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电动螺旋起重机设计[机+电]【10张CAD图纸和说明书】

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A0-装配图.dwg
A2-底座.dwg
A2-螺旋起重机箱体.dwg
A3-上盖.dwg
A3-法兰盘.dwg
A3-电器控制图.dwg
A3-自制螺母.dwg
A3-蜗杆.dwg
A3-蜗轮.dwg
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电动 螺旋 起重机 设计 10 cad 图纸 以及 说明书 仿单
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摘要

螺旋起重机又称为螺旋升降机,它的原型就是我们所常见的千斤顶。它具有结构紧凑、体积小、重量轻、动力源广泛、无噪音、安装方便、使用灵活、功能多、配套形式多、可靠性高、使用寿命长等许多优点。可以单台或组合使用,能大致控制调整提升的高度,可以用电动机或其他动力直接带动,也可以手动。

电动螺旋起重机基本原理是利用电机,通过减速器减速后,带动螺母旋转,转化为丝杆的轴向运动,从而推动物体上升。主要内容如下:对千斤顶的原理和螺旋起重的原理、方法进行了研究;设计螺旋起重机构;选择电动机;设计减速机构;控制电路的设计;简要阐述在流水线作业中,螺旋千斤顶的动作原理等。

关键词  千斤顶;电动;螺旋传动


Abstract

The spiral crane is also known as the spiral screw lift crane .Its prototype is the jack as we common see. Its advantages as follows: small size, light weight, extensive power source, no noise, ease of installation, flexible, multi-function, supporting forms, high reliability and long service life, and so on. It can be used single or in combination, and can generally control the height. Motor can be used directly or other power driven, besides ,it can also be manually.

And the basic principle is that the motor drives the rotary nut through the deceleration agencies, screw into the axial campaign, and then lift the objects .The main contents as follows: research the principle of spiral jack and the principles and methods of the spiral lifting, design the agencies of spiral lifting; motor choice; design deceleration agencies; select keys and bearings, design the control circuit; describe the principle of the screw jack on the assembly line operation.

Keywords  Spiral jack  Electrical  Spiral drive


目      录

1 绪论 1

1.1千斤顶的发展现状 1

1.2千斤顶的分类 2

2 设计方案的确定 3

2.1螺旋传动设计方案 3

2.1.1螺旋传动概述 3

2.1.2螺旋传动方案的确定 4

2.2减速传动机构设计方案 5

3 传动系统的设计 6

3.1螺旋传动部分计算 6

3.1.1螺杆直径的计算 6

3.1.2螺纹部分强度计算 6

3.2电机的选择 8

3.2.1电动机功率计算 9

3.2.2传动效率 9

3.2.3确定电机转速 10

3.3减速机构的设计 11

3.3.1材料的选择 11

3.3.2蜗轮蜗杆传动基本尺寸 12

3.3.3强度校核 15

3.3.4蜗轮蜗杆传动中的作用力分析 15

3.3.5实际传动动力参数 16

4 辅助装置的设计 18

4.1轴承的选择 18

4.1.1轴承的选择因素 18

4.1.2轴承的型号确定 19

4.1.3轴承校验 19

4.2键的选择 22

4.3联轴器的设计与计算 23

5 控制电路及过载保护系统的设计 25

5.1 过载及最大行程保护元件 25

5.1.1 热继电器 25

5.1.2 行程开关 26

5.2电器控制基本电路设计 28

6 系统的改进与优化 30

6.1力学传感器 30

6.1.1电阻应变片力传感器 30

6.2位置传感器 32

6.3连续控制分析 34

结论 35

致谢 36

参考文献 37

附录 38

附录1 38

附录2 49



1 绪论

1.1千斤顶的发展现状

千斤顶起源于20世纪初的英、美、德等国家,在逐步发展中工艺逐渐成熟,因其具有抗腐蚀、耐高温,强度高、表面精美、百分之百可回收等无与伦比的良好性能,被广泛应用于建筑、交通、能源、石化、环保、城市景观、医疗、餐饮等各个领域,逐渐被人们所接受,也越来越多地走进寻常百姓的日常生活。

我国千斤顶产业发展进步较晚,建国以来到改革开放前,我国千斤顶的需求主要是以工业和国防尖端使用为主。改革开放后,国民经济的快速发展,人民生活水平的显著提高,拉动了千斤顶的需求。进入上世纪九十年代后,我国千斤顶产业进入快速发展期,千斤顶需求的增速远高于全球水平。

1990年以来,全球千斤顶表观消费量以年均6%的速度增长,而九十年代的十年间,我国千斤顶表观消费量年均增长率达到17.73%,是世界年均增长率的2.9倍。进入二十一世纪,我国千斤顶产业高速增长。2000年—2004年,我国千斤顶消费量从188万吨增长到447万吨,增加了2.3倍,年平均增长率在27%以上。其中,2001年,我国千斤顶表观消费量达到225万吨,超过美国成为世界第一千斤顶消费大国。同时,千斤顶进口也大幅度增加。1998年,我国千斤顶进口100万吨,由此成为世界上最大的千斤顶进口国。2004年与1998年比,千斤顶进口增长幅度年均达到27.14%。预计2005年,中国千斤顶表观消费量将达到500万吨,进口仍将保持在300万吨左右。

伴随着千斤顶市场的快速发展,我国千斤顶产量也结束了长期徘徊的局面,实现了高速增长。我国千斤顶产量从2000年的46万吨增长到2004年的236万吨,年平均增长率在82.6%,占国内市场需求的比重也由2000年的24.47%提高到2004年的52.80%。而同期,世界千斤顶产量则仅以6%左右的速度增长。

从九十年代后期起,我国太钢、宝钢以及宝新、张浦等国有和合资企业通过引进和技术改造,先后建成了一系列千斤顶生产线,千斤顶工艺技术装备达到国际先进水平,千斤顶生产初具规模。千斤顶品种结构也发生了积极的变化,千斤顶产品质量迅速提高。特别是国内千斤顶冷轧板增长迅速,2003年,国内冷轧板产量达到170万吨,首次超过进口量,自给率达到66%;2004年,国内冷轧板产量达到200万吨,自给率达到70%以上。从2004年底到2005年底,国内冷轧千斤顶产能将增加约150万吨,基本满足国内市场需求。到2007年,我国将成为千斤顶的净出口国。

从总体上看,我国千斤顶正在经历由规模小、水平低、品种单一、严重不能满足需求到具有相当规模和水平、品种质量显著提高和初步满足国民经济发展要求的深刻转变,千斤顶需求将逐步实现自给。


内容简介:
1附录附录 1英文原文CNC TECHNOLOGYNumerical control (NC) is a form of programmable automation in which the processing equipment is controlled by means of numbers, letters, and other symbols. The numbers, letters, and symbols are coded in an appropriate format to define a program of instructions for a particular workpart or job. When the job changes, the program of instructions is changed. The capability to change the program is what makes NC suitable for low-and medium-volume production. It is much easier to write new programs than to make major alterations of the processing equipment.BASIC COMPONENTS OF NCA numerical control system consists of the following three basic components:Program of instructionsMachine control unitProcessing equipmentThe general relationship among the three components is: the program is fed into the control unit, which directs the processing equipment accordingly.The program of instructions is the detailed step-by-step commands that direct the processing equipment. In its most common form, the commands refer to positions of a machine tool spindle with respect to the worktable on which the part is fixtured. More advanced instructions include selection of spindle speeds, cutting tool, and other function. The most common medium in use over the last several decades has been 1-in. -wide punched tape. Because of the widespread use of the punched tape, NC is sometimes called “tape control”. However, this is a misnomer in modern usage of numerical control. Coming into use more recently have been magnetic tape cassettes and floppy diskettes.The machine control unit (MCU) consists of the electronics and control hardware that read and interpret the program of instruction and convert it into mechanical actions of the machine tool or other processing equipment.The processing equipment is the third basic component of an NC system. It is the component that performs useful work. In the most common example of numerical control, one 2that performs machining operations, the processing equipment consists of the worktable and spindle as well as the motors and controls needed to drive them.Types Of Control SystemsThere are two basic types of control systems in numerical control: point-to-point and contouring. In the point-to-point system, also called positioning, each axis of the machine is driven separately by leadscrews and, depending on the type of operation, at different velocities. The machine moves initially at maximum velocity in order to reduce nonproductive time but decelerates as the tool reaches its numerically defined position. Thus in an potation such as drilling or punching, the positioning and cutting take place sequentially. After the hole is drilled or punched, the tool retracts, moves rapidly to another position, and repeats the operation. The path followed from one position to another is important in only one respect: The time required should be minimized for efficiency. Point-to-point systems are used mainly in drilling, punching, and straight milling operations.In the contouring system, also known as the continuous path system, positioning and cutting operations are both along controlled paths but at different velocities. Because the tool cuts as it travels along a prescribed path, accurate control and synchronization of velocities and movements are important. The contouring system is used on lathes, milling machines, grinders, welding machinery, and machining centers.Movement along the path, or interpolation, occurs incrementally, by one of several basic methods. In all interpolations, the path controlled is that of the center of rotation of the tool. Compensation for different tools, different diameter tools, or tool wear during machining, can be made in the NC program.There are a number of interpolation schemes that have been developed to deal with the various problems that are encountered in generating a smooth continuous path with a contouring-type NC system. They include:Linear interpolationCircular interpolationHelical interpolationParabolic interpolationCubic interpolationEach of these interpolation procedures permits the programmer (or operator) to generate machine instructions for linear or curvilinear paths, using a relatively few input parameters. The interpolation module in the MCU performs the calculations and directs the tool along the path.Linear interpolation is the most basic and is used when a straight-line path is to be generated in continuous-path NC. Two-axis and three-axis linear interpolation routines are 3sometimes distinguished in practice, but conceptually they are the same. The program is required to specify the beginning point and end point of the straight line, and the feed rate that is to be followed along the straight line. The interpolator computes the feed rates for each of the two (or three) axes in order to achieve the specified feed rate.Linear interpolation for creating a circular path would be quite inappropriate because the programmer would be required to specify the line segments and their respective end points that are to be used to approximate the circle. Circular interpolation schemes have been developed that permit the programming of a path consisting of a circular arc by specifying the following parameters of the arc: the coordinates of its end points, the coordinates of its center, its radius, and the direction of the cutter along the arc. The tool path that is created consists of a series of straight-line segments, but the segments are calculated by the interpolation module rather than the programmer. The cutter is directed to move along each line segment one by one in order to generate the smooth circular path. A limitation of circular interpolation is that the plane in which the circular arc exists must be a plane defined by two axes of the NC system.Helical interpolation combines the circular interpolation scheme for two axes described above with linear movement of a third axis. This permits the definition of a helical path in three-dimensional space.Parabolic and cubic interpolation routines are used to provide approximations of free-form curves using higher-order equations. They generally require considerable computational power and are not as common as linear and circular interpolation. Their applications are concentrated in the automobile industry for fabricating dies for car body panels styled with free-form designs that cannot accurately and conveniently be approximated by combining linear and circular interpolations.Programming For NCA program for numerical control consists of a sequence of directions that causes an NC machine to carry out a certain operation, machining being the most commonly used process. Programming for NC may be done by an internal programming department, on the shop floor, or purchased from an outside source. Also, programming may be done manually or with computer assistance.The program contains instructions and commands. Geometric instructions pertain to relative movements between the tool and the work piece. Processing instructions pertain to spindle speeds, feeds, tools, and so on. Travel instructions pertain to the type of interpolation and slow or rapid movements of the tool or worktable. Switching commands pertain to on/off position for coolant supplies, spindle rotation, direction of spindle rotation, tool changes, work piece feeding, clamping, and so on.4(1) Manual Programming Manual part programming consists of first calculating dimensional relationships of the tool, work piece, and work table, based on the engineering drawings of the part, and manufacturing operations to be performed and their sequence. A program sheet is then prepared, which consists of the necessary information to carry out the operation, such as cutting tools, spindle speeds, feeds, depth of cut, cutting fluids, power, and tool or work piece ally a paper tape is first prepared for trying out and debugging the program. Depending on how often it is to be used, the tape may be made of more durable Mylar.Manual programming can be done by someone knowledgeable about the particular process and able to understand, read, and change part programs. Because they are familiar with machine tools and process capabilities, skilled machinists can do manual programming with some training in programming. However, the work is tedious, time consuming, and uneconomical-and is used mostly in simple point-to-point applications.(2) Computer-Aided Programming Computer-aided part programming involves special symbolic programming languages that determine the coordinate points of corners, edges, and surfaces of the part. Programming language is the means of communicating with the computer and involves the use of symbolic characters. The programmer describes the component to be processed in this language, and the computer converts it to commands for the NC machine. Several languages having various features and applications are commercially available. The first language that used English-like statements was developed in the late 1950s and is called APT (for Automatically Programmed Tools). This language, in its various expanded forms, is still the most widely used for both point-to-point and continuous-path programming.Computer-aided part programming has the following significant advantages over manual methods: Use of relatively easy to use symbolic languageReduced programming time. Programming is capable of accommodating a large amount of data concerning machine characteristics and process variables, such as power, speeds, feed, tool shape, compensation for tool shape changes, tool wear, deflections, and coolant use. Reduced possibility of human error, which can occur in manual programming Capability of simple changeover of machining sequence or from machine to machine. Lower cost because less time is required for programming.Selection of a particular NC programming language depends on the following factors:a) Level of expertise of the personnel in the manufacturing facility.b) Complexity of the part.5c) Type of equipment and computers available.d) Time and costs involved in programming.Because numerical control involves the insertion of data concerning work piece materials and processing parameters, programming must be done by operators or programmers who are knowledgeable about the relevant aspects of the manufacturing processes being used. Before production begins, programs should be verified, either by viewing a simulation of the process on a CRT screen or by making the part from an inexpensive material, such as aluminum, wood, or plastic, rather than the material specified for the finished part.Cutting tool choice and cutting specifications determination in CNC processingThe cutting tool choice and the cutting specifications determination is in the numerical control processing craft important content, it not only influence numerical control engine bed processing efficiency, moreover affects the processing quality directly. CAD/The CAM technology development, enables in the numerical control processing to become directly using the CAD design data possibly, specially the microcomputer and the numerical control engine bed joint, causes the design, the craft plan and the programming entire process completes completely on the computer, does not need to output the special technological document generally.Now, many CAD/The CAM software package all provides the automatic programming function, these software are generally prompt the craft plan in the programming contact surface the related question, for instance, cutting tool choice, processing way plan, cutting specifications hypothesis and so on, programmers so long as have established the related parameter, may automatically produce completes the processing the NC procedure and the transmission to the numerical control engine bed. Therefore, in the numerical control processing cutting tool choice and the cutting specifications determination is completes under the man-machine interactive condition, this forms the sharp contrast with the ordinary engine bed processing, at the same time also requests the programmers to have to grasp the cutting tool choice and the cutting specifications determination basic principle, when programming full consideration numerical control processing characteristic. This article the cutting tool choice and the cutting specifications which must face to the numerical control programming in determined the question has carried on the discussion, has produced certain principles and the suggestion, and to the question which should pay attention has carried on the discussion.First, numerical control processing commonly used cutting tool type and characteristicThe numerical control processing cutting tool must adapt the numerical control engine bed high speed, is highly effective and the automatic high characteristic, should include the general cuttingtool, the general connection hilt and the few special-purpose hilts generally. The hilt must 6join the cutting tool and install on the engine bed power head, therefore already gradual standardization and seriation. The numerical control cutting tool classification has the many kinds of methods. May divide into according to the cutting tool structure: (1) Integral type; (2) The mosaic, uses the welding or machine clamps the type connection, machine clamps the type to be possible to divide into does not index and may index two kinds; (3) Special pattern, like compound expression cutting tool, absorption of shock type cutting tool and so on. According to makes the materialwhich the cutting tool uses to be possible to divide into: (1) High-speed steel cutting tool; (2) Hard alloy tools; (3) Diamond cutting tool; (4) Other material cutting tools, like cubic boron nitride cutting tool, ceramic cutting tool and so on. May divide into from the cutting craft: (1) The turning cutting tool, divides the outer annulus, in the hole, the thread, cuts the cutting tool many kinds of and so on; (2) Drills truncates the cutting tool, including drill bit, reamer, screw tap and so on; (3) Boring cutting tool; (4) Milling cutting tool and so on. In order to adapt the numerical control engine bed durably to the cutting tool, is stable, easy change, may trade and so on the request, in recent years machine clamps the type to be possible to index the cutting tool to obtain the widespread application, reaches higher authorities in the quantity to the entire numerical control cutting tool 30% 40%, the metal excision quantity accounts for the total 80% 90%.Machining CentersMany of todays more sophisticated lathes are called machining centers since they are capable of performing, in addition to the normal turning operations, certain milling and drilling operations. Basically, a machining center can be thought of as being a combination turret lathe and milling machine. Additional features are sometimes included by manufacturers to increase the versatility of their machines.Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manually operated and controlled .Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting 7and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:1. Electrical discharge machining.2. Laser cutting.3. Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide variety of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tools and processes.Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U. S. Air force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to make straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However, curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter is the straight lines making up the steps, the smoother is the curve. Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language. This is a special programming language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the further development of NC technology. The original NC systems were vastly different from those used today. The
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