专业英语八级100道人文知识习题及解析

美国概况 练习题： 1 The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is_. 2 The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is _ _. 3 The largest racial group in the whole population of U.S.A is_. 4 Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is_. 5 _has the worlds oldest written constitution and political party. 6 The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by_. 7 In the United States, primary education requires_years. 8 Most college students in the United States are in_institutions. 9 The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are_ _. 10 _(which state )is not governed by the common law. 练习题答案及题解: 1. The Mississippi River, 密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线。 2 .The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain，最早被早期定居者发现和占领的地方是大西洋 及其沿岸平原。 3 .Non-hispanics white， 非西班牙裔的白人是美国最大的种族群体。 4 .African Americans， 2000 年以前非裔美国人是美国最大的少数民族群体。2000 年以 后，拉丁裔美国人的人数超过了非裔美国人的人数，成为美国第一大少数民族群体。 5 .America， 美国拥有世界上最古老的宪法和政党。 6. World War II， 第二次世界大战的爆发帮助美国走出了经济困境。 7. Six years， 美国的小学要花费大约六年的时间。 8. Public， 大部分美国大学生都在公立学校就读。 9 .美国的联邦法院系统包括：the United States District Courts; the United States Co urts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court. 10 .Louisana， 路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束。 美国概况 练习题： 1 Of the fifty states of America, _states now have the death penalty as punis hment. 2 The four major regions of the United Sates are_ _. 3 _ regions culture character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit. 4 _is the largest state in terms of size and population in America. 5Hollywoodis often used as a synonym for_ 6 The most important and largest river in the United States of America is_. 7 The north-eastern part of the United States New England enjoys a _cli mate. 8 To the west of mainland American lies the _ Ocean. 9 Detroit, a U.S. city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for its_. 10 The natives of the continent of the America are the_. 练习题答案及题解: 1 38, 美国现有 38 个州惩罚罪犯采用死刑。 2 Northeast, South, Midwest and West, 美国的主要四大部分不包括北部。 3 The New England Region, 美国的新英格兰地区， 也就是东北部地区深受清教思想 的影响。 4 California，加利福尼亚州是美国最大的州，拥有人口也最多。 5 American films，好莱坞是美国著名的电影制造地。 6 the Mississippi River，美国最长的河流是密西西比河，也是美国最重要的一条河流 。被美国人视为“众河之父”，沿河流域也是美国的主要农作物产区。 7 typical continental，美国东北部的新英格兰地区是典型的大陆性气候。冬天寒冷，夏 天炎热。 8 Pacific Ocean， 美国东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，北接加拿大，南靠墨西哥及墨西哥 湾。 9 automobile industry， 底特律是美国著名的汽车城。 10 Indians ， 美国的本土居民是当地的印第安人。 美国概况 练习题： 1 _is the largest city and the chief port of the United States. A Washington D.C B Los Angeles C San Francisco D New York City 2 _ enjoys the worst social and economic conditions. A Blacks B Hispanics C Indians D A sian Americans 3 Washington D.C. is named after_. A the U.S. President George Washington B Christopher Columbus C both George Washington and Christopher Columbus D none of them 4 American and British English are two_ of the English language. A varieties B elements C parts D form 5 The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was_ _. A Thomas Jefferson B James Monroe C James Madison D Abraham Lincoln 6 Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is_. A Rhode Island B Virginia C Texas D Montana 7 The national flag of the United States is known as_. A the Star-Spangled Banner B Uncle Sam C Hot Dog D Union Jack 8 The number of the Representatives from each American state depends on the _. A contribution a state has made to the nation B population C size D none of the above 9 The tern “Father of Waters” is used to refer to _. A the Amazon River B the Mississippi River C the Nile River D the Hudso n River 10 The statue of liberty was given to American people by_ as a gift in 1884. A France B Spain C Italy D Britain 练习题答案及题解: 1 D, 纽约是美国最大的城市同时也是最重要的经济中心和最主要的港口。 2 A, 黑人在美国的经济和社会地位都最为低下。 3 C, 首都命名为华盛顿是为了纪念美国的第一任总统乔治华盛顿，而联邦直辖区命名 为哥伦比亚特区是为了纪念第一位从欧洲横渡大西洋到达西半球的探险家克里斯多拂哥伦 布。 4 A, 美国英语和英国英语是英语语言的两种变体。 5 D, 美国历史上的第一位共和党总统是亚伯拉罕 林肯。 6 A, 美国国土面积最小的是罗得岛。 7 A, 美国的国旗是星条旗。 8 B, 美国每个州派往众议院的代表人数应与本州人口成比例。 9 B, 美国的“众河之父” 指的是密西西比河。 10 A, 美国的自由女神像是法国人赠予的礼物。 练习题： 1. Ernest Hemingway is _. A. Englishman B. American C.Dutch D. Denmark 2 .John Fitzgerald Kennedy is _ president. A. 35th B. 34th C. 33rd D. 32nd 3. In 1837, the first college-level institution for women , Mount Holyoke Female Se minary , opened in _ to serve the “ Muslim sex”. A. New England B. Virginia C. Massachusetts D. New York 4. The capital of Massachusetts is _. A .Providence B. Boston C. Montpelier D. Augusta 5 ._ is the dividing line between the South and North. A .The Hudson River B. The Potomac River C. The Ohio River D. The Missouri River 6 ._ is Washingtons largest city. A .Boise B. Denver C. Tacoma D .Seattle 7. Washington D.C., the capital of U.S. is situated on the _River banks. A .St. Lawrence B. Hudson C. Potomac D. Missouri 8. When did the American Civil War break out? A. 1775 B. 1812 C. 1861 D. 1863 9 .Who prepared the draft of the Declaration of Independence? A .John Adams B. Thomas Jefferson C. Benjamin Franklin D. John Hancock 10. In which day is Halloween celebrated? A .5 November B. 31 October C .17 March D. 25 Dece mber 练习题答案及题解: 1. B,文坛巨匠海明威是美国人。 2 .A,肯尼迪是美国的第 35 任总统。 3. C,美国的第一所女子学院开设于马萨诸塞州。 4 .B,麻省的首府是波士顿。 5. D,美国南北的分界线是密苏里河，东西的分界线是密西西比河。 6 .D,华盛顿州的最大城市是西雅图。 7. C,华盛顿特区位于波托马克河上。 8. C,美国内战爆发于 1861 年，结束于 1865 年。 9 .B,为美国起草独立宣言的是托马斯 杰弗逊。 10 .B,万圣节前夕是 10 月的最后一天即 10 月 31 号。 英国概况 练习题： 1 Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors exce pt _. A Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade. B Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport. C British engineers had sound training and the inventors were respected. D British government was increasingly interested in overseas and colonies after the 17th century. 2 The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The _ has very little pow er. A queen B monarch C prime minister D king 3 Which party has always had strong links with the trade unions and received fina ncial support from them? A the Labor Party B the Conservative Party C the Liberal Party D the Social Democratic Party 4 On accepting _, the age of constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with powe rs limited by Parliament, began. A Constitutional Law B The Declaration of Independence C Civil Law D Bill of Rights 5 Females were allowed to vote in national elections until _. A 1918 B 1916 C 1920 D 1896 6 The British North America Act of 1867 established _ as a domain. A Australia B Canada C New Zealand D India 7 During World War II, as a war leader, _ received massive popular support a nd led his country to final victory in 1945. A Harold Wilson B Edward Heath C Franklin Roosevelt D Winston Churchill 8 The Falkland Islands war was between Britain and _. A France B New Zealand C Argentina D Australia 9 In Britain, a _ is held when a Member of Parliament dies, retires or resigns. A civic election B by-election C popular election D general election 10 In the United Kingdom, ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommen dation of _. A the Lord Chancellor B the Monarch C the Prime Minister D the King 练习题答案及题解: 1 D, 英国之所以能成为世界上最早开始工业化的国家,原因有很多。但英国是从 17 世纪以 后逐步开始对海外贸易和开拓海外殖民地产生浓厚兴趣的。 2 B, 英国是君主立宪制国家，国王或女王（君主）几乎没什么实质性的权力。 3 A, 保守党和自由党是英国最早成立的两个党派。大致来说，保守党是中上层阶级的党， 它得到大公司财政上的支持；而工党，主要得到工会的支持，它的支持者主要是中产阶级 和知识分子。 4 D, 权利法案的签署，标志着英国进入了君主立宪制时代，一个君主几乎没有什么 实质性权力并受制于议会的时代。 5 A, 直到 1918 年妇女才在全国大选中享有选举权。 6 B, 1867 年英国北美法案将加拿大纳为它的自治领。 7 D, 在第二次世界大战中，当时的英国首相丘吉尔作为战争统帅受到了英国人民的广泛 拥戴，并带领英国人民赢得了战争的最后胜利。 8 C, 福克兰群岛战役是发生在英国和阿根廷着这两个国家之间。位于大西洋南部的福克 兰群岛从 1892 年起就是英国的海外殖民地，1982 年阿根廷开始控制这些岛屿，但是英国 最终打败了阿根廷，并重新占领了这些岛屿。 9 B, 英国的下院议会成员中有人去世、退休或辞职时，就要进行补缺选举。 10 C, 在英国，部长们是由首相推荐，女王加以任命的。 英国概况 练习题： 1 How many members are there in the House of Commons? A 650 B 524 C 72 D 651 2 Which of the following people didnt use to be the British Prime Minister? A Margaret Thatcher B Winston Churchill C Horatio Nelson D John Major 3 By tradition, the leader of the majority party is appointed _ by the Sovereign in the United Kingdom. A Prime Minister B Member of Parliament C Lord of appeal D Speaker of the House 4 The Tories were the forerunners of _, which still bears this nickname today. A the Labour Party B the Conservative Party C the Liberal Party D the Social Democratic Party 5 In the United Kingdom, the party which wins the _ number of seats in the H ouse of Commons becomes the official Opposition. A largest B second largest C third largest D fourth largest 6 The term “British disease” is now often used to characterize Britains _ decli ne. A political B educational C military D economic 7 The 1980s was remembered as the decade of _. A globalization B nationalization C privatization D competition 8 Today, in Britain, _ is called a “sick” industry. A coal mining B iron and steel C textiles D shipbuilding 9 The first steam engine was devised by Thomas Newcomer at the end of the 17t h century, and the Scottish inventor _ modified and improved the design in 176 5. A Abraham Darby B James Watt C John Kay D Richard Arkwrightthe 10 _ created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to tra de unionism. A The Chartist Movement B The Industrial Revolution C The French Revolution D The Glorious Revolution 练习题答案及题解: 1 D, 下议院共有 651 名议员。 2 C, 撒切尔夫人，丘吉尔和梅杰都曾经做过英国首相；而纳尔逊（1758-1805），英国海 军统帅，因作战负伤，右眼失明，失去右臂。后任地中海舰队司令，在特法尔加角海战中 大败西班牙联合舰队，本人受重伤阵亡，号称 Viscount Nelson。 3 A, 在英国，按照传统，多数党的领导人由君主任命为首相，首相从本党内部挑选一些领 导人担任各部部长职位。 4 B, 托利党是英国保守党的前身。 5 B, 在英国，在下议院中赢得第二席位的政党为反对党，它也有它自己的领导和影子内阁 （shadow cabinet）。 6 D, 现在“英国病 ”这一术语经常用来指英国经济上的衰退。 7 C, 正如 20 世纪 40 年代被看作是国有化的时代一样，20 世纪 80 年代被看作是私有化 的时代。包括英国石油、航空、钢铁、电讯在内的几乎 40% 的国有公司实现了私有化。 8 A, 英国煤矿业被称为生病工业。英国的煤产量在一战前达到顶点，如今的英国的煤矿业 衰退，从而导致矿工的数量、煤矿的总产量大大下降。 9 B, 第一台蒸汽机是 Thomas Newcomer 在 17 世纪末设计的，后来苏格兰发明家瓦特 在 1765 年对原有的设计进行了改进提高，生产出了第一台高效的蒸汽机并应用到纺织和 其他机械业中。 10 B, 工业革命产生了工人阶级，即无产阶级。后来形成了工会制度。 英国概况 练习题： 1 _ is the key to Industrial Revolution. A Iron B Cotton Textile C Coal mining D Steam engine 2 _ became a literary current during the period of the successful Industrial Re volution. A Criticism B Modernism C Romanticism D Renaissance 3 Modern football game began in _. A China B France C England D Germany 4 _ is the leader of the British government. A Prime Minister B Queen C President D Governor 5 The second largest city in England, _ , is a metropolitan district and an ind ustrial and manufacturing city. A Edinburgh B Belfast C Glasgow D Birmingham 6 _ introduced Christianity into Britain. A The Celts B The Romans C The Viking Danes D The French 7 The real power of the British government lies in _. A the House of Commons B the cabinet headed by the Prime Minister C the Prime Minister D the Queen 8 In Britain, education is compulsory for children between the ages of _ to _ _. A 5, 14 B 6, 17 C 5, 16 D 6, 14 9 The longest river in Britain is _ , and the largest river in the USA is _. A the Seven River; the Missouri River B the Thames River; the Missouri River C the Severn River; the Mississippi D the Thames River; the Ohio River 10 The general election in Britain is held every _ years. A four B three C six D five 练习题答案及题解: 1 B, 纺织业的改革是英国工业革命的主要成就之一。 2 C, 工业革命时期的主要文学流派是浪漫主义。 3 C, 现代的足球运动起源于英国。 其正宗的老家在英格兰，19 世纪兴起。 4 A, 英国的政体是君主立宪制。 国王（女王）是国家元首，但政府的首领为首相。 5 D, 英国的第二大城市伯明翰位于英格兰中部平原，是国际化大都市，也是英国的工业 和制造业中心。 6 B, 公元 43 年，罗马人占领英国，其后统治了 400 多年。基督徒就是在这一时期由罗马 人传入英国的。 7 B, 君主立宪制下，国王的作用更侧重于其象征意义，而实权为内阁所有，内阁由首相率 领。 8 C, 英国的教育体系中的义务教育阶段是 5-16 岁，这是每一位学生在学校学习的最低年 限。 9 C, 英国最长的河是塞文河，全长 355 公里，美国最长的河是密西西比河， 长 4000 公 里左右。 10 D, 英国大选每 5 年举行一次。 英国概况 1.Which of the following tribes first came to Britain? A Roman B Anglo-Saxons C Jutes D Celts 2.The Hundred Years War between Britain and France was fought _. A from 1327 to 1453 B from 1337 to 1453 C from 1347 to 1453 C from 1357 to 1453 3.The Republic of Ireland became independent in the year _ A 1918 B 1920 C 1945 D 1949 4.The English Civil War is also called _ A the Puritan Revolution B the second Magna Carta C the Long Parliament D the Anglican War 5.Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the _ and the North Sea in the east, A east B south C west D north 6.The largest lake in Britain is _. A. Loch Lomond B the Lough Neagh C Windermere D Ullswater 7.Where do the majority of people in Scotland live? A In the Highlands B In the central Lowlands C In the Uplands D In the west of Scotland 8.In Britain only about _ of the population are farmers but they manage 70% of the land area. A 2% B 3% C 4% D 5% 9.The two important crops in Britain are _ A barley and corn B wheat and rice C barley and oats D wheat and barley 10.In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 _ A can legally receive partly free education B can legally receive completely free education C can not receive free education at all D can not receive free education if their parents are rich 答案 1.D 凯尔特在公元前 700 年到英国，罗马人在公元 1 到 5 世纪统治英国，5 世纪中期盎格 鲁撒克逊人侵占英国，因此凯尔特人是最早踏入英国的。 2.B 英法百年战争爆发于 1337 年到 1453 年间，中间还发生了黑死病。 3.D 爱尔兰共和国在 1949 年独立。 4.A 英国内战于 1642 年到 1646 年间发生，国王查尔斯与议会发生争执，实际上是国王与 清教徒之间的矛盾引起的，结果议会胜利。 5.B 英国南面与法国隔着英吉利海峡。 6.B 英国最大的湖是内伊湖，最长的河流是塞文河。 7.B 苏格兰中低部适合人类生存，是苏格兰工业和人高度集中的地区。 8.A 由于英国农作业时的高度机械化，只需利用全国 2%的人口来耕作大面积农地。 9.D 小麦和大麦是英国最重要的庄稼。 10.B 英国的义务教育是从 5 岁到 16 岁，所以期间的教育全部免费。 练习题： 1 Which of the following is the British oldest daily newspaper? A The Telegraph B The Guardian C The News of the World D The Times 2 The river Thames is in _. A Wales B Scotland C England D Northern Ireland 3 The Industrial Revolution started in _. A the Great Britain B the United States C Canada D Austrilia 4 Which of the following is true under Thatchers administration? A The proportion of owner-occupation decreased. B Public housing became more important. C Many public houses were sold to people. D The UK became more European-like in its housing arrangement. 5 Britain has its nuclear naval force since _. A its one of the developed countries in the world B its a traditional sea power C it has an advanced industry D its able to produce submarines 6 Which of the following is the oldest national Sunday newspaper in Britain? A The Times B The Guardian C The Observer D The Financial Times 7 Big Ben was named after _. A Christopher Wren B Benjamin Hall C Ben John D G. Stephenson 8 The Capital of Wales is _. A Swansea B Cardiff C Rhonda D Belfast 9 _ is Englands biggest naval base. A Portsmouth B Southampton C Plymouth D Dover 10 There are two major national parties in Britain: the Conservative party and _ _. A the Liberal Party B the Democratic Party C the Labour Party D the Republican Party 练习题答案及题解: 1 D, 英国历史上最悠久的日报是泰晤士报。 2 C, 泰晤士河位于英格兰。 3 A, 工业革命最早从英国开始。 4 C, 1979 年撒切尔夫人成为英国第一任女首相。她提出的政策称被为“撒切尔主义” 。其 内容包括国有企业私有化，采用货币主义政策以控制通货膨胀，削弱工会的影响，加强市 场因素在经济中的作用，将公有住房卖给公众，强调法律和秩序。在一定程度上讲，她的 计划是成功的。她领导英国经济度过了一段最繁华的时期。 5 B, 英国拥有其海军核力量与其一贯的霸主地位是密切相关的。 6 C, 观察家报创刊于 1791 年，是英国创刊最早的星期日报纸。 7 B, 据说 Big Ben 得名于它在 1859 年修建时候的建造者 Benjamin Hall。 8 B, 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫。 9 A, 英国最大的海军基地是普茨茅斯。 10 C, 英国奉行的是两党制。其两大主要政党是保守党和工党。 英国概况 练习题： 1 Which name is NOT related to Britain? A Northern Ireland B Scotland C Wales D Toronto 2 The news agency Reuters was founded in _. A London B Birmingham C Liverpool D Manchester 3 The tower of London, a historical sight, located in the center of London, was buil t by _. A King Harold B Robin Hood C Oliver Cromwell D William