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摘 要 随着我国煤矿生产能力的不断扩大以及矿井设计与设备制造技术的逐步提高，现代化的斜井箕斗也不断涌现出来，对矿井所使用的提升容器大型化和可靠性要求越来越高。 箕斗是煤矿斜井常用的一种提升容器，我设计的是自重4吨左右的斜井前卸式箕斗。这种箕斗结构比较简单，适用与小型煤矿，经济，安全性能也高，也减少设备的维修费用，所以基本上国内都使用这种小型箕斗。为斜井提升解决了不少问题。本文介绍了斜井提升机中的箕斗提升，前卸式箕斗的实用性，各配件的选用和零部件的设计和校核等内容，并对我国煤矿中使用箕斗存在着不足以及发展方向进行了探讨。关键词： 斜井箕斗；前卸式；卸载abstract With Chinas coal production capacity continues to expand and mine design and manufacturing technology to improve gradually,modern shafts skip arise, for mine by use of ascending vessel large-scale and high reliability requirements。 Skip is one of the most common inclined mine hoist vessel, I designed the weight is about four tons before discharge type inclined skip. This structure is simple and applicable skip with small coal mine, economy, safety performance is high, andreduce the cost of maintenance equipment, so basically use this kind of small domestic skip. To solve a lot of problems inclined ascension. The paper introduces the downhole hoist before discharge type, skip ascension of all accessories, skip practicality and parts of the design and check content in China, and used in coal mine skip exist deficiencies and development trend are discussed.Key words:Keyword shafts skip;Before discharge, Uninstall目 录第1章 绪论.1 1.1 箕斗.1 1.1.1 概述.1 1.1.2 箕斗的特点和分类.1 1.1.3 箕斗的组成.2 1.1.3.1 立井箕斗的结构形式.2 1.1.3.2 斜井箕斗的结构组成.4 1.1.4 箕斗的应用情况和存在的不足.7 1.1.5 箕斗的发展.7 1.2 箕斗的材料选取.9 1.3 箕斗形式的选用.9 1.4 国外箕斗现状.10第2章 箕斗设计中的一些问题的探讨.12 2.1 提升方式的选择.12 2.2 前卸式箕斗.14 2.3 卸载方式的分析与比较.14 2.3.1 无卸载轮式斜井箕斗.14 2.3.2 有卸载轮式斜井箕斗.15 2.4 总结分析.19第3章 箕斗设计方案.20 3.1 设计目的及要求.20 3.2 了解箕斗的卸载原理与受力.20 3.2.1 无轮卸载.20 3.2.2 有轮卸载.22 3.3 总的方案提出.24第4章 箕斗斗箱应力的实验研究.25 4.1 实验设备模拟的基本原理.25 4.2 实验设备及实验方法.27 4.2.1 静态应力.27 4.2.2 动态应力.28 4.2.3 结果分析.28第5章 箕斗所受载荷分析.29 5.1 箕斗自重与载重的关系.31 5.2 对箕斗设计容量的探讨.32第6章 箕斗的相关计算.34 6.1 已知.34 6.2 按额定载荷选择轴承.34 6.3 斗箱的计算.35 6.4 牵引框的计算.36 6.4.1 销轴的计算.36 6.4.2 牵引框轴的计算.37 6.5 底架的计算.38 6.6 活动轨轮的计算.40 6.7 行走轮的计算.42总结.44参考文献.45翻译.47英文部分.47中文部分.58致谢.67翻译英文部分On skip-hoisting way of inclined shaftAbstract: Taking for example the select ion of hoisting w ay with transition from open Pit of Day ironing to underground mining, the common features and characteristics of skip hoisting of inclined shaft in medium and small sized mines were described. The technical quality guarantee measures of the system were analyzed and discussed, and improvement measures were proposed in terms of impact of lump ores to skip and easy w ear of steel rope. Key words: iron o re mining; t ran sit ion from open p it to underground; inclined shaft; hoisting systemAccording to incomplete statistics, among the 237 small medium and large underground mines having been built in our country, there are 28 percent by the development, 11 percent by incline shaft development, 38 percent by shaft development, and 23 percent by jointly developing ways. The mine by shaft development is the most, and followed with the development. As the occurrence of different conditions of all mine, and different mining technology, even use the same type of development, their functions and specific layout also have different features. So how to determine the type of mine development according mine characteristics, is a very critical issue in the underground mine design and production. Particularly in the transformation of old mines, the open become underground mines, because of some of its inherent characteristics, the application of inclined skip to develop is a effective method. 1. The question proposed Shaft development according to the upgrading of different containers, can be divided into cage well, skip well and mixed well. Large and extra large mines and mines of complex conditions of heavy mining, use skip shaft upgrade mine or waste rock mostly. Skip upgrade has the ability of the system, a high degree of automation, and low-cost benefits, but has very strict requirements for the materials (ore, rock) block .when elected the rotation skip to upgrade, the block of material should less than 400 - 500 mm; when elected by dump skip to upgrade, the block of material should less than 350 mm. At present domestic and international trends in the development of underground mining is a high efficiency in the deep hole or deep-hole drilling method of mining, the block of ore mining should greater than 500 mm, or even to 1000 mm or above. In order to meet the requirements of containers of Skip upgrade, we must build underground broken stations, broke the failed large piece of ore and rock to the pre-qualified block . Even if the design for the annual 30 - 50 million t of small mines, can not inevitably built underground broken station. Building an underground crushing station, the need to build a quantity Underground is large, the time of infrastructure is long, and the investment is large，then cited examples of some domestic mines in Table 1.In recent years, the two underground mines designed by Cheongsam Metallurgical Design and Research Institute, mining methods is mine collapse in the sub-deep whole caving, use skip shaft to upgrade, and build a broken underground station. Mines designed annual output is 450,000 t. The produced stones are 500 - 0 mm, the broken equipment is a 900 mm 1200mm jaw crusher, broken shaft system projects are 5,640 cubic meters , investment for projects is 4.5 million yuan. As in nearly three years the price increasing, the key material price from the original plan into the current market price , by measured the Composite rose by 79 percent, the investment from 4.5 million yuan grows into 8 million yuan. Another mine, annual output designed is 2 million tons. The produced ore blocks is 50 - 0 mm, choose a 900 multiplied by the 1200 mm, 1200mm multiplied by 1500 mm E-breakers. For an expanded mines, the investment for broken system of underground construction is so large, so there is a issues that build or not built such a system or other alternative measures and methods.2. The design and practice of inclined skipAt present, China mainly used inclined skip in small and medium-sized mines, inclined slope generally around 30 degrees, inclined skip and inclined mine car group, skip upgraded is mechanical operation, the speed is higher, stability is good, running safely. Inclined skip and shaft skip upgrade, due to inclined skip can allow upgrading of the large ore blocks, rubble broken underground stations cannot been built, the overall project become smaller, the speed of construction is higher, the construction period is short, and investment is small. Some domestic metal mines have successfully used the pioneering approach of inclined shaft upgrade skip.2.1 relay for upgrading transit ore binWhen the mining depth is deep, using two inclined skip relay upgrade, plus or minus two inclined skip the connection settings transit warehouses mine, without transfer of tools and equipment. such as Figure 1 Mounding copper inclined skip developing and enhancing system. If the upper is shaft skip well development and the lower inclined is skip well development, can transit large ore and rock to the supremacy broken system, after broken through the shaft skip upgrade to the ground.2.2 monorail and crisscross laneInclined skip Well is long, using double hook skip to upgrade, or one skip-pulsing balance hammer to upgrade, can use the monorail and the middle lane making way for each other ( as Figure 2). Its cut work is less 50 percent than all tracks generally. For example Mounding 1st inclined well take the monorail and the lane making way for each other, the project for the shaft dug is 11,020 cubic meters, when using all two-track is 21,860 cubic meters; Day Iron Mine the open transform to underground minings inclined skip Well, the dug works for the monorail and the lane making way for each other are 11,550 cubic meters, while all two-track are 21,035 cubic meters. The turnout symmetrical arrangement setting up for two-skip and the lane making way for each other is shown in Figure 2.2.3 overall concrete bedsIn the past inclined general use rubble, sleeper Road bed, sleeper laid in the ditch of inclined floor of the horizontal shafts , its depth is not less than two-thirds of the thickness of the sleeper, the thickness of stores below sleeper is not less than 50 mm, when Well skip inclined angle is greater than 15 degrees, that is the time that taking measure to deal with non-slippery track .In order to overcome these shortcomings, The whole project of Day East open to underground mine choose concrete bed, that is, under the two tracks watering concrete foundation width 550 mm, high 250 mm , to support the pressure of transfer orbit. Taking into account the humid pit and replace easily, we use sculpture anchor fastener. Mounding copper deposit with the sulfur anchor fastening materials: sulfur: sand: cement = 1.0:0.4:1.4 (ratio); Xingjian Gold Mine with the ratio of sulfur anchor material: sulfur: sand: paraffin = 1.0: 0.4:1.2:0.03 (ratio).Concrete as a whole, the advantages of rail bed is face flush, skip running smoothly, swinging small, and can improve traffic speed; the work of maintenance is small, operating costs are low , the service years is long . However, the requirements for the quality of construction is high, the initial cost is large.We must pay attention to the problem in rack anti-skid design and construction, if the track down, the upper track rail joints would increase, the slits of lower part of the track become narrow, from top to bottom track will lead to the screws connecting rod, clip bolt was cut, local lines and Turnout deformation and endanger peoples safety, impact normal production. The more effective method of prevent inclined track down a is fixed rail, along the inclined shaft floor of one every 20-40 m of concrete beam reinforcement of anti-skid devices will be fixed in its on rails.Western Hunan Gold Mine inclined skip Well is 1129 m, with six cubic meters double skip plus sidetracks lane layout form, compare the concrete bed, with all the dual-track bed and carbide, can reduce volume of 8,470 cubic meters of shaft dug, 712 cubic meters of concrete, 82 tons of rail, the bolt 22 tons of steel, wood pillow 407 cubic meters.At present, in China the volume of skip using is 2.5,6.0,8.8,12,18.8 cubic meters and so on, the biggest load is 45 t, the largest wire rope diameter is 75 mm, the largest rope speed is 6.75 meters per second, the biggest hoist a diameter is 6 m. It is learnt that the former Soviet Union first Nebo Romania - Bide Lou Fu Sike Institute to develop a flat high-strength rubber cables as traction, at” the mine to be successful, skip truck is 50 t, upgrading height is 1100 m, has confirmed the skip Upgrading 80 120 t skills. Such a double-skip hoist Taiwan will be completed 1000 to 12 million t task each year. Incline skip can directly raise large hard rock mining, such as Chinas Batsman largest most metal mine is 1200 mm, Echo iron ore and Yaoxian cement plant limestone are 1000 mm, other cement plant mines are 620 800 mm, Canada Marmora Iron ore is 1200 mm; Kemo Tuo Congo copper mine is 1500 mm, even individual large piece at major reach 3 t, I believe that if the large and medium-sized underground mine inclined skip the use of large-scale upgrading, even if the inclined shaft section, cut engineering The more, but do not need to build underground broken system, there may be economic. In particular, to expand mine or open to the exploitation of underground mines, in an underground or on the ground has built a thick broken system; the more inclined skip pioneering programmer is worth studying. Sweden Koruna iron ore next stage of development is the level of 1000 m, called the 1000 Project, designed in the proposed inclined skip, inclined tape, slopes, towing and transportation programmer, compared to the results inclined Kei Do programmer for the gifted. Design for eight inclined, are double-skip upgrade, each truck to skip 80 t, increase speed of seven meters per second, inclined skip hoist system for the 80 t, increase speed of 7 m / s, upgraded to a speed of 7m / s. Incline skip hoist system see Figure 3, inclined section Figure 4. 3. compare inclined skip develop programmer with the shaft skip develop programmer Daye Iron Ore Open Mining East will be closed in 2004 ,outside the realm of open-air mining capacity of 18478700 t be diverted into underground mining, mainly for the mining of the Lion Rock, the ore body of 400 m, thickness of 2060 m, dip 6090 , rock mainly marble, diorite, followed by skarn. Design-scale underground mining 500,000 t/a, a big hole in the collapsing mining and ore mining method deep hole collapse, the recovery of ore blocks for the 6500 mm. The design of the inclined shaft skip two pioneering methods was compared. Its programmer are as follows. 3.1 shaft skip pioneering programmer Wellhead elevation is 80 m, bottom elevation is -270 m, and net shaft diameter is 5.2 m, by 3.2 cubic meters double skip upgrade, the mine focus on the pit -180- level after broken through shaft skip to the surface. 3.2 inclined skip pioneering programmer Wellhead elevation is 85 m, bottom elevation is -270 m, inclined shaft length is 657.5 m, dip 29 30 , inclined section: Monorail (net) 12.24 square meters, two-track (the wrong lane section net) 25.87 square meters; using 11 cubic meters Single skip (after the dump) with balance Hammer, inclined track layout for the monorail and the wrong lane, no broken pit stops, the underground mine also focus on the rocks -180 m level, from Incline skip up to the surface, has entered The ground breaking point.3.3 Programmer comparison Economic comparative of inclined well and shaft well pioneering programme of table 3. Despite the numerical comparison is more than two years ago, but relatively speaking, it is fully qualitative. From the comparative data in Table 3, the inclined shaft skip pioneering work programmer with less investment and low operating costs advantages. In other words, the inclined skip programmer less than 492 m(11917 cubic meters) shaft skip programmer , investment can save 4168400 yuan, operating costs lower 604,800 yuan/a. The main reason is the programmer of inclined skip make full use of existing facilities of the broken equipment, cannot built underground broken system, this can save 4.7667 million yuan in investment. As low investment, low year total cost, comparable value less 6.64 million yuan, the overall economic returns is good. Daye Iron Mine on the East open to the underground mining project, Incline construction speed is high, short construction period, had no effect on the existing mine normal production, but can use the inclined shaft of the open-air triage skip ore mining, shorten the road and rail traffic And transport ore from the flip processes.4 Use underground formation opencast to transport miningThe extension of the tilt of the deposit, there is usually the upper ore body with open methods, with the lower part of a two-step method of underground mining or open-air and underground at the same time (joint) mining. Generally speaking, open pit mining depth with the increase in ore and rock conditions of transport has become increasingly sophisticated and further deterioration, such as the East Daye Iron Mine Open Pit, the mining depth of 444 m, is now mining depth of 372 m, which has been in depression Up to 168 m, pre-opening up a single rail transport, access to the medium-term exploitation of depression, use of railway, highway, and jointly developing the transport vehicle. Motor vehicles for the current re-climbing has reached 3 km, after several years of 5 km, carrying 35 t of the 50 B-type dump truck vehicles from 350,000 t efficiency will drop 250,000 t, per tone of ore car transport costs will increase 30 percent year on year . In order to better maintain the open-pit mining 2 million t/a production, Cheongsam Design and Research Institute of Metallurgy and Daye Iron Mine jointly explore the use of underground formation inclined skip triage system of the opencast mining stone, to reduce automobile traffic, easing car Transport pressure, lower transportation costs. According to literature, open pit mining of ore underground formation transport a large number of examples, such as China Tongguanshan copper, copper Tongshan, the Swedish foreign Koruna iron ore, copper zinc, such as Finland. Such use of the underground formation opencast mining stone has the following advantages: a. Open Pit no fixed transport routes, mining and steep slope angle, reducing volume of stripping. b. Open sharing of underground mining and underground shaft project will enable the construction of the underground mine early delivery, for underground mining production to provide sufficient time for exploration, mining methods and related issues of testing, training workers at the same time can also use the underground drainage tunnel , Drainage and improve operating conditions for open-pit mine. c. When the open-air mining depths exceeding 100 150 m, the use of underground transport ore formation works, often than open-air car transport costs low. For example, the former Soviet Union the multi-metal mine, bed, for the lenticular ore body, the total thickness of 150 m, ore body buried in the 800 m below the angle of 85 degrees, the mine rock hardness f = 6-10, complicated hydro geological conditions, the depth of 355 m open The Chung water, 120,000 cubic meters/h. The mine open-pit mining and underground mining joint use of underground works, open wells with inclined skip open up, open up the ground floor with blind shaft. Under the open-air mining ore car along the Shih men transported to the inclined shaft, and then use two drainage shaft, about 25,000 cubic meters of roadway drainage, and the upper 400 m of wells and upgrade the Shih men 5500 m long, underground tunnel to reduce significantly the volume of construction work To ensure that the open-pit mining and underground mining of continuity, to prevent the collapse of the slope angle, reducing the distance the rock mining and production costs. Figure 5 Another example is the aforementioned East Lu Daye Iron ore using underground mining of the inclined shaft skip formation streaming 1 million t / a production, the cost of segregation after the present value of 6.43 million yuan, a very significant economic benefits, and triage system built time The sooner the better. Daye Iron Mine East open-air Mass Transit inclined to skip layout in Figure 6. 5 Conclusions 1 .Inclined shaft and skip, the most outstanding point is inclined to skip enhance bulk materials, no broken station will be built underground ore pre-broken. 2 In the mining depth, using two wells inclined skip relay, and sidetracks (turnouts layout into a single form, skip the track with the overall track bed, which is already mature experience. 3. Use inclined skip underground formation works for the open-pit mining services, available investment, low cost and effectiveness of good results. 4. Inclined well skip the shortcomings of the rope wear fast, short life, enhance the degree of automation systems skip a shaft low.中文部分 斜井箕斗提升方式的浅析摘要: 以大冶铁矿东露天转地下开采提升方式的选择为例, 阐述了中小型矿山采用斜井箕斗提升的共性和特点, 对斜井箕斗提升系统的技术质量保证措施进行了分析探讨, 同时就大块矿石对箕斗冲击和钢绳易磨损等问题提出了改善措施。关键词：铁矿开采；露天转地下；斜井箕斗；提升系统在国内已建成237座大中小型地下矿山中，据不完全统计，采用平同开拓方式的占28%，斜井开拓方式占11%，竖井开拓方式的占38%，联合开拓的占23%。其中竖井开拓的 矿山最多，平同开拓次之。由于各个矿山的 矿床赋存条件不同，开采技术不同，即使是同一类开拓方式，其功能和具体布置也各有特点。所以如何根据矿山的特点确定其开拓方式，是地下矿设计和生产中一个很关键性的问题。特别是老矿山的改造、露天转地下开采的矿山，因其内在的 一些特点，应用斜井箕斗开拓是一种有效地开拓方法。1 问题的提出竖井开拓按提升容器的 不同，可分为罐笼井、箕斗井和混合井。大型和 特大型矿山以及开采条件复杂的重型矿山，多采用箕斗竖井提升矿山或废石。箕斗提升具有系统能力大、自动化程度高、成本低的好处，但对提升物料（矿、岩）的 块度要求很严。当选用翻转式箕斗提升时，物料的 块度小于400500mm；当选用底卸式箕斗提升时，物料的 块度小于350mm。目前国内外地下采矿的 发展趋势，是采用高效率的中深孔或深孔凿岩的采矿方法，采出的矿石块度大于500mm，甚至到1000mm以上。为满足箕斗提升容器的要求，必须建地下破碎站，将不合格的大块矿石和岩石预先破碎到合格的块度。即使设计年产量为3050万t的小型矿山，也难免不建地下破碎站。建一个地下破碎站，需要的井巷工程开凿量大，基建时间长，投资也大，则列举国内一些矿山的事例于表1.近几年，长沙冶金设计研究院设计的两个地下矿山，采矿方法为中深孔崩矿的分段崩落法，采用竖井箕斗提升，设地下破碎站。一个矿山设计年产量45万t。采出石块度为5000mm，破碎设备为1台900mm1200mm颚式破碎机，破碎系统井巷同室工程量为5640立方米，工程投资为450万元。由于近三年的物价增长，主要材料由原先的计划价变为当前的市场价，经测算综合上涨79%，投资由450万元增长为800万元。另一个矿山，设计年产量为200万吨。采出矿石块度味50-0mm，选用900乘以1200mm、1200mm乘以1500mm鄂式破碎机个一台，。对于一个改扩建矿山，建地下破碎系统的投资如此之大，这就存在一个建与不建这样的系统或以其他措施办法替代之间的问题。2 斜井箕斗的设计与实践目前，国内斜井箕斗主要用于中小型矿山，斜井坡度一般30度左右，斜井箕斗与斜井矿车组比较，箕斗提升为机械操作，运行速度高，稳定性好，运行安全。斜井箕斗与竖井箕斗提升比较，因斜井箕斗提升允许矿石块度大，可不建地下碎石破碎站，总的井巷开凿工程量小，建设速度快，建设周期短，投资省。国内一些金属矿山已经成功使用了斜井箕斗提升的开拓方式（见表2）2.1 接力提升设转运矿仓开采深度大时，采用两段斜井箕斗接力提升，上下两条斜井箕斗的连接设置转运仓矿，无需转运工具和设备。如图1为牟定铜矿斜井箕斗开拓及提升系统。若上部为竖井箕斗井开拓，下部为斜井箕斗井开拓，可将大块矿石和岩石转运至上部溜井破碎系统，破碎后经竖井箕斗提升至地面。2.2 单轨加错车道 斜井箕斗井很长，采用双钩箕斗提升，或者单箕斗加平衡锤提升时，均可采用单轨加中间错车道（见图2）。其开凿工程量比全部车轨一般少50%。如牟定一号斜井采取单轨加错车道，井筒开凿工程量为11020立方米，全部双轨时为21860立方米；大冶铁矿东露天转地下开采的斜井箕斗井，单轨加错车道的井筒开凿工程量为11550立方米，全部双轨时为21035立方米。双箕斗加错车道设置对称道岔的布置见图2.2.3 混凝土整体道床 过去的斜井一般用碎石、枕木道床，轨枕埋设子斜井底板的横向槽沟内，其深度不少于轨枕厚度的三分之二，轨枕下面的店渣厚度不得少于50mm，当斜井箕斗井倾角大于15度时，即应对轨道采取防滑措施。为了克服上述缺点，大冶东矿露天转地下工程采用混凝土整体道床，即在两条轨道下各浇灌宽550mm、高250mm的混凝土基础，用以支撑轨道所传递的压力。考虑到坑内潮湿，便于更换，采用硫磺锚固扣件。牟定铜矿用的硫磺锚固扣件材料为：硫磺：沙子：水泥=1.0：0.4：1.4（质量比）；湘西金矿用的硫磺锚固材料配比为：硫磺：砂子：石蜡=1.0：0.4：1.2：0.03（质量比）。混凝土整体道床的优点是轨面平齐，箕斗运行平稳，摆动小，可以提高行车速度；维修工作小，经营费用低，服务年限长。但施工质量要求高，初始费用大。轨道防滑设计和施工铺施中必须注意的问题，如果轨道下滑，上部轨道轨缝增加，预留的下部轨道缝缩小，会导致上下轨道的连接螺丝杆、道钉被剪断，局部线路和道岔变形，危及人员安全，影响正常生产。防止斜井轨道下滑较有效的方法是固定钢轨法，沿斜井井井筒底板每隔20-40m设一混凝土防滑地梁加固装置将钢轨固定在其上。湘西金矿的斜井箕斗井长为1129m，用6立方米双箕斗加错车车道的布置形式，混凝土整体道床，与全部双轨道和石渣道床相比，可减少井筒开凿量8470立方米，混凝土712立方米，钢轨82吨，锚杆钢材22吨，木枕407立方米。目前我国使用的激斗容积为2.5、6.0、8.8、12、18.8立方米等六种，最大载重为45t，钢绳最大直径为75mm，最大绳速为6.75米每秒，最大卷扬机直径为6m。据悉，原苏联第聂博罗-彼得洛夫斯克学院研制一种扁平的高强度橡胶钢索作为牵引机构，在“祖国矿井”中取得成功，箕斗载重为50t，提升高
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