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32t双梁桥式起重机设计【4张CAD图纸和说明书】

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关键词：: 32 桥式起重机设计 cad 图纸以及说明书仿单

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内容摘要 1

关键词 1

Abstract 1

Key words 1

1. 绪论 2

1.1 国内外桥式起重机现状与发展前景 2

1.2 本设计的主要内容、目标和方法 4

2. 型式及主要技术参数 4

2.1 型式及构造特点 4

2.2主要技术参数 5

3.起重小车的计算 5

3.1主起升机构的计算 5

3.2副起升机构的计算 11

4.小车运行机构的计算 15

4.1主要参数和机构布置简图 15

4.2 轮压的计算 16

4.3电动机的选择 16

5.主梁的设计 20

5.1主梁设计的说明 20

5.2 主梁断面几何特性 20

5.3 主梁载荷的计算 22

5.4 载荷组合及主梁应力的计算 26

5.5 刚度的计算 28

6.端梁计算 29

6.1中间断面系数 30

6.2端部支承处断面系数 32

7．大车运行机构的计算 33

7.1主要参数 33

7.2轮压计算 34

7.3电动机的选择 35

参考文献 39

致谢 40

内容摘要：该设计主要对双梁桥式起重机主起升机构、副起升机构、小车运行机构、主端梁、大车运行机构进行了设计。

主副起升机构的计算包括钢丝绳的选择、卷筒的计算、电动机、减速器的选择等，小车运行机构的设计主要有电动机、减速器、最大轮压最小轮压的计算，主梁和端梁的设计包括主端梁截面几何性质的确定，载荷的计算，主端梁强度的校核，主梁强度的校核等。

关键词：桥式起重机机构主端梁

Abstract： The main design of double beam bridge crane hoisting mechanism, deputy Lord lifting mechanism, the car running institutions, Lord girders during operation, the organization design.

The Lord vice lifting mechanism of the calculation of the selection of wire rope, including the calculation of drum, motor, gear reducer choice and so on, the car running design of the mechanism are the main motor, gear reducer, maximum wheel pressure calculation of minimum wheel pressure, main girder and the design of the girders including the main girders section determination of geometrical properties, and the load calculation, the main girders of strength, check the main girder strength check, etc.

Key words: Bridge crane Mechanism Main girders

1．绪论

1.1 国内外桥式起重机现状与发展前景

桥式起重机是横架于车间、仓库和料场上空进行物料吊运的起重设备。由于它的两端坐落在高大的水泥柱或者金属支架上，形状似桥。桥式起重机的桥架沿铺设在两侧高架上的轨道纵向运行，可以充分利用桥架下面的空间吊运物料，不受地面设备的阻碍。它是使用范围最广、数量最多的一种起重机械。

1.1.1 国内起重机现状

经过几十年的发展，我国桥式起重机行业已经形成了一定的规模，市场竞争也越发激烈。桥式起重机行业在国内需求旺盛和出口快速增长的带动下，依然保持高速发展，产品几近供不应求。

尽管我国起重机行业发展迅速，但是国内起重机仍缺乏竞争力。从技术实力看，与欧美日等发达地区相比，中国的技术实力还有一定差距。目前，国内大型起重机尚不具备大量生产能力。从产品结构看，由于技术能力所限，中国起重机在产品结构上也不完善，难以同国外匹敌。

同时我国起重行业目前存在几个突出问题，归纳如下：

（1）整体技术含量偏低，突出表现在产品的品种规格少，性能、可靠性等指标低于发达国家同类产品的水平。

（2）知名品牌寥寥无几，能打入国际市场并享有一定声誉的知名品牌几乎没有。

（3）产品低价恶性竞争严重，企业合理利润难保，已严重制约企业生产技术的持续发展。

1.1.2国外起重机发展前景

随着国际合作的增加，国际起重机行业发展迅速。到目前为止，国际主要知名起重机制造厂商有德国的DEMAG起重机，芬兰的Kone起重机，美国CM集团等。上述企业在起重机行业内较为知名。

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字数统计.jpg

内容简介：: 1内容摘要：该设计主要对双梁桥式起重机主起升机构、副起升机构、小车运行机构、主端梁、大车运行机构进行了设计。主副起升机构的计算包括钢丝绳的选择、卷筒的计算、电动机、减速器的选择等，小车运行机构的设计主要有电动机、减速器、最大轮压最小轮压的计算，主梁和端梁的设计包括主端梁截面几何性质的确定，载荷的计算，主端梁强度的校核，主梁强度的校核等。关键词：桥式起重机机构主端梁 Abstract： The main design of double beam bridge crane hoisting mechanism, deputy Lord lifting mechanism, the car running institutions, Lord girders during operation, the organization design.The Lord vice lifting mechanism of the calculation of the selection of wire rope, including the calculation of drum, motor, gear reducer choice and so on, the car running design of the mechanism are the main motor, gear reducer, maximum wheel pressure calculation of minimum wheel pressure, main girder and the design of the girders including the main girders section determination of geometrical properties, and the load calculation, the main girders of strength, check the main girder strength check, etc.Key words: Bridge crane Mechanism Main girders21绪论1.1 国内外桥式起重机现状与发展前景桥式起重机是横架于车间、仓库和料场上空进行物料吊运的起重设备。由于它的两端坐落在高大的水泥柱或者金属支架上，形状似桥。桥式起重机的桥架沿铺设在两侧高架上的轨道纵向运行，可以充分利用桥架下面的空间吊运物料，不受地面设备的阻碍。它是使用范围最广、数量最多的一种起重机械。1.1.1 国内起重机现状经过几十年的发展，我国桥式起重机行业已经形成了一定的规模，市场竞争也越发激烈。桥式起重机行业在国内需求旺盛和出口快速增长的带动下，依然保持高速发展，产品几近供不应求。尽管我国起重机行业发展迅速，但是国内起重机仍缺乏竞争力。从技术实力看，与欧美日等发达地区相比，中国的技术实力还有一定差距。目前，国内大型起重机尚不具备大量生产能力。从产品结构看，由于技术能力所限，中国起重机在产品结构上也不完善，难以同国外匹敌。同时我国起重行业目前存在几个突出问题，归纳如下：（1）整体技术含量偏低，突出表现在产品的品种规格少，性能、可靠性等指标低于发达国家同类产品的水平。（2）知名品牌寥寥无几，能打入国际市场并享有一定声誉的知名品牌几乎没有。（3）产品低价恶性竞争严重，企业合理利润难保，已严重制约企业生产技术的持续发展。31.1.2 国外起重机发展前景随着国际合作的增加，国际起重机行业发展迅速。到目前为止，国际主要知名起重机制造厂商有德国的 DEMAG 起重机，芬兰的 Kone 起重机，美国 CM 集团等。上述企业在起重机行业内较为知名。桥式起重机的更新和发展，在很大程度上取决于电气传动与控制的改进。将机械技术和电子技术相结合，将先进的计算机技术、微电子技术、电力电子技术、光缆技术、液压技术、模糊控制技术应用到机械的驱动和控制系统，实现起重机的自动化和智能化。大型高效桥式起重机新一代电气控制装置已发展为全电子数字化控制系统。主要由全数字化控制驱动装置、可编程序控制器、故障诊断及数据管理系统、数字化操纵给定检测等设备组成。变压变频调速、射频数据通讯、故障自诊监控、吊具防摇的模糊控制、激光查找起吊物重心、近场感应防碰撞技术、现场总线、载波通讯及控制、无接触供电及三维条形码技术等将广泛得到应用。使起重机具有更高的柔性，以适合多批次少批量的柔性生产模式，提高单机综合自动化水平。重点开发以微处理机为核心的高性能电气传动装置，使起重机具有优良的调速和静动特性，可进行操作的自动控制、自动显示与记录，起重机运行的自动保护与自动检测，特殊场合的远距离遥控等，以适应自动化生产的需要。随着现代科学技术的发展，各种新技术、新材料、新结构、新工艺在桥式起重机上得到广泛的应用。所有这些因素都有里地促进了桥式起重机的发展。根据国内外现有桥式起重机产品和技术资料的分析，近年来桥式起重机的发展趋势主要体现在以下几个方面：（1）重点产品大型化，高速化和专用化；（2）系列产品模块化、组合化和标准化；（3）通用产品小型化、轻型化和多样化；（4）产品性能自动化、智能化和数字化；（5）产品组合成套化、集成化和柔性化。41.2 本设计的主要内容、目标和方法主要内容：了解桥式起重机的发展和应用现状，设计一台满足要求的室内32/5t 双梁桥式起重机，并用 AutoCAD 绘图软件绘制出要求的图纸。由于桥式起重机基本上是采用电力驱动，且电动机容量的选择与各机构的尺寸布置和运转的经济性有密切关系，因此，进行传动系统设计之初，先对动力系统进行计算、选择及校验。桥式起重机传动系统设计主要包括起升机构传动系统设计、小车运行机构传动系统设计、大车运行机构设计。在设计中，先是确定传动设计方案，再根据动力传动方向进行设计和计算。在这三个传动系统，起升机构传动系统是最重要也是最关键的。对起重机金属结构时，采用经济梁法设计出起重机主梁最优截面，并校核截面几何尺寸。本设计采用规范的设计计算对桥式起重机各机构进行了分析。首先，通过查阅相关书籍和资料，学习桥式起重机的相关知识，了解桥式起重机的发展和应用现状，掌握桥式起重机金属结构的设计方法，学习并掌握 AutoCAD 软件的使用，掌握一般的绘图方法和计算分析步骤；其次，根据现今国内外生产桥式起重机采用的各种结构类型，结合课本知识和参考文献信息，设计符合使用要求的结构；桥式起重机的受力情况，计算桥式起重机的自重载荷、起升载荷、水平惯性载荷，并对桥式起重机的抗倾覆稳定性进行校核。2. 型式及主要技术参数2.1 型式及构造特点箱形双梁结构具有加工零件少、工艺性好、通用性好及机构安装检修方便等一系列优点，因而在生产中得到广泛采用。我国在 5 吨到 80 吨的中、小起重量系列产品中主要采用了这种形式，但这种结构型式也存在一些缺点；自重大、易下挠。它的主要组成部分有小车（主、副起升机构、小车运行机构和小车架）。桥架（主梁和端架）、大车运行机构和电气设备等。52.2 主要技术参数起重量：主钩 32 t，副钩 5 t主Q副跨度：L19.5 m起升高度：主钩 12 m，副钩 14 m；主H副工作级别：主起升机构： M5副起升机构： M5大车： M5小车： M5工作速度：主起升速度：V7.5 m/min副起升速度：V19.5 m/min小车运行速度：V38.5 m/min大车运行速度：V74.5 m/min小车轨距：2.5 m大车走轮：4 只，其中一半为驱动轮 3. 起重小车的计算32/5 吨双梁桥式起重机小车采用四个走轮支承的起重小车。它主要由主、副起升机构、小一运行机构和小车架所组成。3.1 主起升机构的计算3.1.1 主要参数与机构的布置简图主起升机构传动简图如下：61电动机：2联轴器：3传动轴：4制动器：5减速器：6卷筒图 3-1 主起升机构传动简图已知：起重量：Q32000kg；工作级别：M5 最大起升高度：12 m起升速度：7.5 m/min3.1.2 钢丝绳的选择根据起重机的额定起重量，选择双联起升机构滑轮倍率为 4，钢丝绳缠绕方式如图所示。图 3-2 主起升机构钢丝绳的缠绕方式7（1）钢丝绳所受最大静拉力；（公斤）组钩.m2GQaxS式中: Q额定起重量 Q=32 t；G吊钩组重量，G700kg（起重量的 2%4%，这里取 700kg）；M滑轮组倍率，m=4；滑轮组效率， 0.87；组组。kgS9.41708.023max（2）钢丝绳的选择：所选择钢丝绳的破断拉力应满足：；绳绳 nSmax而；丝绳绳n钢丝绳安全系数，对于中级工作类型绳n5；由上式可得： kgnS8.24538.09417.max绳丝根据上式计算查钢丝绳产品目录可选用：钢丝绳选用破断拉力 1670 的纤维芯钢丝绳。196查所提供的参考资料取得钢丝绳直径为 12mm。83.1.2 卷筒的计算已知主起升机构卷筒的直径为 650mm；卷筒长度和厚度的计算：卷筒半边绳槽部分的长度： tnDmHL0ax0式中为最大起升高度，已知大小为 22m；maxn 为钢丝绳的安全系数；选取钢丝绳的安全系数为 n=5；t 为绳槽节距， +(24)=2426, 取 t=25mm；绳dt为卷筒的计算直径，已给出大小为 650mm；0DmtnmHL512)6214.30(0ax0 卷筒长度，取长度为 2000mm，其壁厚可按经3952）（双验公式确定 mm，取厚度为 24mm。)0(.D卷筒转速 min/432.16.437v0mn卷3.1.3 根据静功率初选电动机起升机构静功率计算： 0612VGQN）（静式中 0起升机构的总效率：985.00传筒组 kwVGQN04.85.06127)3(6120 ）（静初选电动机功率；jc 3.%查电机产品目录，选 280s10。在工作级别为 M5 时，功率 N52 千瓦，转YZR速 n=970 转/分。3.1.4 减速器的选择（1）起升机构总的传动比： 4032.581n卷电i根据传动比 i=40，电动机功率 N45kw，电动机转速 n=581 转/分；可选用电机 ZQH65II3CA 型减速器，传动比 i=4，输入减速器功率为 26kw。（2）验算减速器的最大扭矩及最大径向载荷：低速轴上最大扭矩的验算: MiM额75.0max式中为电动机的额定扭矩，；额 mkg/61.57849额i 为传动比，i=40；为电动机至减速器被动轴的传动效率，； 94.0为电动机最大转矩倍数，；5.3减速器低速轴上的最大短暂容许扭矩， =6250 ；MMmkgkg1.5684.0157.30max10Mmax满足要求最大径向载荷的验算： PGSP2max卷式中为卷筒上钢丝绳的最大拉力，大小为 4170kg；ax为卷筒重量，查大起起重厂资料，查得；卷GkgG80卷为低速轴端的最大容许径向载荷，查所提供的资料得；P kgP940kgS45702841702max卷Pax满足要求3.1.5 制动器的选择制动器装在高速轴上，其制动力矩应满足式：制静制制 MK.式中 K 制制动安全系数，对 M5 级工作类型取 1.75；M 制静满载时制动轴上之静力矩； 02imDGQ）（制静式中 0机构总效率值为 0.85；mkg8.6091.4022.73）（制静11；mkgMK 54.1068.75.1制静制根据以上计算，从制动器目录选用制动器。80/4EYWZ3.2 副起升机构的计算3.2.1 主要参数与机构的布置简图已知：起重量：Q5000kg工作级别：M5最大起升高度：14m起升速度：19.5m机构布置与主起升机构类似。3.1.2 钢丝绳的选择根据起重机的额定起重量，选择双联起升机构滑轮倍率为 2，钢丝绳缠绕方式如图所示。图 3-3 主起升机构钢丝绳的缠绕方式钢丝绳所受最大静拉力；12组钩m2GQaxS式中 Q额定起重量，Q=5000 公斤；G 钩吊钩组重量，G 钩100 公斤（起重量的 2%4%，这里取 100 公斤）；M滑轮组倍率，m=2；滑轮组效率， 0.99；组组kgS8.1279.025max所选择钢丝绳的破断拉力应满足：；而绳绳 nSmax丝绳 S绳钢丝绳安全系数，对于中级工作类型绳n5由上式可得： kgnS8345.012.max绳丝根据上式计算查钢丝绳产品目录可选用：钢丝绳 6 19WFC 破断拉力 1670 的纤维芯钢丝绳，从而确定钢丝绳直径为13mm。3.1.3 滑轮、卷筒的计算（1）滑轮、卷筒最小直径的确定：为了确保钢丝绳具有一定的使用寿命，滑轮、卷筒的直径应满足:绳deD1式中 e 为系数，对工作级别为 M5 的桥式起重机，取 e=25；13所以，取卷筒和滑轮直径为 400mm。mD305.12)(（2）卷筒长度和厚度的计算：L37816)25.41.30(0卷筒长度，取长度为 1500mm，卷筒材料采用m02）（双 HT2040，其壁厚可按经验公式确定 mm，取厚度为16)0(.D18mm。（3）卷筒转速： min/8.304125.39v0Dmn卷3.1.4 根据静功率初选电动机起升机构静功率计算； )(6120.千瓦）（静 VGQN式中起升机构的总效率； 87.00传筒组kwVGQN1861259)5(.6120 ）（静初选电动机功率；jc 48.0%查电机产品目录，选在工作级别为 M5 时，功率 N17 千瓦，转速61LYZRn=955 转/分。3.1.5 减速器的选择起升机构总的传动比：149.28.3071n卷电i根据传动比 i=22.99，电动机功率 N16 千瓦，电动机转速 n=710 转/分。可选用电机 ZQ500IV4CA 型减速器，传动比 i=23.34，输入减速器功率为21 千瓦，转速 n=750 转/分。验算减速器的最大扭矩及最大径向力最大扭矩的验算 MiM额75.0max式中为电动机的额定扭矩， =21.97 ；额额 mkgi 为传动比，i=23.34；为电动机至减速器被动轴的效率，大小为 0.94；为电动机的最大转矩倍数，大小为 3.92； mkgM/1479.0329.1.3750max 查 ZQ 系列减速器轴端容许扭矩；M5max满足要求最大径向力的验算： PGSP2max卷卷筒上钢丝绳最大拉力，为 1288kg；ax maxS卷筒重量，；卷Ggk360卷15；kgP146823018max查减速器低速轴端容许载荷表得；kgP1650max满足要求3.1.6 制动器的选择制动器装在高速轴上，其制动力矩应满足式：制静制制 MK.式中制动安全系数，对中级工作类型取 1.75；制满载时制动轴上之静力矩；制静 02imDGQM）（制静式中 0机构总效率值为 0.917； mkgK 20.4917.3.245175. 制静制根据以上计算，从制动器目录选用制动器。5/34EYWZ4. 小车运行机构的计算4.1 主要参数和机构布置简图起重量在 5 号到 50 吨范围内的双梁桥式起重机的小车，一般采用四个车轮支承的四车，其中两个车轮为主动车轮。主动轮由小车运行机构集中驱动。主要参数16起重量： 32t 5t主Q副工作级别：M5小车运行速度：38.5m/min车轮数：4 个驱动形式：集中驱动4.2 轮压的计算参考同类型规格相近的起重机，估计小车总重为 7.5 吨，近似认为由四个车轮平均承受。吊钩位于小车轨道的纵向对称轴线上，根据小车架布置图偏离主、从动轮之间的中心线为 80mm。根据起重小车架的平衡方程式，可分别示出主动轮和从动轮的轮压。主动轮： TKGQP120821式中 P1主动轮轮压；Kt小车轮矩，为 2400 毫米。（空载）（满载）为：同理，可得从动轮轮压（空载）满载192704012753528)(8544012075135min2axmin1axpPPp4.3 电动机的选择4.3.1 运行阻力的计算（1）小车满载运行时的最大摩擦阻力附轮架摩满）（ KDGQP.d217式中（Q+G）额定起重量量加吊钩重量，（Q+G）32500kg；架G小车自重，架G7500kg；K滚动摩擦系数，K0.05cm；U轴承摩擦系数取 0.015；附附加摩擦阻力系数取 1.5；轮D车轮直径为 9cm； kgP 405.1390.5270325）（摩满（空载运行时摩空为 81 公斤）（2）小车满载运行时的最大坡度阻力：坡架坡满）（ KGQP.式中坡坡度阻力系数取 0.002；坡满（32500+7500） 0.00280kg（空载运行时摩空P16 公斤）（3）小车满载运行时的最大静阻力： kg480 坡满摩满静满（静空p81+1697 公斤）4.3.2 选择电动机，确定减速器（1）满载运行时电动机的静功率： mVPN6120小车静满静式中静满小车满载运行时的静阻力；静满P480kg18小车V小车运行速度，小车V32.5m/min；小车运行机构传动效率， 0.9；m电动机个数，m=1； wNk92.31.062458静（2）选择电动机静电K.式中电电动机起动为克服惯性的功率增大系数，查起重设计手册表 9-6，取电 1.4；kw49.52.31N查电动机产品目录选择 216 型电动机，功率 N5kw，转速 925 转/2JZR分，转子飞轮矩公斤，最大扭矩倍数。.02电GD米 9.2（3）确定减速器减速器的传动比：小车轮 Vni式中小车V小车运行速度，小车 38.5 米/分；n电动机转速，n=925 转/分；D小车车轮直径取 0.35 米；min/032.5.1438轮n602.59i起时的惯性力： kgaGQP7.401.8.9g 平满架惯 19式中平满a小车满载起动时的平均加速度，取 0.1 米/ 。2秒wVPNk2.69.0612538)47(6120)( 小车惯静根据起动时期的输入功率、减速比、输入转速及工作类型查产品目录，先取立式减速器 ZSC400，i=22.4，N2.8 千瓦（n=1000 转/分）。4.2.3 车轮计算根据轮压、小车运行速度、工作类型选车轮直径 D350mm，车轮的计算轮压：（1）疲劳计算时的等效起长载荷由下式确定：起等效工等效起 Q式中等效工等效静载荷系数查表得 0.6；起起升载荷重量值为 32500kg；等效起Q0.6 32500=19500kg根据等效起升载荷确定车轮的等效轮压，然后再由下式确定车轮的计等效P算轮压。等效计 PK1式中等效根据等效起升载荷计算的最大轮压，作为疲劳计算时的计算轮压。 kg7052401751895等效 P1K等效冲击系数，查得值为 1；载荷变化系数，根据；6.27509架等效起GQ20查起重设计实例，表 2-8 得 0.8；kg564078.01计P（2）强度校核时的最大计算轮压： maxax计式中为动力系数，取为 1.47；为满载小车最大轮压， =8854kg；maxPmaxP kgax计 1305847.15. 主梁的设计5.1 主梁设计的说明在计算箱形双梁桥式起重机的主梁时，为保证起重机安全、正常的工作，主梁应满足强度、刚度和稳定性的要求。强度和稳定性要求是指主梁在载荷的作用下产生的内力不应超过主梁材料许用的承载能力，刚度要求是指主梁在载荷作用下产生的变形量不应超过许用的变形值。5.2 主梁断面几何特性根据参考资料选出主梁断面见图 5-121图 5-1 主梁断面图61504021hb断面面积：F=55(1.41.4)20.6115=292 2cmmZZ5871258930.7295.0415.81614.51惯性矩：水平惯性矩： 4 2332587115.84.52).(6.0).(6.0.1758. 4.1758.4.cmJx22垂直惯性矩： 423315968.).0(216.05.cmJ断面模数： 31.951.87cZJWXx32.mx345102cbJy.6.195087LH.342.0b016.5.19L276.0h5.3 主梁载荷的计算箱形双梁桥架的自重载荷和起升载荷。5.3.1 自重载荷及其最大弯矩的计算自重载荷有均布载荷和集中载荷两种。作用在主梁上的均布载荷有主梁、走台、轨道、栏杆等重量，作用在主梁上的集中载荷有操纵室、大车运行机构23以及布置在走台上的电气设备等的重量。主梁均布载荷为: LGq传总传其它栏轨传走主传总G算式中为一根主梁的重量，大小为 5298kg；主为传动侧走台的重量，大小为 1273kg；传走为主梁轨道的重量，大小为 595kg；轨G为一侧栏杆的重量，大小为 147kg；栏为主梁上的一些其他小物件，如接线盒等，大小为 176kg，L 为跨度，大其它小为 19.5m。计算式所需的各个部件的重量，由参考文献和设计手册中差得，最后应按实际结构的重量进行校核修改，具体数据大小参考了大连起重机器厂 73 年系列产品的主梁数据。 gGk78316459127358传总 mtLq/.0传总传均布载荷产生的最大弯矩（在跨中）： tqM/9.182传均固定集中载荷的跨中产生的弯矩： 2321lGll电操运固24式中大车运行机构的重量，大小为 440kg；运G为操纵室的重量，大小为 1100kg；操为布置在走台上的电气设备的重量，大小为 194kg；电=2.5882321lGllM电操运固 mt/固定载荷上主梁上的最大弯矩： tG /48.15.918* 固均5.3.2 起升载荷及其最大弯矩的计算小车在桥架主梁的轨道上运行时，作用于钢轨上的小车轮压以 P 表示，由于起升机构起动或制动时产生垂直惯性力，所以计算式应考虑动力系数。小车静轮压： QP小车小车计算轮压：小车计式中为小车自重引起的轮压；小车Pt875.140小车为负载引起的轮压；QtPQ783.42015.621为动力系数，根据起重机的工作级别来确定，起重机的工作级别为 M5，参考设计手册，取。.125tPQ435.82.11小车计 t6.7.22小车计小车静轮压： tPQ342.711小车 t685.22小车静载最大弯矩： LPKMTP2124计算最大弯矩： LPKTP计计计计计 2124式中小车轮距为 2.8mT起重机跨度为 L=19.5mmtMP /71.65.9658.342.71.9. 282.765.196.7435.8 2计P5.3.3 水平惯性载荷水平惯性载荷是在小车及桥架的运行机构起动或制动时产生的这种惯性力，26通过制动车轮的粘着力，传递到主梁上。当小车制动时，水平惯性力。由于是纵向作用，所以在箱形结主动惯 P71构主梁计算中一般不考虑，只在端梁计算中考虑。当桥架制动时，横向作用于主梁轴线的水平惯性载荷根据主动车轮数决定。在计算中，一般不单独计算，而对主梁取水平惯性力引起弯矩等于垂直惯P载荷引起的弯矩的 0.1 倍，端梁计算中去 0.15 倍。由水平惯性力产生的主梁最大弯曲力矩为。1.0水MmtMGP /92.8)4.17.6(.0)( 5.4 载荷组合及主梁应力的计算5.4.1 跨中主梁法向应力第一类载荷组合： mtMMGPGP /45.10)(1 计计计21 25)(/40/7.ckgWAx计第二类载荷组合： 12.98.0)()(GPGPMM2722 5)(5)(2/1406.37910.10cmkgWMAyGPxGP第三类载荷组合：计计 )()(1.0GPGPM222 5)(5)(3/170/ 10.cmkgWByx计计为第一、第二类许用应力；A为第三类许用应力。B5.4.2 跨端主梁腹板的剪应力 0maxhQ式中：在固定载荷及活动载荷的作用下，主端跨端的最大剪力。ax)(1min1maxbZLRQk其中: ；tP421；b5.21为小车位于跨端极限位置，所以去 =0。minZminZ28tQ28.13)5.19(.4minMPcm0/kg26.083满足要求5.5 刚度的计算5.5.1 主梁的静刚度对两个轮压力： xEJlLlPf1275.02式中为小车的实际静轮压，不计动力系数，分别取 7.3t 和 6.7t；21L 为起重机的跨度，大小为 1950cm；E 为弹性模数，大小为；26/10.2cmkg为主梁跨中毛截面对中心轴的惯性矩，大小为 558751 ；xJ 4cmKLlT835021950f 21.3711. 859.7.63623 02.09.1952. LfLf满足要求5.5.2 主梁的动刚度按空载时的自振周期：29sT3.0KM2式中 T 为自振周期，单位为秒；M 为大车及小车的换算质量： )5.0(1小GqLg348EJKx其中 q 为桥架结构单位长度的重量；为小车的重量；小G为桥架结构的惯性矩；xJ 2/3.1)750.19635.0(981 scmkgM8.2433LEIKTT7.0521.所以满足要求6. 端梁计算箱形结构桥架的端梁一般亦采用箱形断面：30图 6-1 端梁断截面尺寸6.1 中间断面系数图中符号 d下盖板螺钉孔直径，d=21mm；n下盖板断面螺钉孔数，n5；D腹板工艺孔直径，D150mm。cmdBDhBHZ38 8.0)1256(8.0)15.7(2.06 3.389. )()()(1 211 cmZH43812下盖板净断面面积 217.35cdBF对 xx 轴净断面惯性矩：毕业论文（设计）任务书题目名称 32/5t 双梁桥式起重机设计学生姓名所学专业班级指导教师姓名所学专业职称完成期限一、论文（设计）主要内容及主要技术指标设计参数：主起升 32t 高度 12 米速度 7.5m/min 卷筒直径 650mm 工作级别 M5 起升倍率 4；副起升 5t 高度 14 米卷筒直径 400mm 速度 19.5m/min 工作级别 M5 起升倍率 2。车轮直径：大车 800mm 小车 400mm。主要技术指标（2）合理选择部件。（3）对关键部件的结构设计。（3）最后进行载荷的校验及分析。二、毕业论文（设计）的基本要求1. 开题报告一份。2. 中期检查表一份。3. 毕业设计（论文）一份：有 400 字左右的中英文摘要，正文后有 10 篇以上的参考文献，主要是期刊、杂志，少量是教材。正文中要引用 5 篇以上文献，并注明出处。论文总字数在 6000 字以上。4. 有 1500 字左右汉字的与本课题有关的外文翻译资料。5. 毕业设计总字数在 5000 字以上。6. 确定各个零件进行结构参数设计校核。三、2012 年毕业论文（设计）进度安排12.3.1412.3.24 开题，开题报告12.3.2512.4. 1 课题构思，查找资料12.4. 212.5.14 论文准备，修正12.5.1512.6 答辩准备及答辩评阅设计报告，毕业设计答辩资格审查。毕业设计答辩，学生修改整理设计报告Mechanical engineering 1.The porfile of mechanical engineeringEngingeering is a branch of mechanical engineerig,it studies mechanical and power generation especially power and movement.2.The history of mechanical engineering18th century later periods,the steam engine invention has provided a main power fountainhead for the industrial revolution,enormously impelled each kind of mechznical biting.Thus,an important branch of a new Engineering separated from the civil engineering tools and machines on the branch-developed together with Birmingham and the establishment of the Associantion of Mechanical Engineers in 1847 had been officially recognized.The mechanical engineering already mainly used in by trial and error method mechanic application technological development into professional engineer the scientific method of which in the research,the design and the realm of production used .From the most broad perspective,the demend continuously to enhance the efficiencey of mechanical engineers improve the quality of work,and asked him to accept the history of the high degree of education and training.Machine operation to stress not only economic but also infrastructure costs to an absolute minimun.3.The field of mechanical engineering The commodity machinery development in the develop country,in the high level material life very great degree is decided each kind of which can realize in the mechanical engineering.Mechanical engineers unceasingly will invent the machine next life to produce the commodity,unceasingly will develop the accuracy and the complexity more and more high machine tools produces the machine.The main clues of the mechanical development is:In order to enhance the excellent in quality and reasonable in price produce to increase the precision as well as to reduce the production cost.This three requirements promoted the complex control system development.The most successful machine manufacture is its machine and the control system close fusion,whether such control system is essentially mechanical or electronic.The modernized car engin production transmission line(conveyer belt)is a series of complex productions craft mechanization very good example.The people are in the process of development in order to enable further automation of the production machinery ,the use of a computer to store and handle large volumes of data,the data is a multifunctional machine tools necessary for the production of spare parts.One of the objectives is to fully automated production workshop,three rotation,but only one officer per day to operate.The development of production for mechanical machinery must have adequate power supply.Steam engine first provided the heat to generate power using practical methods in the old human,wind and hydropower,an increase of engin .New mechanical engineering industry is one of the challenges faced by the initial increase thermal effciency and power,which is as big steam turbine and the development of joint steam boilers basically achieved.20th century,turbine generators to provide impetus has been sustained and rapid growth,while thermal efficiency is steady growth,and large power plants per kW capital consumption is also declining.Finally,mechanical engineers have nuclear energy.This requires the application of nuclear energy particularly high reliability and security,which requires solving many new problems.Large power plants and the nuclear power plant control systems have become highly complex electroonics,fluid,electricity,water and mechanical parts networks All in all areas related to the mechanical engineers.Small internal combustion engine,both to the type (petrol and diesel machines)or rotary-type(gas turbines and Mong Kerr machine),as well as their broad application in the field of transport should also due to mechanical enginerrs.Throughout the transport,both in the air and space,or in the terrestrial and marine,mechanial engineers created a variety of equipment and power devices to their increasing cooperation with electrical engineers,especially in the development of appropration control systems.Mechanical engineers in the development of military weapons technology and civil war ,needs a similar,though its purpose is to enhance rather than destroy their productivity.However.War needs a lot of resources to make the area of techonlogy,many have a far-reaching development in peacetime efficiency.Jet aircraft and nuclear reactors are well known examples.The Biological engineering,mechanical engineering biotechnology is a relatively new and different areas,it provides for the replacement of the machine or increase the body functions as well as for medical equipment.Artficial limbs have been developed and have such a strong movement and touch response function of the human body.In the development of artificial organ transplant is rapid,complex cardiac machines and similar equipment to enable increasingly complex surgery,and injuries and ill patients life functions can be sustained.Some enviromental control mechanical engineers through the initial efforts to drainage or irrigation pumping to the land and to mine and ventilation to control the human environment.Modern refrigeration and air-conditioning plant commonaly used reverse heat engine,where the heat from the engine from cold places to more external heat.Many mechanical engineering products,as well as other leading technology development city have side effects on the environment,producing noise,water and air pollution caused,destroyed land and landscape.Improve productivity and diver too fast in the commodity,that the renewable naturalforces keep pace.For mechanical engineers and others,environmental control is rapidly developing area,which includes a possible development and production of small quantities of pollutants machine sequnce,and the development of new equipment and teachnology has been to reduce and eliminate pollution.4.The role of mechanical engineeringThere are four generic mechanical engineers in common to the above all domains function.The 1st function is the understanding and the research mechanical science foundation.It includes the power and movement of the relationship dynamics For example,in the vibration and movement of the relationship;Automatic control;Study of the various forms of heart,energy,power relations between the thermodynamic;Fluidflows; Heat transfer; Lubricant; And material properties.The 2nd function will be conducts the research,the desing and the development,this function in turn attempts to carry on the essential change to satisfy current and the future needs.This not only calls for a clear understanding of mechanical science,and have to breakdown into basic elements of a complex system capacity.But also the need for synthetic and innovative inventions.The 3rd function is produces the product and the power,include plan,operation and maintenance.Its goal lies in the maintenance either enhances the enterprise or the organization longer-tern and survivabilaty prestige at the same time,produces the greatest value by the least investments and the consumption.The 4th function is mechanical engineers coordinated function,including the management,the consultation,as well as carries on the market marking in certain situation.In all these function,one kind unceasingly to use the science for a long time the method,but is not traditional or the intuition method tendency,this is a mechanical engineering skill aspect which unceasingly grows.These new rationalization means typical names include:The operations research,the engineering economics,the logical law problem analysis(is called PABLA) However,creativity is not rationalization.As in other areas,in mechanical engineering,to take unexpected and important way to bring about a new capacity,still has a personal,marked characteristice.5.The design of mechanical engineering The design of mechanical is the design has the mechanical property the thing or the system,such as:the instrument and the measuring appliance in very many situations,the machine design must use the knowledge of discipline the and so on mathematics,materials science and mechanics.Mechanical engineering desgin includeing all mechanical desgin,but it was a study,because it also includes all the branches of mechsnical engineering,such as thermodynamics all hydrodynamics in the basic disciplines needed,in the mechanical engineering design of the initial stude or mechanical design.Design stages.The entire desgin process from start to finish,in the process,a demand that is designed for it and decided to do the start.After a lot of repetition,the final meet this demand by the end of the design procees and the plan.Design considerations.Sometimes in a system is to decide which parts needs intensity parts of geometric shapesand size an important factor in this context that we must consider that the intensity is an important factor in the design.When we use expression design considerations,we design parts that may affect the entire system design features.In the circumstances specified in the design,usually for a series of such functions must be taken into account.Howeever,to correct purposes,we should recognize that,in many cases the design of important design considerations are not calculated or test can determine the components or systems.Especially students,wheen in need to make important decisions in the design and conduct of any operation that can not be the case,they are often confused.These are not special,they occur every day,imagine,for example,a medical laboratory in the mechanical design,from marketing perspective,people have high expectations from the strength and relevance of impression.Thick,and heavy parts installed together:to produce a solid impression machines.And sometimes machinery and spare parts from the design style is the point and not the other point of view.Our purpose is to make those you do not be misled to believe that every design decision will needreasonable mathematical methods.Manufacturing refers to the raw meterials into finished products in the enterprise.Create three distinct phases.They are:input,processing exprot.The first phase includes the production of all products in line with market needs essential.First there must be the demand for the product,the necessary materials,while also needs such as energy,time,human knowledge and technology resourcess .Finall,the need for funds to obtain all the other resources. Lose one stage after the second phase of the resources of the processes to be distributed.Processing of raw materials into finished products of these processes.To complete the design,based on the design,and then develop plans.Plan implemented through various production processes.Management of resources and processes to ensure efficiency and productivity.For example,we must carefully manage resources to ensure proper use of funds.Finally,people are talking about the product market was cast.Stage is the final stage of exporting finished or stage.Once finished just purchased,it must be delivered to the users.According to product performance,installation and may have to conduct further debugging in addition,some products,especially those very complex products User training is necessary.6.The processes of materials and maunfacturingHere said engineering materials into two main categories:metals and non-ferrous,high-performance alloys and power metals.Non-metallic futher divided into plastice,synthetic rubber,composite materials and ceramics.It said the production proccess is divided into several major process,includingshape,forging,casting/ founding,heat treatment,fixed/connections ,measurement/ quality control and materal cutting.These processes can be further divide into each others craft.Various stages of the development of the manufacturing industry Over the years,the manufacturing process has four distinct stages of development, despite the overlap.These stages are:The first phase is artisanal,the second Phase is mechanization.The third phase is automation the forth Phase is integrated.When mankind initial processing of raw materials into finished products will be,they use manual processes.Each with their hands and what are the tools manuslly produced.This is totally integrated production take shape.A person needs indentification,collection materials,the design of a product to meet that demand,the production of such products and use it.From beginning to end,everything is focused on doing the work of the human mind.later in the industrial revolution introduced mechanized production process,people began to use machines to complete the work accomplished previously manual. This led to the specialization.Specialization in turn reduce the manufacture of integrated factors.In this stage of development,manufacturing workers can see their production as a whole represent a specific piece of the part of the production process.One can not say that their work is how to cope with the entire production process,or how they were loaded onto a production of parts finished.Development of manufacting processes is the next phase of the selection process automation.This is a computer-controlled machinery and processes.At this stage,automation island began to emerge in the workshop lane.Each island represents a clear production process or a group of processes.Although these automated isolated island within the island did raise the productivity of indivdual processes,but the overall productivity are often not change.This is because the island is not caught in other automated production process middle,but not synchronous with them .The ultimate result is the efficient working fast parked through automated processes,but is part of the stagnation in wages down,causing bottlenecks.To better understand this problem,you can imagine the traffic in the peak driving a red light from the red Service Department to the next scene. Occasionally you will find a lot less cars,more than being slow-moving vehicles,but the results can be found by the next red light Brance.In short you real effect was to accelerate the speed of a red Department obstruction offset.If you and other drivers can change your speed and red light simultaneously.Will advance faster.Then,all cars will be consistent,sommth operation,the final everyone forward faster.In the workshop where the demand for stable synchronization of streamlined production,and promoted integration of manufacturing development.This is a still evolving technology.Fully integrated in the circumstances,is a computer-controllrd machinery and egrated is completed through computer.For example in the preceding paragraph simulation problems,the computer will allow all road vehicles compatible with the change in red.So that everyone can steady traffic.Scientific analysis of movement,timing and mechanics of the disciplines is that it is composed of two pater:statics and dynamics.Statics analyzed static system that is in the system,the time is not taken into account,research and analysis over time and dynamics of the system change.Dynameics from the two componets.Euler in 1775 will be the first time two different branches: Rigid body movement studies can conveniently divided into two parts:geometric and mechanics.The first part is without taking into account the reasons for the downward movement study rigid body from a designated location to another point of the movement,and must use the formula to reflect the actual,the formula would determine the rigid body every point position. Therefore,this study only on the geometry and,more specifically,on the entities from excision.Obviously,the first part of the school and was part of a mechanical separation from the principles of dynamics to study movement,which is more than the two parts together into a lot easier.Dynamics of the two parts are subsequently divided into two separate disciplines,kinematic and dynamics,a study of movement and the movement strength.Therefore,the primary issue is the design of mechanical systems understand its kinematic.Kinematic studies movement,rather than a study of its impact.In a more precise kinematic studies position,displacement,rotation, speed,velocity and acceleration of disciplines,for esample,or planets orbiting research campaing is a paradigm.In the above quotation content should be pay attention that the content of the Euler dynamics into kinematic and rigid body dynamics is based on the assumption that they are based on research.In this very important basis to allow for the treatment of two separate disciplines.For soft body,soft body shape and even their own soft objects in the campaign depends on the role of power in their possession.In such cases,should also study the power and movement,and therefore to a large extent the analysis of the increased complexity.Fortunately, despi

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