 应 用 M.北 京 ： 机 械 工 业 出 版 社 ， 2006.11 沈 聿 农 .传 感 器 及 应 用 技 术 M.北 京 ： 化 学 工 业 出 版 社 ， 2001. 13 魏 克 新 .自 动 控 制 综 合 应 用 技 术 M.北 京 :机 械 工 业 出 版 社 ,2007.14 王 俊 峰 ， 孟 令 启 .现 代 传 感 器 应 用 技 术 M.北 京 ： 机 械 工 业 出 版 社 ，2007.15 程 群 .城 市 区 域 雨 水 和 中 水 的 联 合 利 用 研 究 D.浙 江 大 学 硕 士 论 文 ，2007.16 车 武 ， 李 俊 奇 .城 市 雨 水 利 用 技 术 与 管 理 M.中 国 建 筑 工 业 出 版 社 ，2006.毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书5本毕业设计（论文）课题工作进度计划：起 迄 日 期 工 作 内 容2015.11.04-2015.11.282015.11.29-2015.12.162015.12.17-2016.01.102016.02.25-2016.03.092016.03.09-2016.04.282016.04.29-2016.05.092016.05.09-2016.05.132016.05.14-2016.05.21在毕业设计管理系统里选题与指导教师共同确定毕业设计课题查阅指导教师下发的任务书，准备开题报告提交开题报告、外文参考资料及译文、论文大纲进行毕业设计（论文） ，填写中期检查表，提交论文草稿等按照要求完成论文或设计说明书等材料,提交论文定稿教师评阅学生毕业设计；学生准备毕业设计答辩参加毕业设计答辩，整理各项毕业设计材料并归档所在专业审查意见：负责人： 2016 年 1 月 14 日 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 1结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写不少于1000 字左右的文献综述： 1、建筑绿化节能综合控制系统运用的国内外调查及存在的问题：通过调查了解到西方发达国家，绿色建筑已经有几十年的成功发展史。由于绿色建筑在节能上的巨大优势，很多国家已开始对其进行大力推广，并取得经济发展和能耗持续下降的突出成就。中国的屋顶绿化,由于受到基建投资、建造技术和材料以及传统观念等方面的影响,还处于起步阶段,存在着许多不足市场急需提高绿色建筑能源综合利用效率的控制系统。 针对现在存在的屋顶绿化，绿色能源利用的中外差距，同时中国城市化建设所面临的：土地面积的减少、建筑面积的增加、绿地面积的减少、温室效应越来越严重、能源的紧缺等一系列问题。此次毕业设计将设计：以西门子 LOGO!为控制核心的建筑绿化节能综合控制系统即屋顶雨水收集利用及太阳能追踪发电系统。 2、产品屋顶雨水收集利用及太阳能追踪发电系统的层次定位及核心价值：屋顶绿化不仅仅是绿地向空中发展，节约土地、开拓城市空间的有效办法。也是建筑艺术与园林艺术的完美结合，在保护城市环境，提高人居环境质量方面更是起着不可忽视的作用。 （1）提高城市绿化覆盖，创造空中景观； （2）吸附尘埃减少噪音，改善环境质量； （3）减少城市热岛效应，发挥生态功效； （4）缓解雨水屋面溢流，减少排水压力； （5）有效保护屋吸附尘埃减少噪音，改善环境质量有效保护屋面结构，延长防水寿命； （6）保持建筑冬暖面结构，延长防水寿命；保持建筑冬暖夏凉。 整个产品将塑造一个智能化的空中花园,而且能够在植物生产及绿色能源生产中创造可观经济价值. 3、产品设计系统简介：整个系统由绿化系统，雨水资源利用系统，太阳能发电系统组成。设计了由 PC 上位机和 LOGO!下位机构成的自动控制系统,通过引进西门子 LOGO!系列作为下位机的主要硬件设备，设计硬件结构，完成数据采集、执行机构动作及中断程序的编写实现相应功能,本设计将采用自动传感监测和控制技术,把液位,湿度和时间作为重要控制参数.从而用于楼顶绿化管理实行雨水收集,提高太阳能源利用效率，达到屋顶“戴草帽”降低城市及建筑室内温度，减少大气污染。 4、屋顶雨水收集利用及太阳能追踪发电系统将具备的以下功能：（1）雨水的收集、存储功能：雨水的收集、存储方式有两种，一种是通过室外集水箱进行室外雨水的收集、存储，另一种是利用蓄水池进行管道可利用雨水的收集、存储。楼顶的室外集水箱还用于对植物的进行灌溉，当集水箱存水低于上限，而此时微蓄水池中的水高于上限时水泵及时输送到集水箱，当到达上限值时关闭水泵。 （2）太阳能追踪功能：利用太阳能追踪系统进行光伏发电，该系统为两轴偏转机构，可以在不同的时刻获得最大强度的光照，进而达到太阳能的最大利用率。将收集到的电能存入到蓄电池中为系统供电、以及为屋顶照明等作用。 参考文献 1 陈浩.图解西门子LOGO!应用技术M.中国电力出版社,2008. 2 肖峰，贺哲荣.PLC 编程 100 例M.中国电力出版社，2009. 3 王长贵，王斯成.太阳能光伏发电实用技术.北京：化学工业出版社，2009. 4 冯垛生.太阳能发电技术与应用.北京：人民邮电出版社，2009. 5 陈婵娟，薛恺.基于 PLC 的步进电动机单双轴运动控制的实现.机械设计与制造.2009（03）. 6 于还业.温室环境自动监测系统J.农业工程学报，1997. 7 丁芳.智能 PID 算法在液位控制系统中的应用J.微计算机信息,2006. 8 江春红.基于 PLC 的液位模糊控制系统设计D.合肥工业大学,2008. 9 谢晨浩.环境试验设备湿度测量不确定度的分析J.电子质量，2003（12）. 10 金发庆.传感器技术与应用M.北京：机械工业出版社，2006. 11 沈聿农.传感器及应用技术M.北京：化学工业出版社，2001. 13 魏克新.自动控制综合应用技术M.北京:机械工业出版社,2007. 14 王俊峰，孟令启.现代传感器应用技术M.北京：机械工业出版社，2007. 15 程群.城市区域雨水和中水的联合利用研究D.浙江大学硕士论文，2007. 16 车武，李俊奇.城市雨水利用技术与管理M.中国建筑工业出版社，2006. 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 2本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段（途径）： 1、本课题要解决的问题：（1）系统能对土壤的湿度进行采集，当湿度低于设定值时，自动开启滴灌电磁阀对屋顶绿化进行滴灌处理。 （2）对集水箱中的水位进行有效控制，水位过低能自动启动水泵从蓄水池（雨水）中抽水供应，或通过自来水紧急补给。水位过高集满时能自动排出。 （3）太阳能板的光敏电阻能有效感应光的强弱，对光线进行追踪收集。驱动步进电机实现两轴偏转。 2、本课题拟采用的研究手段：（1）通过湿度传感器对土壤进行湿度采集，通过西门子 LOGO!作为下位机来自动控制滴灌电磁阀的启停。 （2）在蓄水池和集水池里添加水位开关，当水满而楼顶水箱（集水箱）未满的时候，通过西门子LOGO!驱动水泵给集水箱供水，直到集水箱水满。集水箱水满时，LOGO！给其指令不再供水并进行排水到要求水位。 （3）在太阳能板四侧安装两对完全相同的光敏电阻，分别控制步进电机两轴的偏转。将所接受的光线强弱进行 AD 转换，用西门子 LOGO！进行比较，输出相应 x、y 值，驱动步进电机转动，从而实现太阳能追踪。 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 指导教师意见：1对“文献综述”的评语：综述内容较为丰富，参考文献合理，概括了课题所包含的研究内容的相关背景、基础知识、发展现状等，同时还对本课题所研究的任务进行了一定的阐述，对本课题的研究有一定的指导意义。2对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见和对设计（论文）结果的预测：本课题有一定难度，工作量适中，研究涉及相关知识范围较广，对系统设计及程序设计能力亦有较高的要求。通过查阅相关资料，同学交流，指导老师的指导，并结合大学知识的积累，该同学可以在规定时间内完成符合本科生要求的毕业设计。3.是否同意开题： 同意 不同意指导教师： 2016 年 03 月 08 日所在专业审查意见：同意 负责人： 2016 年 03 月 08 日译文题目： Solor Tracker 太阳能追踪器 Solar TrackerAbstractThe Solar Tracker team was formed in the fall of 2005 from five students in an ME design team, and a Smart House liaison. We continued the work of a previous solar tracker group. The task was to design a prototype tracking device to align solar panels optimally to the sun as it moves over the course of the day. The implementation of such a system dramatically increases the efficiency of solar panels used to power the Smart House. This report examines the process of designing and constructing the prototype, the experiences and problems encountered, and suggestions for continuing the project. 1.IntroductionSolar tracking is the process of varying the angle of solar panels and collectors to take advantage of the full amount of the suns energy. This is done by rotating panels to be perpendicular to the suns angle of incidence. Initial tests in industry suggest that this process can increase the efficiency of a solar power system by up to 50%. Given those gains, it is an attractive way to enhance an existing solar power system. The goal is to build a rig that will accomplish the solar tracking and realize the maximum increase in efficiency. The ultimate goal is that the project will be cost effective that is, the gains received by increased efficiency will more than offset the one time cost of developing the rig over time. In addition to the functional goals, the Smart House set forth the other following goals for our project: it must not draw external power (self-sustaining), it must be aesthetically pleasing, and it must be weatherproof.The design of our solar tracker consists of three components: the frame, the sensor, and the drive system. Each was carefully reviewed and tested, instituting changes and improvements along the design process. The frame for the tracker is an aluminum prismatic frame supplied by the previous solar tracking group. It utilizes an A-frame design with the rotating axle in the middle. Attached to the bottom of this square channel axle is the platform which will house the main solar collecting panels. The frame itself is at an angle to direct the panels toward the sun (along with the inclination of the roof). Its rotation tracks the sun from east to west during the day. The sensor design for the system uses two small solar panels that lie on the same plane as the collecting panels. These sensor panels have mirrors vertically attached between them so that, unless the mirror faces do not receive any sun, they are shading one of the panels, while the other is receiving full sunlight. Our sensor relies on this difference in light, which results in a large impedance difference across the panels, to drive the motor in the proper direction until again, the mirrors are not seeing any sunlight, at which point both solar panels on the sensor receive equal sunlight and no power difference is seen. After evaluation of the previous direct drive system for the tracker, we designed a belt system that would be easier to maintain in the case of a failure. On one end of the frame is a motor that has the drive pulley attached to its output shaft. The motor rotates the drive belt which then rotates the pulley on the axle. This system is simple and easily disassembled. It is easy tointerchange motors as needed for further testing and also allows for optimization of the final gear ratio for response of the tracker.As with any design process there were several setbacks to our progress. The first and foremost was inclement weather which denied us of valuable testing time. Despite the setbacks, we believe this design and prototype to be a very valuable proof-of-principle. During our testing we have eliminated many of the repetitive problems with the motor and wiring so that future work on the project will go more smoothly. We also have achieved our goal of tracking the sun in a hands-off demo. We were able to have the tracker rotate under its own power to the angle of the sun and stop without any assistance. This was the main goal set forth to us by the Smart House so we believe our sensed motion prototype for solar tracking will be the foundation as they move forward in the future development and implementation of this technology to the house. 2. Defining the ProblemThe project was to complete the “REV 2” design phase of the solar tracker to be used on the Smart House. While the team was comprised of members from the ME160 senior design course, the customer for this project was to be the Smart House organization. Jeff Schwane, a representative from the Smart House, was our liaison and communicated to our group the direction Smart House leadership wished us to proceed. At our first meeting with Jeff and Tom Rose, the following needs were identified: 1. Track the sun during the day2. Use no external power source3. Weather proof4. Cost effective power gain5. Must look good6. Solar panel versatile i.e. can fit different types of panelsWith these needs in hand, we constructed a Quality Function Deployment chart. This chart can be found in Appendix A. The QFD showed the major areas of concern might have been: number of panels/size of panels, internal power requirements, motor torque required. At our first meeting we were also able to set up our goals for the semester. Having a working prototype capable of tracking the sun was to be the main goal for the end of the semester, but we soon found that in order to accomplish this, we would be forced to omit portions of the design criteria in hopes they would be worked out later. This would result in the optimization of platform space on the roof to be irrelevant, with our goal being to have one platform track. It also led to the assumption that our base would not need to be tested for stability or required to be fastened to the roof. With an idea of where we were to begin, from scratch with the possibility of using the frame from the “REV 1” design, and an idea of where we were to finish, with a moving prototype, we constructed the Gantt chart that can be found in Appendix B. Our group planned to meet with Jeff once a week to make sure we were on track with the needs of the Smart House. Jeff would also meet with Tom Rose, the director of Smart House, at least once a week in order to keep everyone on the same page. With our goals in mind we embarked on the process of idea generation. 3. Concepts and Research3.1 Tracking TypeOur group used a brainstorming approach to concept generation. We thought of ideas for different solar tracking devices, which proved difficult at times due to the existing frame and concept presented to us by Smart House. Other concepts were generated through research of pre-existing solar tracking devices. Originally our concept generation was geared towards creating a completely new solar tracker outside of the constraints of the previous structure given to us by Smart House. This initial brainstorming generated many concepts. The first one was a uni-axial tracking system that would track the sun east to west across the sky during the course of a day and return at the end of the day. This concept presented the advantage of simplicity and presented us with the option to use materials from the previous structure (which was also intended to be a uni-axial tracker) in construction. Another more complex concept was to track the sun bi-axially which would involve tracking the sun both east to west and throughout the seasons. The advantage of this concept was a more efficient harvesting of solar energy. The third concept was to only track throughout the seasons. This would provide small efficiency gains but nowhere near the gain provided by tracking east to west. The different structures we came up with to accomplish tracking motion included a rotating center axle with attached panels, hydraulic or motorized lifts which would move the main panel in the direction of the sun, and a robotic arm which would turn to face the sun. The clear efficiency gains coupled with the simplicity of design of the uni-axial tracking system and the existence of usable parts (i.e. motor and axle) for the rotating center axle structure, led us to the choice of the East to West tracking, rotating center axle concept. 3.2 StructureOnce the method of motion was chosen, it was necessary to generate concepts for the structural support of the axle. Support could be provided by the triangular prismatic structure which was attempted by the previous Smart House solar tracker group or through the use of columns which would support the axis on either side. While the prismatic structure presented the advantage of mobility and an existing frame, the columns would have provided us with ease of construction, simple geometric considerations, and ease of prospective mounting on the roof. Due to the heightened intensity of time considerations, the previous financial commitment to the prismatic structure by Smart House, and our limited budget, the presence of the pre-existing frame proved to be the most important factor in deciding on a structure. Due to these factors we decided to work within the frame which was provided to us from the previous Solar Tracker group. 3.3 Tracking MotionOnce the structural support was finalized we needed to decide on a means to actualize this motion. We decided between sensed motion, which would sense the suns position and move to follow it, and continuous clock type motion, which would track the sun based on its pre-determined position in the sky. We chose the concept of continuous motion based on its perceived accuracy and the existence of known timing technology. During the evaluation stage, however, we realized that continuous motion would prove difficult. One reason was the inability to draw constant voltage and current from the solar panels necessary to sustain consistent motion, resulting in the necessity for sensing the rotation position to compensate. Continuous motion also required nearly constant power throughout the day, which would require a mechanism to store power. Aside from these considerations, the implementation of a timing circuit and location sensing device seemed daunting. After consulting Dr. Rhett George, we decided on a device using two panels and shading for sensed motion.4. Analysis and Embodiment4.1 Structure GeometryThe geometry of the frame was created in order to allow the solar panels to absorb light efficiently. This was done by allowing rotation in the east-west direction for tracking the sun daily and a 36 inclination (Durhams latitude) towards the south. Because this frame was designed to be placed on a roof with a slope of 25, the actual incline of the frame was made to be 11.The geometry of the existing platform structure was modified. This was done in order to incorporate the results from the Clear Day Model supplied to us by Dr. Knight. This model led to the conclusion that the platform should track to up to 60 in both directions of horizontal. Thus, the angle range of the frame had to be increased. The sides of the frame were brought in to increase the allowable angle of rotation, and they were brought in proportionally to maintain the inclination angle of 11. Also, crosspieces were moved to the inside of the frame to allow greater rotation of the platform before it came into contact with the support structure.The panels used for sensing and powering rotation were placed on the plane of the platform. Mirrors were placed perpendicular to and in between the panels to shade one and amplify the other in order to produce a difference to power the motor. The sensing panels were placed outside the platform area to maintain the largest area possible for collecting panels. A third sensing panel was mounted nearly vertical and facing east to aid rotation back towards the sun in the morning. This panel was attached to the frame under the platform, so that during most of the day, its shaded with minimal effects on sensed rotation.Minimizing the torques on the motor was a main concern in order to minimize the motor power needed. The platform designed for the placement of the collecting solar panels was placed under the rotational shaft so that the panels would be aligned with it the rotational axis. Since the main panels comprise the majority of the weight putting these in the plane of the rotational axis reduces torque on the shaft. The sensing panels were placed symmetrically about the axis of rotation in order to prevent additional torque on the motor. The third panel was attached to the frame instead of the platform or rotational shaft so as to also avoid any torque. 4.2 MaterialsMaterials selection for most of the frame was simple because it had already been constructed. The mirrors used for the amplification and shading of the sensing panels were also already purchased and available for use. Additional parts for attachment of the panels and mirrors to the frame were taken from the scrap pieces available in the machine shop. In our selection of sensing panels, size and power needed to be balanced effectively. The panels were to be as small as possible in order to add minimal stress and weight to the frame but also needed to be powerful enough to power the rotation of the platform. Therefore, the most powerful of the intermediate sized panels available were selected. The panels purchased also appeared to be the most reliable of our options.4.3 Drive MechanismAfter designing a prototype and testing it, the motor purchased and used by the previous solar tracker group was slipping. It was removed, and the installation of a gear system with another simple motor was suggested and attempted. Professor Knight supplied some gears as well as some belts and pulleys. One end of the shaft was lathed so that one of the pulleys could be set on it, and spacers were bought so that a 6V motor we had available could power another pulley. These pulleys were to be connected by a belt. This motor demonstrated insufficient strength to turn the rotational shaft. The original motor, once detached, was taken apart and examined. Itappeared to be working again so a new pulley was purchased to fit it and was attached in the place of the 6V motor. 5. Detailed Design5.1 FrameThe frame was designed from one inch square aluminum tubing, and a five foot long, two inch square tube for the axle. It is constructed with a rigid base and triangular prismatic frame with side supporting bars that provide stability. The end of the axle is attached to a system of pulleys which are driven by the motor. It is easily transported by removing the sides of the base and folding the structure.5.2 SensorOur sensing panels are bolted to the bottom of the main solar panel frame and braced underneath with half inch L-brackets. The mirrors are attached to the inside of the sensing panels and braced by L-brackets as well. The whole structure attaches easily to the main panel frame which is attached to the main axle using four 2-inch U-bolts. A third panel is bolted to the structure to return the main panels direction towards the horizon of sunrise. 5.3 How the Sensor WorksOur sensor creates movement of the motor by shading one of the panels and amplifying the other when the system is not directly facing the sun. The two sensing panels are mounted parallel to the main panels symmetrically about the center axle with two mirrors in between them. The shading on one of the panels creates high impedance, while the amplified panel powers the motor. This happens until the panels receive the same amount of sunlight and balance each other out (i.e. when the sensing panels and main panels are facing the sun.). We initially attempted using a series configuration to take advantage of the voltage difference when one of the panels was shaded (Appendix C). This difference, however, was not large enough to drive the motor. We subsequently attempted a parallel configuration which would take advantage of the impedance of the shaded panel (Appendix C) and provide the current needed to drive the motor. Once the sensing mechanism has rotated from sunrise to sunset, the third panel, which is usually shaded, uses sunlight from the sunrise of the next day to power the motor to return the panels towards the direction of the sun. 6. Prototype TestingInitial testing was done using just the sensing component and a 6V motor. The panels were tilted by hand to create shading and amplification. A series configuration of the sensing panels was initially tested and proved ineffective. Data acquisition showed a maximum of a 2V difference across the motor, which was insufficient to power it. Upon testing the panels individually, it was discovered that the open voltage across each individual panel would only