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Unit 1: Part A 21st Century College English: Book 4 Who Is Great? Pre-Reading Activities Text A: Language Points Exercises Assignment Unit 1: Part A Pre-reading Activity Before listen to the recording, have a quick look at the following words. Then listen to the recording again and answer the following questions. genetics: 遗传学遗传学 psychiatry: 精神病学精神病学 persistent: 坚持不懈的坚持不懈的 Pre-reading Activity 1. What question did professor Simontons research project seek to answer? It sought to find out what makes a great person different from other people. Pre-reading Activity 2. What three personality traits of great people are mentioned? a) a “never give up” attitude b) intelligence isnt everything c) a love of ones work Pre-reading Activity 3. What negative trait of “great” people is mentioned? It sought to find out what makes a great person different from other people. Pre-reading Activity 4. Does professor Simonton believe that great people are more often mentally ill than other people? No. he found the belief unfound. Script Pre-reading Activity What defines greatness? What makes one person go down the history while another is forgotten? Are the artists, scientists, and political leaders we call “great” really different from you and me? Psychologist Richard Simonton decided to explore these questions by combining historical knowledge about great figures with recent findings in genetics, psychiatry, and the social sciences. Though it is a complex question, Professor Simonton was able to identify three qualities which great people seem to share. The first is a “never give up” attitude. Being persistent even when others would quit seems to be crucial to achieving greatness. One example is Winston Churchill, who took over leadership of Britain in the darkest days of World War II. Churchill inspired the nation with a speech insisting, “We shall never surrender” and then led Britain on to victory. Simonton also found that intelligence isnt everything. Many political and military leaders have been bright, but not overly so. Beyond a certain point, other factors, such as the ability to communicate effectively, become more important than sheer intelligence. Of course, many great scientists do have genius-level IQs, but even there, the ability to think in non-traditional ways may be just as important. Finally, great people love their work. No one becomes great by focusing on earning money or on pleasing others. Rather, pursuing subjects for the love of doing so seems to lead to lasting accomplishment. Some people wonder if there may be a price to pay for greatness. Indeed, Professor Simonton found that many great figures have had poor personal relationships. This may be because their strong drive to achieve leaves with little energy to devote to those around them. However, he found the popular belief that great people are often mentally ill to be unfounded. So dare to be great. History will be your only judge. Language Points Text A: Who Is Great? Language Points Who Is Great? 1 As a young boy, Albert Einstein did so poorly in school that teachers thought he was slow. The young Napoleon Bonaparte was just one of hundreds of artillery lieutenants in the French Army. And the teenage George Washington, with little formal education, was being trained not as a soldier but as a land surveyor. 2 Despite their unspectacular beginnings, each would go on to carve a place for himself in history. What was it that enabled them to become great? Were they born with something special? Or did their greatness have more to do with timing, devotion and, perhaps, an uncompromising personality? 3 For decades, scientists have been asking such questions. And, in the past few years, they have found evidence to help explain why some people rise above, while others similarly talented, perhaps are left behind. Their findings could have implications for us all. Language Points 4 Who is great? Defining who is great depends on how one measures success. But there are some criteria. “Someone who has made a lasting contribution to human civilization is great,” said Dean Keith Simonton, a professor of psychology at the University of California at Davis and author of the 1994 book Greatness: Who Makes History and Why. But he added a word of caution: “Sometimes great people dont make it into history books. A lot of women achieved great things or were influential but went unrecognized.” Language Points 5 In writing his book, Simonton combined historical knowledge about great figures with recent findings in genetics, psychiatry and the social sciences. The great figures he focused on include men and women who have won Nobel Prizes, led great nations or won wars, composed symphonies that have endured for centuries, or revolutionized science, philosophy, politics or the arts. Though he doesnt have a formula to define how or why certain people rise above (too many factors are involved), he has come up with a few common characteristics. Language Points 6 A “never surrender” attitude. If great achievers share anything, said Simonton, it is an unrelenting drive to succeed. “Theres a tendency to think that they are endowed with something super- normal,” he explained. “But what comes out of the research is that there are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes. Its a difference in degree. Greatness is built upon tremendous amounts of study, practice and devotion.” Language Points 7 He cited Winston Churchill, Britains prime minister during World War II, as an example of a risk-taker who would never give up. Thrust into office when his countrys morale was at its lowest, Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people. In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940, he inspired the nation when he said, “We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end.We shall never surrender.” Language Points 8 Can you be born great? In looking at Churchills role in history as well as the roles of other political and military leaders Simonton discovered a striking pattern: “Firstborns and only children tend to make good leaders in time of crisis: Theyre used to taking charge. But middle-borns are better as peacetime leaders: They listen to different interest groups better and make the necessary compromises. Churchill, an only child, was typical. He was great in a crisis, but in peacetime he was not effective not even popular.” Language Points 9 Timing is another factor. “If you took George Washington and put him in the 20th century he would go nowhere as a politician,” Simonton declared. “He was not an effective public speaker, and he didnt like shaking hands with the public. On the other hand, Im not sure Franklin Roosevelt would have done well in Washingtons time. He wouldnt have had the radio to do his fireside chats.” Language Points 10 Can you be too smart? One surprise among Simontons findings is that many political and military leaders have been bright but not overly so. Beyond a certain point, he explained, other factors, like the ability to communicate effectively, become more important than innate intelligence as measured by an IQ test. The most intelligent U.S. Presidents, for example Thomas Jefferson, Woodrow Wilson and John F. Kennedy had a hard time getting elected, Simonton said, while others with IQs closer to the average (such as Warren G. Harding) won by landslides. While political and economic factors also are involved, having a genius IQ is not necessary to be a great leader. Language Points 11 In the sciences, those with “genius level” IQs do have a better chance at achieving recognition, added Simonton. Yet evidence also indicates that overcoming traditional ways of thinking may be just as important. 12 He pointed to one recent study where college students were given a set of data and were asked to see if they could come up with a mathematical relation. Almost a third did. What they did not know was that they had just solved one of the most famous scientific equations in history: the Third Law of Planetary Motion, an equation that Johannes Kepler came up with in 1618. Language Points Language Points 13 Keplers genius, Simonton said, was not so much in solving a mathematical challenge. It was in thinking about the numbers in a unique way applying his mathematical knowledge to his observations of planetary motion. It was his boldness that set him apart. 14 Love your work. As a child, Einstein became fascinated with the way magnets are drawn to metal. “He couldnt stop thinking about this stuff,” Simonton pointed out. “He became obsessed with problems in physics by the time he was 16, and he never stopped working on them. Its not surprising that he made major contributions by the time he was 26.” 15 “For most of us, its not that we dont have the ability,” Simonton added, “its that we dont devote the time. You have to put in the effort and put up with all the frustrations and obstacles.” 16 Like other creative geniuses, Einstein was not motivated by a desire for fame, said Simonton. Instead, his obsession with his work was what set him apart. 17 Where such drive comes from remains a mystery. But it is found in nearly all creative geniuses whether or not their genius is acknowledged by contemporaries. Language Points 18 “Emily Dickinson was not recognized for her poetry until after her death,” said Simonton. “But she was not writing for fame. The same can be said of James Joyce, who didnt spend a lot of time worrying about how many people would read Finnegans Wake.” Language Points 19 Today, researchers have evidence that an intrinsic passion for ones work is a key to rising above. In a 1985 study at Brandeis University conducted by Teresa Amabile, now a professor of business administration at Harvard University, a group of professional writers none famous were asked to write a short poem. Each writer was then randomly placed in one of three groups: One group was asked to keep in mind the idea of writing for money; another was told to think about writing just for pleasure; and a third group was given no instruction at all. Language Points 20 The poems then were submitted anonymously to a panel of professional writers for evaluation. The poetry written by people who thought about writing for money ranked lowest. Those who thought about writing just for pleasure did the best. “Motivation that comes from enjoying the work makes a significant difference,” Amabile said. Language Points Text-related information Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1814, is known in history as Napoleon I. In 1804-1805, a European coalition was formed against Napoleon. The defeat at the battle of Waterloo in 1815 ended his rule. He spent the rest of his life in exile on St. Helena. carve 1. form sth. by cutting away material from wood or stone 2. build ones (career, reputation, etc.) by hard work Examples: The pot was carved out of a single piece of stone. The new airline hopes to carve (out) a place for itself in the European market. rise above become successful or outstanding Examples: Justin rose above and did well in his classes. A woman who can rise above (such difficulties) is obviously exceptional. Text-related information Keith Simonton Dr. Keith Simonton is professor of Psychology at the University of California at Davis. He is on the editorial board of the Creativity Research Journal, Leadership Quarterly, Review of General Psychology, Journal of Creative Behavior, etc. Translation Sometimes great people dont make it into history books. A lot of women achieved great things or were influential but went unrecognized. Translate the sentence: ? Key: 有时候伟人并没有被载入史册。许多女性取得了巨大成有时候伟人并没有被载入史册。许多女性取得了巨大成 就，或者颇具影响力，但却没有得到承认。就，或者颇具影响力，但却没有得到承认。 great figures great people Examples: He was a great figure in the independent struggle. He is a great figure in the anti-Japanese war. revolutionize vt. completely change Examples: Newtons discoveries revolutionized physics. These time-saving techniques could revolutionize your life. be endowed with naturally have a good quality, ability, feature, etc. Examples: She is endowed with intelligence as well as beauty. The place is generally endowed with prehistoric sites. come out of result form; be produced Examples: What came out of your long talks with the director? The system has come out of artificial intelligence research. Text-related information The Allied evacuation at Dunkirk Dunkirk is an important commercial seaport, which was one of the great actions of World War II. From May 29 to June 4, small volunteer craft crossed the channel and evacuated 360,000, or three quarters, of the Allied forces in the face of a terrible artillery bombardment. Translation We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end.We shall never surrender. Translate the sentence: ? Key: 我们不会衰退、失败。我们将坚持到底我们不会衰退、失败。我们将坚持到底 我们永远不我们永远不 会屈服。会屈服。 More to learn flag and fail is an example of alliteration, the use of two or more words close together which all begin with the same letter or sound to create a musical rhythm to the speech. Examples: Time and tide wait for no man. Round the rugged rocks the ragged rascal ran. a striking pattern a remarkable and rascal rule Examples: behavior pattern the pattern of family life has been changing over recent years. pattern way in which something happens, moves or develops he would go nowhere as a politician he would not make a successful politician Examples: Hell go nowhere with her; she is too young. Im trying to persuade her to come but Im getting nowhere. If you say that you are nowhere, that you are going or getting nowhere, or that something is getting you nowhere, you mean that all your efforts are not successful Translation Beyond a certain point, he explained, other factors, like the ability to communicate effectively, become more important than innate intelligence as measured by an IQ test. Translate the sentence: ? Key: 他解释说，超过了某一阶段，其他因素，如有效沟通的他解释说，超过了某一阶段，其他因素，如有效沟通的 能力等，便变得比通过智商测试得的先天智力更为重要能力等，便变得比通过智商测试得的先天智力更为重要 了。了。 Text-related information Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) Woodrow Wilson was twenty-eighth President of the USA (1913-1921). He entered an academic career in 1883 and was appointed president of Princeton University in 1902.Wilson became a successful reform governor and earned a reputation that helped give him the Democratic nomination for the Presidency in 1912. Translation Yet evidence also indicates that overcoming traditional ways of thinking may be just as important. Translate the sentence: ? Key: 然而，证据也表明克服传统是思维方式也许同样重要然而，证据也表明克服传统是思维方式也许同样重要 。 set apart make different from or superior to others Examples: His exceptional height set him apart from the rest of the man. The attributes set humans apart from even the most intelligent machines. obsessed unable to think about something; too interested in or very worried about something Examples: The government seems obsessed by the need for secrecy. Theyre both obsessed with the fear of getting AIDS. put in use or spend (effort, time, etc.) Examples: Youve obviously put a lot of work in your garden. If I put in some extra hours today, I can have time off tomorrow. put up with tolerate or bear; be willing to accept (sth. unpleasant or not desirable.) Examples: Hes finding it difficult to put up with the pain. They have a lot to put up with. Text-related information Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) Emily Dickinson, a New England spinster whose work was unknown in her lifetime, was one of Americans Finest poets. Her three volume poem, Poems of Emily Dickinson, are brief and condensed, characterized by unusual rhyming and swift flashes of insight. The collection Letter of Emily Dickinson was published in 1958. say of express an opinion about Examples: People say of him that hes over 100. Its often said of the island that it is like a jewel set in the sea. Translation Today, researchers have evidence that an intrinsic passion for ones work is a key to rising above. Translate the sentence ? Key: 如今，研究者们有证据证明，对自己工作的一种内在的如今，研究者们有证据证明，对自己工作的一种内在的 热情是出类拔萃的一个关键所在。热情是出类拔萃的一个关键所在。 a panel of professional writer a small group of professional writers. Examples: The competition will be judged by a panel of experts. Does the panel think that the proposed sale of these nationalized industries is beneficial to the country? a panel is a small group of people who are chosen, for example, to discuss or give their opinions on a particular subject in public, or to hear evidence and make a decision Text-related information James Joyce (1882-1941) James Joyce, an Irish novelist and poet, was educated at a Jesuit boarding school and University College, Dublin. His masterpiece, Ulysses (1922),employs a variety of techniques, and ranges from extreme realism to fantasy. His important works also include Dubliners (1914) (collection of short stories), A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1914- 1915), (autobiographical novel) and Finnegans Wake (1939). Unit 1 Exercises Comprehension Ex. II Vocabulary Ex. IV & Ex. V Listening Part 2.2 Exercises Exercises Comprehension 读写教程 IV : Ex. II, p. 11 1. How does Professor Simonton define greatness? 2. What does the example of Winston Churchill show? Answer the following questions: He defines greatness as the lasting contribution which a person has made to human civilization. The example of Churchill shows the importance of persistence and dedication to achieve greatness. Exercises Comprehension 3. According to Professor Simonton, how does birth order affect a persons leadership abilities? 4. What does the example of George Washington imply about the qualities required of 20th century politicians? Firstborns and only children tend to make good leaders in times of crisis, but middle-born children a