解破学13肌学

Hunan University of Arts and ScienceHUMAN ANATOMY1Uniaxial jointsBiaxial jointsPolyaxial jointsEllipsoid joints (椭圆关节 ) Saddle joints (鞍状关节 )Ball and socket joints(球 -窝关节 )Socket joint (杵臼关节 )Plane joints (平面关节 )Hinge joint (屈戊关节 ) Pivot joint (车轴关节 )滑膜关节分类 Question Time Question: 人体有多少种滑膜关节 ? Answer: 2 Content The General Description. The Main Body Muscleshomework ExerciseChapter 3 Myology 肌学3 一些常用 于 肌肉名 称 的字 My(o) : 來自希 腊 字 mys (肌肉 ) Myology: 肌 学 Myocardium: 心肌 Myositis: 肌炎 Myocarditis: 心肌炎4 骨骼肌的特征 骨骼肌的功能 骨骼肌的形态和分类 骨骼骨的结构 骨骼肌的起止 骨骼肌的工作类型 骨骼肌的命名法 骨骼肌的附属结构 ContentSection 1 The General Description5 The skeletal muscle is a voluntary muscle. Each skeletal muscle is supplied by the abundant blood vessels, lymphatics(淋巴管 ) and nerves. 骨骼肌的特征 Contraction to produce motive force and body heat. About 40% of the body weight is shared by the skeletal muscle.6 Muscle contraction to support the body for the maintainance of posture, joint stability.肌肉收縮的能量是來自細胞的三磷酸腺苷 (adenosine triphosphate, ATP) 骨骼肌的主要功能 Muscle contraction as the motive force for movement. Muscle contraction to produce the body heat for maintaining body temperature.7 According to their shape, the skeletal muscles are divided into the four kinds:Long muscles 长肌Short muscles 短肌Broad muscles 扁 (阔 )肌Orbicular muscles 轮匝肌The muscular shape 骨骼肌的形态和分类 8长肌肌腹梭形，两端较细小，多分布四肢。短肌短小，多分布在躯干的深层。 躯干 深层扁肌呈板状，多分布于胸、腹壁。轮匝肌呈环形，分布于眼和口周围。 The muscular shapes9 According to their location, the skeletal muscles are also divided into the four kinds:The muscular type Head muscles 头肌Neck muscles 颈肌Trunk muscles 躯干肌Limb muscles 四肢肌 The muscular classification10 According to the muscular action, the skeletal muscles are also divided into the four kinds:The muscular type The muscular classificationAgonists 原动肌Antagonist 拮抗肌Synergist 增效肌或中和肌Fixtor 固定肌任何一个简单的运动必须有主动肌、对抗肌、 增效肌或中和 肌和固定肌四组肌肉的参与才能完成，并有赖于神经系统的协调和平衡。 11 The Agonists 原动肌 原动肌 指 直接完成动作的肌群。12 The Antagonist 拮抗肌 拮抗肌 与原动肌作用相反的肌群。13 原动肌 和 拮抗肌 的互换 原动肌和对抗肌并不是固定不变的，而是随着动作的改变而变化的。 原动肌拮抗肌拮抗肌原动肌14 The Fixtor 固定肌 固定肌 指固定原动肌定点所附着的骨的肌肉。15 The Synergist 增效肌或中和肌 中和肌 限制或抵消原动肌发挥其它功能的肌肉。 当原动肌有多种功能时，另一些肌肉参加工作来抵消原动肌的一些功能，使动作更加准确。16 Each muscle consists of the skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue, and blood or vascular (血管的 ) tissue.Striated muscle fibersMuscle membraneMuscle bellyTendon 肌腱 Collagen(胶原 ) fiberThe structure肌腹主要由横纹肌细胞束构成，色红，柔软，有收缩能力。 骨骼骨的结构17Muscle belly The muscular structureTendon18 The structure of the muscle belly (肌腹 )One muscle +Epimysium肌外膜A whole muscleA Bundle of muscle cells+Perimysium肌束膜A muscle fiber 肌纤维+Endomysium 肌内膜19肌外膜与肌内膜、肌束膜的结缔组织彼此连续，血管和神经沿此进入肌内。 The muscle belly view(肌腹 )Epimysium(肌外膜)Perimysium(肌束膜 ) Endomysium(肌内膜 )20 The structure of the tendon (肌腱 )肌腱由 平行致密的肌原纤维构成，肌腱两端附着于骨，较坚韧且无收缩功能；长肌为腱 , 阔肌为腱膜 。Patellar tendon 前膑肌腱21 The structure of the muscle fibers (肌纤维 )Myofibril (肌原纤维 ) +核 +横小管 +肌质网 +膜Myofilaments (肌丝 )A muscle fiber 肌纤维Myosin(肌球蛋白 ) Actin (肌动蛋白 )Troponin (肌钙蛋白 )Tropomyosin (原肌球蛋白 )Thin filaments(细肌丝 ) Thick filaments (粗肌丝 )22 The structure of the muscle fibers (肌纤维 )23 The structure of the muscle fibers (肌纤维 )24 The thick filament (粗肌丝 )粗肌丝由 肌球蛋白组成；肌球蛋白分子呈 豆芽状，相互集合成束。25 The thin filament (细肌丝 )球形肌动蛋白 Actin ： 扭成双螺旋形原肌球蛋白 Tropomyosin ： 两个多肽链缠绕组成肌钙蛋白 Troponin ： 三个球形的亚单位组成细肌丝26起点 又称为动点，为肌在固定骨上的附着点，常把接近身体正中线，四肢靠近近端的称附着点。 The skeletal muscles are attached to the bones, the fixed attachment is called the origin, the movable one the insertion. The muscular origin and insertion止点 （动点） 为肌在移动骨上的附着点。起点与止点由于运动多样化，二者在一定条件下可置换。27 The origin and insertion.The originThe insertion28Principal action 主导作用Antagonistic action 拮抗作用Cooperative action 协同作用Including the fixation 包括固定作用Musclar actions Generally there are three kinds of the skeletal muscle actions. The muscular action types29 The principal action is a muscular movement produced by the agonists原动肌 (Prime mover). The princi