细胞生物学1introductionofcellbiology

Welcome Each of Youto My ClassFeb. - July 2013Cell BiologyThe structure of cellsstructurefunctionmolecular mechanisms of the intri-cate activities of cells细胞生物学是：研究细胞基本生命活动规律的科学，它从不同层次上主要研究 The course mainly covers:Chapter 1: Introduction to Cell Biology (第一、二章 )Chapter 2: Techniques in Cell Biology (第三章 )Chapter 3: Cytoplasmic Membrane and The Movement of Substances Across Cell Membranes (第四、五章 )chapter 4: Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts (第六章 )Chapter 5: Cytoplasmic matrix, Endomembrane system, Protein Sorting and membrane trafficking (第七章 )Chapter 6: Cell Signaling （第八章）Chapter 7: Cytoskeleton System （第九章）Chapter 8: Nucleus and Chromosomes （第十章）Chapter 9: Ribosome (第十一章 )Chapter 10: Cell proliferation and its regulation （第十二章）Chapter 11: Cell apoptosis and cellular aging (第十三章 )Chapter 12: Cell differentiation and gene expression (第十四章 )Chapter 13: Cell Community Relation: Cell Junctions, Cell Adhesion and Extracellular Matrix (第十五章 )Reference books and journals 翟中和，王喜忠，丁明孝 主编， 细胞生物学 ，高等教育出版社，第三版， 2007Gerald Karp. Cell and Molecular Biology： concepts and experiments， 4rd Edition. Published by John Wiley 3rd 2002.Becker W.M. et al. The World of the Cell. 4th Ed. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. 2000.b Fundamental Concepts and theories b Experimental approaches and ideas (As you read thistext, think like a researcher)b Reductionist (knowledge of the parts of the whole can explain the character of the whole)b Dont accept everything you read as being true. Remain skeptical!b English is just a tool!bTake notes when you listened especially what I have emphasizedSuggestions to Study Cell BiologyChapter 1 Introduction to the cells1. About Cell Biology2. Look briefly at the history of cell theory3. Why are cells the basic units of life? 4. Consider the basic properties of cells5. Types of Prokaryotic Cells: Two Subkingdoms 6. Types of eukaryotic cells and structural system7. The size of cells 8. Relationship between structure and function of cells9. Characteristics that distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells10. Comprehend a special life: virusesLearning Objectives1. About “Cell Biology”（研究内容与现状）Nucleus, Chromosomes and gene expressionCytoplasmic Membrane (Bio-membrane)Cell organelle (Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Endomembranesystem, nucleus etc.)Cytoskeleton System Cell proliferation and regulationCell differentiation and gene expressionCell apoptosis and cellular aging Cell origins and evolutions Cell engineeringCell signalingSee p.3-52. The Cell Theory: A Brief History发现细 胞（ Robert Hooke， 1665）建立 细 胞学 说 （施莱登，施旺， 1838-1839）细 胞 学的 经 典 时 期（ 19世 纪 最后 25年，广泛的 观 察与描述）实验细 胞生物学 时 期（ 应 用 实验 的手段与分析方法 进 行研究）细 胞生物学学科的形成与 发 展 P8-13The discovery of CellsIn 1665, Robert Hooke saw a network of tiny boxlike compartments that reminded him of a honeycomb. He called these little compartments “cellulae”, a Latin term meaning little room. It is from this word we get our present-day term, cell. P8The microscope used by Robert Hooke and the honeycomb-like network of “cell” he drew in 1665The discovery of cells followed from the invention of the microscopeThree basic tenets of Cell theory 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.2.The cell is basic unit of structure and function for all organisms.3.All cells arise only from preexisting cells by division.P93. Why are cells the basic units of life?A. The cell is the structural unit of life, All organisms is make up of cells.P19-21B. The cell is the functional unit of organisms. All metabolic activity is based on cells. 独立的有序的自控的C. The cell is the growing and developing basis of lifeHuman fetal development. (a)At 5 weeks, limb buds, eyes, the heart, the liver and rudiments of all other organs have started to develop in the embryo, which is only about 1cm long. (b)Growth and development of the offspring, now called a fetus, continue during the second trimester. This fetus is 14 weeks old and about 6cm long. (c)The fetus in this photograph is 20 weeks old. Now the fetus grows to about 30cm in length.D. The cell is the foundation of reproduce, and the bridge of inheritance. E. Cell (nucleus) is totipotent (全能的 ), which can create a new organism of the same typeAs a general rule, the cells of a multicellular organism all contain the same set of genes. For animals, the first evidence that even highly specialized cell carry a full complement of genes was verified by the experiment of tadpole(蝌蚪 )nuclei transplanting into unfertilized egg that had been deprived of its own nucleus. Some can develop swimming tadpoles. This is animal cloning.An especially dramatic example of animal cloning was reported in 1997. “Dolly” the first animal ever cloned from a cell derived from an adult. Mammalian cloning.Dolly and her daughterIs there any practical value to such technology?The process of cloning Dolly哺乳动物的体细胞克隆与细胞全能性4. Basic properties of cellsA. All cells share similar structure, composition and metabolic features； Plasma membrane, DNA/RNA, and Ribosome. Cells are highly complex and organized, capable of self-regulation; Cells acquire and utilize energy.P21-23Levels of cellular and molecular organizationWe can think of complexity in terms of Order and ConsistencySelf-regulationLeft:Normal development of a sea urchin in which a fertilized egg gives rise to a single embryoRight:The cell of an embryo are separated from one another after the first division, and each cell is allowed to develop in isolation and regulating its development to form a complete (although smaller) embryo.Acquiring energyC. Cells can capable of producing of themselves by division.HeLa cells are cultured tumor cells isolated from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks in 1951. It is the first human cell to be kept in culture for long periods of time and is still used today. Johns Hopkins univesity,in 1951D. Cells are able to respond to stimuli via surface receptors that sense changes in the chemical environment.Cells within plant or animal respond to stimuli less obviously than single-celled protist. But they respond. They posses receptors that interact with substances in the environment in highly specific ways. For example, the receptor on the cell surface can respond to hormones and growth factors.E. Cells carry out a variety of chemical reactionsand engage in numerous mechanical activities细胞是多层次非线性的复