人称指示语论文：儿童文学中的人称指示语研究

人称指示语论文：儿童文学中的人称指示语研究 【中文摘要】指示语是语言中的普遍现象。近年来,国内外学者 从语言学,哲学和心理学的角度对其概念,分类及其在语言中的具体 运用做了大量的研究。人称指示语是对言语活动中参与者的符号指 称,包括人称代词,称谓,呼语等。在语篇分析中,人们对不同文体中 人称指示语的特点进行了详尽的阐释。然而,只有很少的研究涉及到 儿童文学。为了对人称指示语有一个更加全面的了解,本文尝试以英 国儿童文学的经典作品之一,肯尼斯格雷厄姆的柳林风声为例,对 儿童文学中的人称指示语进行分析。本文首先从语音,词汇,语义和 语用的层面对柳林风声中的人称指示语进行了描述性的分析。 通过研究,本文发现儿童文学中的人称指示语有下面一些特点。在语 音层面,书中的称呼语一般以元音结尾,一方面因为是儿童较早习得 的元音之一,另一方面词尾的在儿语有“小”的含义；在词汇层面, 人称代词的出现频率较高,其中第三人称代词在所有人称代词中所占 比例最大；在语义层面,第三人称代词的照应用法是一种很有效的衔 接手段,并且人称代词的恰当选择能够很好地达到拟人的效果；在语 用层面,指示映射现象一般出现在人物的对话中,并能很好地体现了 人物的心理活动。此外,本文将人称指示语的这些特征与作者的写作 视角,儿童的语言认知水平以及书中人物的心理活动联系起来,解释 了为什么儿童文学中的指示语呈现出这样一些特征的原因。本文从 不同的层面对柳林风声中的人称指示语进行的一定的分析,一方 面拓展了指示语的研究领域,揭示了儿童文学中指示语的特征及其原 因；另一方面也为人们欣赏儿童文学提供一个新的角度。 【英文摘要】Deixis is a pervasive phenomenon in language. In recent years, scholars at home and abroad have taken great efforts to expound its definition, classification and specific uses from the perspective of linguistics, philosophy and psychology. Person deixis concerns the role of participants in the speech event, including person pronouns, terms of address, vocatives and so on. In discourse analysis, the characteristics of person deixis in different styles have been studied in details. However, only a few studies concern childrens literature. To have a better understanding of person deixis, this thesis tries to study the person deixis in Kenneth Grahames The Wind in the Willows, one of the classics in English childrens literature.This thesis carries out a descriptive analysis of person deixis in The Wind in the Willows from phonological, lexical, semantic and pragmatic levels.The present study finds out that person deixis in childrens literature have the following characteristics. Phonologically, vocatives are ended with vowel i. On the one hand, i is one of the vowels acquired earlier by children; on the other hand, a terminal i sound is a common way to form a diminutive which is used as part of baby talk. Lexically, the person pronouns have a high frequency, and the third person pronouns enjoy the highest ratio. Semantically, the anaphoric usage of third person pronouns is an effective cohesive device, and the proper choice of person pronouns has the effect of personification. Pragmatically, deictic projection are mainly appears in the dialogue of characters and can well reflect the protagonistsmental activities.Moreover, the writers point of view, childrens language and cognitive level together with the mental activities of characters are taken into consideration to explain the uniqueness of person deixis in childrens literature.Person deixis in The Wind in the Willows are studied from different perspective. On the one hand, the research field of person deixis is expanded and characteristics of person deixis in childrens literature together with the factors related to the characteristics are expounded; on the other hand, the present study also provides people a new perspective to appreciate the language in childrens literature. 【关键词】人称指示语 儿童文学 柳林风声 【英文关键词】Person deixis childrens literature The Wind in the Willows 【目录】儿童文学中的人称指示语研究 摘要 6-7 Abstract 7 Chapter 1 Introduction 10-19 1.1 Research Background 10-13 1.1.1 Childrens Literature 10-11 1.1.2 The Wind in the Willows 11-13 1.2 Literature Review of Studies on Person Deixis 13-14 1.3 Purpose and Significance of this Thesis 14-16 1.4 Research Methodology 16-18 1.5 Layout of the Thesis 18-19 Chapter 2 Theoretical Foundations 19-27 2.1 Deixis 19-22 2.1.1 The Notion of Deixis 19- 20 2.1.2 Classification of Deixis 20-21 2.1.3 Deictic Projection 21-22 2.2 Person Deixis 22-24 2.2.1 The Notion of Person Deixis 22 2.2.2 Usages of Person Deixis 22-24 2.3 Childrens Cognitive Development 24-27 2.3.1 Jean Piagets Theory:Childrens Animistic Thinking 24-25 2.3.2 Related Theories Concerning Characteristics of Childrens Memory 25-27 Chapter 3 Descriptive Analysis of Person Deixis in The Wind in the Willows 27-42 3.1 At Phonological Level:Vocatives Ended with Vowel i 27-28 3.2 At Lexical Level:High Frequency of Person Pronouns 28-33 3.2.1 Frequencies of First and Second Person Pronouns in The Wind in the Willows 30-31 3.2.2 Frequencies of Third Person Pronouns in The Wind in the Willows 31- 33 3.3 At Semantic Level 33-39 3.3.1 Cohesive Device:Anaphor “He” 33-36 3.3.2 Rhetorical Devices 36-39 3.4 At Pragmatic Level:Deictic Projection 39-42 3.4.1 “We” instead of “I” 40 3.4.2 “You” instead of “I” 40-41 3.4.3 “He” instead of “You” 41-42 Chapter 4 Factors Related to the Choices of Person Deixis in The Wind in the Willows 42-51 4.1 Writers Third-person Point of View:High Frequency of Third Person Pronouns 42-43 4.2 Readers Cognition and Language Level 43-46 4.2.1 Childrens Early Acquisition of Vowel i:Vocatives Ending with Voweli 43-44 4.2.2 Childrens Animistic Thinking:Personification 44-45 4.2.3 Childrens Working Memory:Short Distance between Anaphor and Antecedent 45-46 4.3 CharactersMental Activities 46-51 4.3.1 Fondness:”She” instead of “it” 46-47 4.3.2 Sorrow:Repetition of “I” 47-48 4.3.3 Intimacy:”We” instead of “I” 48-50 4.3.4 Avoiding Embarrassment:”He” instead of “You” 50-51 Chapter 5 Conclusion 51-53 5.1 Major Findings of