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单梁桥式起重机设计【电动】【5吨】【6张CAD图纸和说明书】

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单梁桥式起重机设计【电动】【5吨】【6张CAD图纸和说明书】.rar

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关键词：: 桥式起重机设计电动 cad 图纸以及说明书仿单

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摘要

我做的毕业设计课题是单梁桥式起重机设计。单梁桥式起重机是一种轻型起重设备，它适用起重量为1～20 吨，适用跨度4.5～16.5米，工作环境温度在≥-35。C与≤+35。C范围内，适合于车间、仓库、露天堆场等处的物品装卸工作。桥架由一根主梁和两根端梁刚接组成。根据起重量和跨度，主梁采用普通工字钢和U形槽组合焊接形成。主梁和端梁之间采用承载突缘普通螺栓法兰连接。提升机构采用CD型电葫芦。

此次设计的主要内容有：问题的提出、总体方案的构思，结构设计及对未知问题的探索和解决方案的初步设计，装配图、零件图等一系列图纸的设计与绘制，以及毕业设计说明书的完成。

关键词：起重机；桥式起重机；大车运行机构；小车运行结构；小车起升；结构桥架；主端梁。

ABSTRACT

The topic of my graduation design is list the beam bridge type derrick of design the list beam bridge type derrick is a kind of light heavy equipments, it start to apply the weight as 1~20 tons, apply to across degree 4.5~16.5 meters, the work environment temperature is in the ≥ -35.C and ≤ +35.Inside scope, suitable for car, warehouse, open-air heap field etc. of the product pack to unload a work. The bridge was carried beam by a lord beam and 2 to just connect to constitute. According to weight with across a degree, lord beam adoption common the work word steel and U form slot combination weld formation. Lord beam and carry an of beam an adoption loading To good luck common stud bolt method orchid conjunction. Promote the organization adoption CD type an electricity bottle gourd.

The main contents of this time design have: The problem put forward, conceive outline of total project, possibility design, structure design and draw towards doing not know a problem of investigate and solution of first step design, assemble diagram, spare parts diagram wait a series the design of the diagram paper with, end include graduation design manual of completion.

Keywords: cranes;bridge type derrick ； During operation organization; Car running structure; Car hoisting structure; Bridge; Main girders.

前言 1

1 单梁桥式起重机的概述 2

1.1单梁桥式起重机的整体描述 2

1.1.2 单梁桥式起重机机构的特点 3

1.1.3 单梁桥式起重机的基本参数 3

1.1.4 桁架梁和箱形梁的比较 3

1.2 LD型电动单梁桥式起重机各部件的作用（位结构） 3

1.2.1 主梁 4

1.2.2 端梁 4

1.2.3主梁和端梁的联接 4

1.2.4 电动葫芦 4

1.2.5 大车 5

1.2.6 小车架 5

1.2.7 小车 5

1.2.8操纵室 5

1.3 运行机构 6

1.3.1 小车运行机构 6

1.3.2 大车运行机构 7

1.4 发展趋势 8

1.4.1 国内桥式起重机发展有三大特征 8

1.4.2 国外桥式起重机发展四大特征 9

1.4.3 机械化运输系统的组合应用 10

2 工作条件及设计要求 11

2.1 型式及设计的构造特点 11

2.2 选择电动葫芦的规格型号 12

2.3 主梁设计计算 13

2.3.1 主梁断面几何特性 13

2.3.3刚度计算 20

2.3.4 稳定性计算 23

2.4 端梁设计计算 23

2.4.2 端梁中央断面几何特性 24

2.5 起重机最大轮压 26

2.5.1起重机支座及作用 26

2.5.2 起重机最大轮压的计算 26

2.6 最大歪斜侧向力 33

2.7 端梁中央断面合成应力 34

2.8 车轮轴对端梁腹板的挤压应力 34

2.9 主、端梁连接计算 35

2.9.1 主、端梁连接形成及受力分析 35

2.9.2 螺栓拉力的计算 36

3 小车起升和运行机构的设计计算 40

3.1 电动葫芦起升机构设计计算 41

3.1.1 电动葫芦的基本设计参数 41

3.1.2 电动葫芦起升机构简要设计步骤 42

3.2 电动葫芦运行机构设计计算 49

3.2.1.电动小车运行静阻力计算 49

3.2.2.电动机的初选预验算 50

3.2.3 传动比 51

3.2.4 制动器的选择与计算 52

4 大车运行机构设计计算 55

4.1 确定机构传动方案 55

4.2 选择车轮和轨道，验算车轮强度 55

4.3 验算车轮的疲劳强度 55

4.4 传动装置设计计算 57

4.4.1 选择电动机 57

4.4.2 大车运行机构的功率计算 58

4.4.3 验算电动机 58

4.5设计减速装置 60

4.5.1选择减速器的类型 60

4.5.2确定减速器的型号 61

4.6 起重机有关使用机构的安全装置 62

4.6.1 缓冲器 62

4.6.2 起升高度限位器 63

4.6.3 行程限位器 63

4.6.4 安全开关 63

4.7 起重机的组装及试车要求 63

4.7.1起重机的安装注意事项 63

4.7.2 起重机的试车要求 65

5 焊缝连接分析 67

5.1 连接方法 67

5.1.1焊接 67

5.1.2 对接焊缝 67

5.1.3 角焊缝 68

致谢 74

参考文献 75

前言

光阴似箭，岁月如水，转眼间四年大学生活即将结束，毕业设计是对我们四年大学生活的一个总结，更是对四年大学学习成果的检验。它要求我们应用所掌握的基本理论和专业知识去解决现实中的一些问题。是实现学与用、理论实践相结合的重要环节，进而提高我们各方面的能力，如：收集信息的能力，发现问题的能力，独立分析和解决实际问题的能力，获取新知识的能力以及创新意识和严肃认真的科学作风，综合运用所学知识和技能的能力。

为积极响应院方号召，更好的完成本次毕业设计工作，毕业设计工作展开前我进行了毕业实习，我曾在河南省郑州起重设备有限公司实习两个月，通过在以上工厂的实习，我在对桥式起重机理论认识的基础上又增加了很多感性认识，重点了解了桥式起重机的基本结构和基本工作原理，从而为顺利完成毕业设计奠定了坚实的基础。

我毕业设计的课题是单梁桥式起重机设计。单梁桥式起重机是一种轻型起重设备，适合于车间、仓库、露天堆场等处的物品装卸工作。桥架由一根主梁和两根端梁刚接组成。根据起重量和跨度，主梁采用普通工字钢和U形槽组合焊接形成。主梁和端梁之间采用承载突缘普通螺栓法兰连接。这次设计主要是对其主梁和端梁等桥架重点设计，包括一些常规性的强度刚度及稳定性的设计，除此还有一些驱动装置的计算和焊接方面的知识，从而达到初步具备设计起重机重要部件的基本能力，为以后的设计和选用起重机奠定一定的基础。

1 单梁桥式起重机的概述

1.1单梁桥式起重机的整体描述

起重机是具有起重吊钩或其它取物装置在空间内容实现垂直升降和水平运移重物的起重机械。

LD型电动单梁桥式起重机为一般用途的起重机用于机械制造、装配、仓库等场所（此次设计的是用于机修车间）。LD型电动单梁桥式起重机不适于用来调运熔化金属﹑赤热金属、易燃品及其危险物品，不适用于有爆炸危险、火灾危险、充满腐蚀性气体的介质工作，不适用于相对湿度大于85%的场所工作，也不适用于具有酸性或其它有腐蚀性化学气体的车间。

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内容简介：: 1The history of craneA significant word for the decade as far as the crane industry was concerned, was railways, as cranes for this industry were still very important. On 7 September 1949, for example, the Deutsche Bundesbahn (Federal German Railway) was founded. It needed high-capacity lifting devices that could be taken to the job site as part of a train. Four steam-driven cranes, each of which could lift 57 tonnes, were ordered from Ardelt. In 1950 followed a special type of crane with a boom designed for working below overhead wires. The cranes featured a counterweight attachment system which was connected to the lifting gean This innovative design did not prove successful, but was replaced in 1955/56 by a similar hydraulic mechanism. Also in Germany, MAN had been actively building not just harbour, dockyard and travelling cranes, but also diesel-powered slewing cranes with pneumatic steering. These had been built since 1946 (picture 204), were driven by a 70 kilowatt six cylinder truck engine and could lift 6 tonnes at 7 metres radius and weighed 48 tonnes. A small concession to safety was also introduced as the company brochure tells us: “A load moment safety device, built in to the boom mechanism and thus linked to the lifting mechanism, cuts in if the permitted load moment is exceeded“. The brochure writer realised the significance of the fact that the device acted when the load was exceeded and not “. as was the case ten years ago, at the point when the superstructure has already tipped over!”These load moment safety devices,although a small part of the overall crane,were very important in the development ot the cranes.2Bridge craneBridge crane is horizontal plane in workshop, warehouse and yard over rigger materials of lifting equipment. Because of its ends located in tall cement posts or metal stents, shape like bridge. Bridge crane along the bridge on both sides laying in elevated the orbit of longitudinal operation, can make full use of the space below girder hoisting materials, does not suffer ground equipment obstacles. It is to use the widest range, the largest number of a kind of hoisting machinery. Bridge crane is the modern industrial production and lifting transportation in realizing realize mechanization, automation production process to important tools and equipment. So bridge crane in interior industrial and mining enterprises, steel chemical industry, railway transportation, ports and logistics departments and establishments are widely used. Bridge crane can be divided into ordinary bridge crane, simple girder crane and metallurgical special bridge crane 3 kinds. Ordinary bridge crane is general by lifting trolley and bridge operation organization, bridge metal structure group into. Lifting car again by lifting mechanism, trolley mechanism and the car frame of three parts. Lifting mechanism including motor, brakes, reducer, drum and pulleys. Driving speed reducer, electromotor through reel rotation of wire rope around the drum drum down, or from lifting weights with. Car frame is a torre and installation of hoisting mechanism and the car mechanism, etc. Parts of the frame, usually for welding structure. Crane operation organization drive mode can be divided 3into two kinds: one kind is concentrated drive, which is a motor driving long shaft drive on both sides of the active wheels, Another kind is respectively driven, namely on both sides of the active wheel each with a motor drives. Medium and small bridge crane is increasingly used brakes, reducer and electric generator synthetic one of three-in-one drive mode, a big weight of ordinary bridge crane for ease of installation and adjustment, device drivers often adopt universal shaft coupling. Crane operation organization generally in four active and driven wheels, if lifting weight is very big, commonly used to increase the wheel to reduce the pulley. When more than four wheels when, must use hinged equilibrium frame device to make the crane load evenly distributed in each wheel. Bridge of metal structure composed by main girder and girders, divided into the single girder frame and main double girder frame two kinds. Single main girder bridge girder and frame is located in single span on both sides of the girders composition, double girder frame girder by two root and girders composition. Girder and girders rigid connection, girders, supporting both ends with wheels in elevated bridge to run on. The main welding have orbit, for lifting car running. Bridge girder structure type more comparatively typical have box structure, four truss structure and open-web truss structure. Box structure can divide again on track box shuang liang, slant rail box shuang liang, slant rail box single girder to wait for a few kinds. Track box shuang liang is widespread adoption of a basic form the girder, consists of flange plate and bilateral vertical webs composition, car rail decorate in the center of the flange plate online, its simple structure, easy fabrication, suitable for mass production, but self-respect greatly. Partial rail box double beam and partial rail box single main 4section is by the upper and lower flange plate and the different thickness of the Lord vice webs composition, car rail decorate in the main webs, short circuits inside above stiffening plate can save, including partial rail box girder is composed of a single root box girder wide flange instead of two root girder, respect smaller, but manufacturing complex. Four truss structure featured by four plane truss by combined into closing in on the spatial structure, the level of general shop to have walked surface truss bedplate, light dead weight, stiffness big, but compared with other structure size, shape, manufacturing is relatively complex, fatigue strength low, has less production. Open-web truss structure similar to slant box girder by rail, four plates form a closed structure, in addition to the main webs for real abdomen i-section beam outside, the rest 3-piece plate according to the design demand cutting into many window, forming a without rods of open-web truss, in the upper and lower horizontal truss surface covered go bedplate, crane operation organization and electrical equipment installed in bridge internal, self-respect lighter, whole stiffness big in China is that more widespread adoption of a type. Ordinary bridge crane mainly adopts electric drive, it is to be in commonly driver indoor manipulation, also have long-distance bridge crane ，Control. Lifting weight can reach 500 tons, span of 60 meters. payments and plate steel composed of simple beam, with the hand type hoists or electric hoist match on simple car as lifting car, the car is in commonly strander beam under operation on the flange. Bridge along on a high orbits, also can along the suspensory on elevated the following orbits, this kind of crane beam cranes called suspension. Metallurgy special bridge crane in steel production process can participate in particular process operation, its basic 5structure and ordinary bridge crane is similar, but in lifting cars also has a special working organs or device. This kind of crane characteristics of the work is used frequently, conditions and job level is higher. Basically has five types.Bridge crane safety check to ensure the safe operation of the bridge cranes, in crane operation period to some general safety inspections and inspection items and points as follows: (1) the hoisting height peneumatied device, travel limit switches and all the interlock device performance is bridge crane Often, safe and reliable. (2) the main parts meet safety requirements: less than the original size increase openings less than 10%, 15% torsional deformation, Board hook bushing wear less than the original size, 50% of the board hook mandrels wear less than 5%, no spalling, burr, weld repairs. Hook rack and pulley without obvious flaw. Wire rope surface wire wear and corrosion is less than 40% of wire diameter, broken wires in a twined within less than the total silk from the number of 10%, no bufo, without obvious attenuate, without mandrel department of emergence, blind Angle twisting, extrusion, annealing, burning phenomenon. At the end of the wire rope connection and fixed clip next, clips, -200 block connect intact, without loosing, linking piece not less than 2, clip next amount not less than 3. S no crack, links, fixed without shake, A hollow wear less than 20% of the original wall thickness, Safety coil not less than 2 laps, drum and wire rope diameter ratio meets the requirement. Balance wheel fixed intact, the wire rope should comply with the requirements. Brake flawless, without loose, no serious wear and brake clearance sides equal size, have enough braking force, brake with 6less than 50% of the original thickness wear. Through the bridge crane safety routine inspection, to prevent accidents and reduce equipment accidents and improve equipment availability, reducing maintenance cost etc are plays a remarkable role.Welding equipment and welding machinery roller Welding equipment and welding machinery roller-welding is a manufacturing technology, it is to adapt to the needs of industrial development. modern industrial development as a basis for development, and direct services in the machinery manufacturing industry. Welding technology development and manufacturing industries closely linked to the needs of general industrial advanced countries, Steel output in general about the need for welding technology products can be formed, the laborers in the oil, mining metallurgy, metal structure, Lifting transport, surface transportation, aerospace, computer flu bridge construction machinery and equipment manufacturing sector, Welding has important and wide-ranging role. Many of the equipment of large-scale structure, almost all of welded structures. Now with the development of science and technology, the scale of production growing, welded structure is moving in super high-capacity high parameters in the direction of development, which is not only the need for welding production of higher quality and better performance of the welder, welding material and welding technology, but also to provide the superior performance of the welding process equipment, welding production mechanization and automation, reducing anthropogenic factors, guarantee the quality and stability of welding, Welder improve working conditions, increase productivity purposes. However welding production is integrated 7production and welding pieces of the manufacturing process, a welding process itself theres also a lot of co-ordination processes, and therefore welding production mechanization and automation, not only confined to the welding process itself, including the welding process, the ministry convergence of various processes of mechanization and automation, Only by achieving the various processes of mechanization and automation of welding production can be achieved comprehensive mechanization and automation. Welding machinery and equipment is divided into the following types : welding fixture, welding-machine and welding pieces of machinery and transport equipment other affiliation. From the use of scale, welding machinery and equipment is divided into two categories of general and special. General welding machinery and equipment strong common use of sexual Canton, the entire machinery products can adapt to changes in the structure of the repeated use. They can use combination can also mix in welding production line as a production welding components. Specialized welding machinery and equipment in order to meet but varieties, a large amount of specialized welding production needs of design and manufacturing. Such equipment specialized, high productivity, advanced control system, a good product mix to meet the welding process, Mass production requirements. Welding machinery and equipment for the production of welding the beneficial effect of the following aspects : 1) using welding fixture. Parts are positioning device positioning, not crossed, we can not accurately measure the location of assembly, thereby ensuring the accuracy of assembly, accelerated the progress of the assembly 8work. 2) As in the welding fixture can be forced to give advance or reinforce anti-distortion, they are able to control or eliminate welding deformation. 3) using welding fixture, due to the welding assembly to ensure the accuracy and control of welding deformation, Therefore, to enhance the exchange of welding performance and welding pieces of the tie hole, groove with mechanical elements to be reduced from the first welding processing into first after the welding process, thus avoiding the large welded structure welding process on behalf of difficulties, to shorten the production cycle of welding.4) using welding machine building can be shortened assembly and welding process, welding pieces of anti-change time reduce auxiliary working hours, increased utilization of welding and welding productivity. 5) using welding machinery spaces will welding pieces in the most favorable position welding. This is conducive to operate, enabling welding quality assurance, but also intensify the welding process norms, full welding performance.6) Use of chanting positioner to expand the scope of the welding welder.7) using welding machinery and equipment, will enable the manual modification of machinery and the only person in control of the position, factors that reduce the quality of the welding impact, but also lowers the level of manipulating welder requirements. 8) Only with mutual welding machinery and equipment to be matched in difficult conditions, environmental hazards, not directly manipulated by artificial occasions welding operations. For example, in the heat, Sham Shui 9Po, a radioactive environment for the conduct of welding operations, need with the corresponding welding machinery and equipment interfaces can be achieved.9) To Make welding process itself mechanization and automation, or welding production process to achieve comprehensive automation, require welding machinery and equipment support can be achieved. In short, welding machinery and equipment for welding production process enabling role is multifaceted. In a nutshell, is to ensure that the welding quality, and improve welding productivity, improve workers Zuye environment, mechanization and automation of welding production process four aspects. So in the welding shop or at the construction site. Welding machinery and equipment has become welding production process indispensable equipment, which was widely used. Welding is a roller-roller through the initiative and welding pieces of friction, lead welding pieces of rotating machinery modification. Welding roller stand for the main pieces of tube welding and welding assembly. If the right owners, the high roller follower appropriate adjustments will be able to conduct Cone, ranging from sub-diameter rotating assembly and welding. Some non-circular shape welding long pieces, if their card installed in a special card for the ring, Also available on the shelves of welding roller welded assembly work. Roller-welding to the structure and the breakdown is as follows : the first is the long axis of the wheel-F. Roller along with two parallel axes, and the driving device linked to a row to take the initiative wheel, another row of the roller follower. there are two rows of rollers are aware of, mainly for the slender-thin pieces of welding and 10welding of the group. Some long axis of its F - scroll wheel for a roller-long, has a diameter of 0.3-0.4m, a length of 5m. Shell placed on the axial deformation not apply to thin, small-diameter, multi-cylinder welding pieces of the team up and girth welding. Some long axis of its F - scroll wheel for a long-roller, diameter and a length of 5. Shell placed on deformation not apply to thin, small-diameter, multi-cylinder welding pieces of the team up and girth welding.F-long axis of the wheel are based on users welding pieces of the characteristics of its own design and manufacture, market for the selected few stereotypes products. The second category is modular roller stand, its active wheel racks, roller-follower. Hybrid wheel frame (that is, in a stent with an initiative on the wheel and a roller follower Block) is an independent, using welding pieces under the weight and length of arbitrary composition, its composition ratio is not only a more than one combination. Therefore, it is flexible, the applicability of welded pieces of a strong, which is the most widely used form of the structure. Domestic and foreign manufacturers have their own series of products supply market. If welding thickness and length of the smaller long welded pieces, it is appropriate several mixed-wheel combination, This direction along the length of the cylinder have the initiative wheel drive, welding pieces from slipping and distortions. If welding thickness larger, better rigid tube welding pieces, we would often take the initiative to use the wheel - and-roller follower of the portfolio, Even though the initiative is the roller-cylinder side-driven rotating welding pieces, but due to the welding pieces of rigid, and managed to maintain a uniform speed, not causing distortion. To diameter of the welding 11of different welding, the welding Roller roller-spacing should be able to adjust. Adjust two ways : one is self-tuning; A non-self-tuning of. Self-tuning based on the diameter of the welding automatically adjust the wheel spacing; Non-self-tuning the mobile scaffold on the wheel on the Block, to adjust the wheel spacing. Non-self-tuning of the roller frame is welded mobile scaffold on the wheel on the Block, to adjust the wheel spacing. The heavy roller stand, and use the shop lifting equipment moved roller Block Sub-conditioning. Roller-right light, the use of manual and electric screw-nut body to Block Mobile scroll continuously.

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