托福机经背景材料整理2

小马过河网校 小马过河网校 小马网校托福机经背景泰国制定新立法打击政府机构腐败托福机经,托福机经背景,托福阅读机经背景小马过河网校为大家带来了托福阅读机经背景：泰国制定新立法打击政府机构腐败！托福机经背景是同学们进行托福备考的重要资料，小马网校为您提供最全最快的机经背景知识！泰国制定新立法打击政府机构腐败。众所周知，托福机经背景知识不仅开拓考生的思维，而且让考生熟悉托福经常考试的题材、背景知识，让考生更好的适应托福考试，所以如果有其他问题可以请登录小马网校进行免费咨询。By Ron CorbenBangkok28 May 2009Thailands government hopes new legislation will curb official corruption. But some business-risk experts say the chief concern in fighting corruption in Thailand lies in political will and government stability.Thailand is enacting tough legislation in a bid to curb corruption in public office. The new laws offer more flexibility in prosecuting suspects in a country considered one of the more corrupt in Asia.Professor Pakdee Pothisiri is a member of the National Anti-Corruption Commission. He says the new legislation should overcome shortfalls in earlier anti-corruption laws. He says one important step is the new law allows anyone with knowledge of corruption to file a case with his commission.He is confident that and other changes will strengthen the fight against graft. “I believe so because of the new constitution and the organic act that is about to pass into law and also because of this national anti-corruption strategy,“ said Professor Pakdee. “What we call for is all the sectors to work with us in dealing with the corruption.“Under the current law, only those directly affected by corruption are able to file a complaint.A survey by the Hong Kong firm Political and Economic Risk Consultancy ranks Thailand just ahead of Indonesia as being the most corrupt in Asia. Singapore and Hong Kong are considered least corrupt.The firms managing director, Bob Broadfoot, says corruption in Thailand has fueled political instability over recent years. But Broadfoot doubts whether the legal changes will significantly reduce the problem.“They may have passed what they said back in 2007, but how many changes of government have happened since 2007 because accusations by one side or the other by corruption? That has nothing to do with the magnitude. This has to do with corruption as an issue that can force political change and that is what investors care about,“ he said.Broadfoot says foreign investors are reluctant to enter Thailand because the business environment is unstable politically and socially. The leaders of military coups in 1991 and in 2006 said they acted to overthrow corrupt 小马过河网校 小马过河网校 governments.Broadfoot says the main corruption problem in Thailand lies with politicians rather than the countrys civil servants.“The civil servants in Thailand are, by and large in a lot of the departments, they are doing a pretty good job, they are getting respect,“ he said. “But there is very, very little respect for the politicians.“The new laws are being passed as the Thai government begins spending $22 billion to stimulate the slumping economy. The anti-corruption commissions Pakdee says the government needs to implement risk-management practices to make sure corruption does not siphon off that money.泰国制定新立法打击政府机构腐败泰国政府希望新的立法能限制官员腐败。但是一些商业风险专家说，在泰国和腐败作斗争主要在于政治意愿和政府的稳定。泰国在制定严格的立法，旨在打击政府机构的腐败。新出台的法律为起诉涉嫌犯罪者提供更为灵活的方式。泰国被认为是亚洲最腐败的国家之一。作为国家反腐败委员会成员的帕克迪教授说，新立法应该克服此前反腐败法中的不足。他说，一个重要的步骤是新法律允许得知腐败问题的任何人向我们委员会提请立案。他充满信心地认为，其他改变也会加强反腐的力度。他说：“我相信会是这样，因为新的宪法以及这个即将通过的有机法律，另外也因为这个全国性的反腐败战略。我们呼吁的是让所有部门和我们一起来对付腐败问题。”在目前的法律约束下，只有那些直接受到腐败牵连的人们才有权提请立案。香港政治经济风险资讯公司作出的调查将泰国的排名提在印尼之前，成为亚洲最腐败的国家。这个公司的执行主任、鲍伯.布罗德富特说，泰国的腐败问题使国家最近几年出现政治不稳定的局面，但是他怀疑这次司法改革是否会有效地减少这方面的问题。“他们可能在 2007 年就通过了他们所说的方案，但是，自从 2007 年以来，因为一方指控另一方，腐败导致政府发生了多大的变化呀。这和强度没有关系。这和可以迫使政治改变的腐败问题有关，这是投资者所关心的问题。”布罗德富特说，外国投资者不情愿到泰国，因为从政和社会方面来说，商业环境是不稳定的。布罗德富特说，泰国主要的腐败问题在于政客而不是这个国家的公务员。“泰国的公务员在很多部门总体上来说是工作得很好。他们受到尊重。但是对政客们不太尊重。”泰国新法律通过之时，正是泰国政府启动 220 亿美元用于刺激衰弱经济的时候。在反腐败委员会任职的帕克迪说，泰国政府需要实行管理风险的法律，保证这些钱不至于会因为腐败而流失。_1_小马网校托福机经背景津巴布韦政府采取步骤化解僵局托福机经,托福机经背景,托福阅读机经背景小马过河网校为大家带来了托福阅读机经背景：津巴布韦政府采取步骤化解僵局！托福机经背景是同学们进行托福备考的重要资料，小马网校为您提供最全最快的机经背景知小马过河网校 小马过河网校 识！津巴布韦政府采取步骤化解僵局。众所周知，托福机经背景知识不仅开拓考生的思维，而且让考生熟悉托福经常考试的题材、背景知识，让考生更好的适应托福考试，所以如果有其他问题可以请登录小马网校进行免费咨询。By Peta ThornycroftHarare21 May 2009Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai said Zimbabwes unity government has agreed on key appointments in an attempt to resolve the political impasse that has paralyzed the new administration.Little by little, Mr. Tsvangirai is reducing the number of issues outstanding since the swearing in of the inclusive government in February.“This has been a slow and frustrating process. However, we have been able to reach an understanding on a number of issues,“ he said.Mr. Tsvangirai said the appointment of 10 provincial governors would be divided between the parties and that the five vacant ambassadorial posts would be filled by his Movement for Democratic Change and a smaller coalition partner.But regional leaders will still be asked to mediate the dispute over two positions seen as vital to Zimbabwes economic recovery and restoration of the rule of law.The two are the reappointment last November of Central Bank Governor Gideon Gono and the appointment of Attorney General Johannes Tomana, both with strong links to President Robert Mugabes ZANU PF.Mr. Tsvangirai said Gonos re-appointment was not only in breach of the political agreement, but violated the countrys Reserve Bank Act. Business leaders blame Gono, who has held the position for a number of years, for the economic collapse of the country. His reappointment was seen as a major stumbling block in accessing foreign aid needed to turn the economy around.Mr. Tsvangirai said he hoped that Southern African Development Community, or SADC, which negotiated the unity government, would deal with this as a matter of urgency.Prime Minister Tsvangirai also said lawmaker Roy Bennett is to be sworn in as deputy agriculture minister. Bennett was charged just as the unity government was being formed with weapons violations in a case linked to long-discredited allegations that the MDC plotted President Mugabes violent overthrow. He has been free on bail since March.Mr. Tsvangirai also said the previous strict licensing of local and foreign journalists no longer applies under the power-sharing agreement. The rules essentially barred most foreign journalists from entering the country.He said there is no longer any legal obligation for journalists or media organizations to apply for accreditation until a new commission is in place.津巴布韦政府采取步骤化解僵局小马过河网校 小马过河网校 津巴布韦总理茨万吉拉伊说，津巴布韦联合政府已经在几个关键的任命问题上取得一致意见，试图解决使新政府瘫痪的政治僵局。茨万吉拉伊总理从 2 月宣誓就职以来一步步地解决了这个联合政府的种种难题。他说：“这是一个缓慢和令人烦躁的过程。然而，我们已经能够在一些问题上达成共识。茨万吉拉伊说，10 个省长将从各党派中任命，另外空缺的 5 个大使职位将由他的民主变革运动和一个较小的联盟来任命。但是，地方领导人仍然要在两个职位引起的纠纷方面进行调解，这两个职位被认为是对津巴布韦的经济复苏和法治恢复极其重要的。“这两个职位是去年 11 月被任命连任的中央银行行长吉迪恩.戈诺和总检察长约翰内斯.托马纳 ，他们都和总统穆加贝的非洲民族联盟-爱国阵线有着紧密联系。”茨万吉拉伊说，戈诺被重新任命，不仅违反了政治协议，也违反了国家的储备银行法案。戈诺已担任此职许多年，商界领导人指责戈诺使国家经济崩溃。他重新被任命被认为是获得外国援助、帮助经济复苏的主要绊脚石。茨万吉拉伊说，他希望为组成联合政府进行调解的南部非洲发展共同体能把这件事当作紧急事件来处理。茨万吉拉伊总理还表示，国会议员罗伊.班尼特将宣誓就任农业部副部长。就在组建联合政府时，班尼特被指控犯有违反武器规定的行为。这一案件和策划暴力推翻穆加贝总统的说法有关，但是这种说法长期来已经被否定。茨万吉拉伊还表示，先前对当地和外国记者严格的许可证制度在权力分享协议下不再适用。这条规定基本上禁止了大多数外国记者进入该国。他说在一个新的委员会建立之前，记者或媒体机构不再有任何司法义务申请许可证。_2_小马网校托福机经背景美警告伊朗获核武器引发军备竞赛托福机经,托福机经背景,托福阅读机经背景小马过河网校为大家带来了托福阅读机经背景：美警告伊朗获核武器引发军备竞赛！托福机经背景是同学们进行托福备考的重要资料，小马网校为您提供最全最快的机经背景知识！美警告伊朗获核武器引发军备竞赛。众所周知，托福机经背景知识不仅开拓考生的思维，而且让考生熟悉托福经常考试的题材、背景知识，让考生更好的适应托福考试，所以如果有其他问题可以请登录小马网校进行免费咨询。By David GollustThe State Department20 May 2009Secretary of State Hillary Clinton told senators Wednesday that if Iran obtains a nuclear weapons capability, it would trigger an arms race in the Middle East and beyond. She said the Obama administration is pursuing a diplomatic track on the issue with Iran but within a specific time-frame.Clinton said the specter of a nuclear-armed Iran has created what amounts to an “alliance“ among Israel and many Arab states, and she is hoping the shared interests will give impetus not only to diplomacy with Iran but also a 小马过河网校 小马过河网校 solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.In testimony before a Senate Appropriations subcommittee nominally devoted to the foreign affairs budget, she said the Obama administration - which promises diplomatic outreach with Iran - hopes to persuade the Tehran government that it will actually be less secure if it succeeds in what U.S. officials believe is an effort to acquire a nuclear weapons capability.“A nuclear-armed Iran with a deliverable weapons system is going to spark an arms race in the Middle East and the greater region. That is not going to be in the interests of Iranian security and we believe that we have a very strong case to make for that,“ she said.Clinton spoke in response to questioning from Republican Senator Judd Gregg, who called Iran a terrorist state, and noted Washington comments earlier this week by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu that preventing a nuclear Iran should take precedence over Israeli-Palestinian peacemaking.The Secretary of State, echoing remarks by President Obama to the Israeli leader, said diplomacy on both issues can proceed at the same time.“The president made it clear that he is committed to preventing Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons with all of the consequences that that would entail. But at the same time we cannot wait on the Palestinian-Israeli efforts regarding peace. So we think they have to proceed simultaneously,“ she added.Clinton said U.S. outreach to Iran, expected to begin after that countrys presidential election next month, will be time-limited but refused to be more specific. President Obama indicated Tuesday the United States would pursue tougher sanctions against Iran if diplomatic efforts fail to make progress by the end of this year.On another issue, Clinton told senators there is “no basis for believing“ that any U.S. aid money going to Pakistan is being diverted to that countrys nuclear program, as was suggested earlier this week in a report by The New York Times.She also said the United States has gotten reassurances from the Pakistani government about the safety of its nuclear arsenal amid the threat posed by Taliban forces in that countrys northern region.She said the Obama administration, which had been concerned about Pakistans willingness to take on Islamic extremists, now believes it is making an “all-out“ effort to take back areas recently seized by the Taliban.美警告伊朗获核武器引发军备竞赛美国国务卿希拉里.克林顿星期三对参议员说，如果伊朗获得制造核武器的能力，这将在中东和其他地区引发军备竞赛。她说，奥巴马政府正在争取通过外交途径解决这个问题，但是有一定的时间限制。克林顿说，一个拥有核武器的伊朗所形成的阴影使以色列和许多阿拉伯国家建立了一种“同盟”，她希望这种共同利益不仅能推动与伊朗的外交，而且还能解决以色列和巴勒斯坦的冲突。克林顿国务卿在为参议院拨款小组委员会上作证，一般情况下会议的重点是讨论外交小马过河网校 小马过河网校 事务的预算。但是，克林顿在会上说，奥巴马政府承诺扩展与伊朗的外交联系，希望说服伊朗政府，如果它像同美国官员相信的那样获得核武器能力，这实际上对伊朗来说是更加不安全。她说：“伊朗拥有核武器以及运载武器的系统，将在中东和更大区域内引发军备竞赛，这将对伊朗的安全不利，我们认为我们有充分理由来证明这一点。”共和党参议员贾德.格雷格称伊朗是一个恐怖主义国家，并指出以色列总理内塔尼亚胡这个星期早些时候在华盛顿所发表的关于防止伊朗拥有核武器应该比巴以和平更为重要的评论。格雷格参议院在这个问题上提出了问题。克林顿国务卿回答说，奥巴马总统对以色列领导人表示，这两个问题能够同时进行。奥巴马总统明确表示，他决心阻止伊朗获得核武器，考虑到它会产生的一切后果。但与此同时，我们不能一味等待巴以努力解决和平问题。因此，我们认为两个问题必须同时进行。克林顿说，美国预计将在伊朗下个月总统大选后与他们联系，将有一定的时间限制，但她拒绝提供更具体的细节。奥巴马总统周二表示，如果到今年年底前外交手段没有取得进展，那么美国将对伊朗进行更严厉的制裁。_3_小马网校托福机经背景全球有 6 千 5 百甲流病例托福机经,托福机经背景,托福阅读机经背景小马过河网校为大家带来了托福阅读机经背景：全球有 6 千 5 百甲流病例！托福机经背景是同学们进行托福备考的重要资料，小马网校为您提供最全最快的机经背景知识！全球有 6 千 5 百甲流病例。众所周知，托福机经背景知识不仅开拓考生的思维，而且让考生熟悉托福经常考试的题材、背景知识，让考生更好的适应托福考试，所以如果有其他问题可以请登录小马网校进行免费咨询。By Lisa SchleinGeneva14 May 2009The World Health Organization reports it has received nearly 6,500 officially confirmed cases of swine influenza A-H1N1 - including 65 deaths - from 33 countries. While this is serious, WHO says the disease has not yet become a pandemic.The World Health Organization says it needs to see clear evidence of sustained community transmission of the swine flu virus from person-to-person in at least two regions of the world before it raises its alert to the phase six pandemic level.And that, says WHO Assistant Director-General, Keiji Fukuda, has not yet happened in any region outside North America. He says all of the infections, which have occurred in other parts of the world have stemmed from people who had been traveling in North America.“Currently, many of the people who have not traveled, we know have been in contact with the travelers returned,“ said Fukuda. “However, if we begin to see 小马过河网校 小马过河网校 numbers of people who are getting infected who have not any contact with such persons, then this really becomes much stronger evidence that we are seeing community to community spread.“Fukuda notes a pandemic has nothing to do with the severity of the disease, but rather with its geographic spread. He says it is difficult to know how the disease will evolve. So far, he says it has been relatively mild.So, he counsels people not to over-worry. But, he warns against complacency. He says people must remain vigilant. He says it is very important to monitor and closely follow the course of the disease.“This is an event which is serious,“ said Fukuda. “This is something, which requires close monitoring. But most of the cases at this time, continue to be mild cases where people recover without needing hospitalizations. Although there are some people that do get fatalities and serious illnesses.“There were three influenza pandemics in the 20th century. The most serious occurred in 1918 when upwards of 50 million people are believed to have died.Those pandemics disproportionately killed younger people, a phenomenon, which is different from seasonal flu.Fukuda notes most deaths from seasonal flu are among people older than 65 or those who have chronic medical conditions. He says in the current outbreak, most deaths are occurring among young, healthy people. In this sense, he says the pattern appears to be similar to that, which occurred during the three 20th century pandemics.世卫：全球有 6 千 5 百甲流病例世界卫生组织说，该组织已经收到来自 33 个国家报告的将近 6500 例经官方证实的甲型 H1N1 流感病例，其中包括 65 个死亡病例。尽管情况危机，世界卫生组织表示，这种疾病还没有发展成流行疫症。*未提高警戒级别*世界卫生组织说，它必须要得到明显的证据，表明甲型 H1N1 流感在世界至少两个地区形成人与人之间的持续性群体传播，才能把流感警戒级别提高到第六级。世卫组织副总干事福田敬二说，那种情况还没有在北美以外的任何地区发生。他说，其它地区所有感染甲型 H1N1 流感的病例都是因为病人得病前去过北美洲。福田敬二说：“目前，据我们所知，患者如果没有去过北美洲，都跟从北美回来的人有过接触。不过，如果我们开始看到有些得病的人根本没有跟去过北美的人接触过，那么，这的确就成为比较有力的证据，表明我们正在经历甲型 H1N1 流感发生了群体性传播。”*症状不算严重*福田敬二提到，一种疾病的大流行跟它的严重程度无关，而是跟它蔓延的地理范围有关。他说，很难弄清楚甲型 H1N1 流感会发生什么变异。福田敬二说，到目前为止，这种疾病的症状还不算严重。鉴于此，福田敬二劝告人们不要过于担心。不过，他提醒人们不要满不在乎。他说，大家必须继续保持警惕。对疾病进行监测，密切跟踪它的发展变化是非常重要的。福田敬二说：“这是一个非常严重的事件，需要给予密切监测。不过，目前这些病例中的绝大多数病情仍旧比较轻微，病人不需住院就可康复。但有些人的病情的确严重，有些甚至被夺去生命。”小马过河网校 小马过河网校 *死亡病患为年轻人*20 世纪发生过三次流感大流行。最严重的那次发生在 1918 年，据信有超过 5 千万人死亡。在上述流感大流行时期，死的都是比较年轻的人，这种现象非常反常，跟季节性流感不同。福田敬二指出，因季节性流感死亡的都是年龄在 65 岁以上，或者有慢性病的人。他说，目前发生的甲型 H1N1 流感疫情，死亡病例都是年轻人，而且身体健康。从这个角度看，这种现象似乎跟 20 世纪发生的那三次流感大流行相似。_4_小马网校托福机经背景北韩称三周后审判在押美国记者托福机经,托福机经背景,托福阅读机经背景小马过河网校为大家带来了托福阅读机经背景：北韩称三周后审判在押美国记者！托福机经背景是同学们进行托福备考的重要资料，小马网校为您提供最全最快的机经背景知识！北韩称三周后审判在押美国记者。众所周知，托福机经背景知识不仅开拓考生的思维，而且让考生熟悉托福经常考试的题材、背景知识，让考生更好的适应托福考试，所以如果有其他问题可以请登录小马网校进行免费咨询。By Kurt AchinSeoul14 May 2009North Korea says it will put two detained American journalists on trial in three weeks. The two young women were captured near the Chinese-North Korean border and have been in Pyongyangs custody for more than a month, with almost no contact to the outside world. Some analysts see them as pawns in a much broader political game.In a terse, one-sentence report on its main official news agency, North Korea notified the world, Thursday, it will put Euna Lee and Laura Ling on trial on June 4.North Korean soldiers arrested the two Americans in March, as they were gathering video footage in the area of North Koreas Chinese border. The two are employed with San Francisco-based “Current TV,“ founded in part by former Vice President Al Gore. They planned a documentary about the hardships faced by North Korean refugees, especially women.Pyongyang says an internal investigation has “confirmed crimes“ allegedly committed by the two women, which include illegal entry as well as what the North describes as “hostile acts“ against the country. There are various estimates of a possible sentence if they are convicted, ranging as high as ten years in a prison or labor camp.Virtually every scholar here in Seoul views the detention of the two women in the context of how North Korea may be planning to use them to achieve diplomatic aims with the United States. Yun Duk-min, a researcher at the Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security, says Pyongyang is clearly 小马过河网校 小马过河网校 taking advantage of the situation.He says the U.S. journalists are basically hostages. He points out that North Korea launched a long-range rocket last month and has since warned it may conduct a second nuclear weapons. He says that indicting the journalists is just another move aimed at Washington.North Korea has pulled out of multinational talks aimed at getting rid of its nuclear weapons arsenal and refuses to engage in any dialogue whatsover with South Korea. The North ejected nuclear inspectors, last month, and says it plans to reprocess nuclear fuel into weapons material.Yun Dae-gyu, a professor at Seouls University of North Korean Studies, suggests the charges against the two women are a thin cloak for a deeper agenda.He describes this episode as a trial process in name only