托福写作实在素材之定语从句用法

托福写作实在素材之定语从句用法 定语从句在托福写作的使用频率是最高的，因此很多的考生会在自己的托福写作中运用定语从句，优 化托福写作内容。因此，为了提高托福写作水平，能够更好地帮助大家，前程百利小编和大家分享定语从 句的用法。 (一) 定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导 1、关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as 2、关系副词：when, where, why 关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首，主句先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用，同时在从 句中又充当句子成分。 e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.(关系代词 who 在从句中作主语) The comrade with whom I came knows French.(whom 在从句中作介词 with 的宾语) 3、关系代词和关系副词的用法：1)当先行词为人时用 who 作主语，whom 作宾语;2)当先行词为物或 整个句子时用 which ，可作主语或宾语;3)先行词为人、物时用 that ，可作主语或宾语;4)whose 用作定语， 可指人或物;5)关系副词 when(指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，where(指地点，在定语从句中作地点状 语)，why(指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语)。 (二) 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。 e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.(去掉定语从句，意思就不完整) 2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开， 不能 that 用引导。 e.g. Toms father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.(who 引导非限制性定语从句，整个句 子可分成两句来翻译) (三) 使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题 1、that 与 which 的区别。 1)用 that 而不用 which 的情况： 先行词为不定代词 all, anything, nothing, ;先行词有最高级修 饰，有序数词修饰;先行词有 only, very, any 等词修饰;先行词既有人又有物时。 e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。 The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象 鼻山。 This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。 Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。 2)用 which 而不用 that 的情况： 引导非限制性定语从句;代表整个主句的意思; 介词 + 关系代 词。 e.g. He had failed in the math exam, which made his father very angry. 他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父 亲很生气。 This is the room in which my father lived last year. 这是父亲去年居住过的房子。 3)as 引导定语从句时的用法 as 引导限制性定语从句通常用于 the same as, such as 结构中。 e.g. I want the same shirt as my friends. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。 Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。 as 引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下 列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。 e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所预料的那样，他在这 次期中考试中又获得了第一名。 3)as 引导非限制性定语从句时与 which 的区别 当主句和从句语义一致时，用 as;反之，用 which 来引导非限制性定语从句。 e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected. He made a long speech, which was unexpected. 当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用 which 引导。 e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesnt like at all. 2. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。 e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. 住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。 地址：北京市海淀区海淀北二街 8 号 中关村 SOHO A 区 2 层 电话：400-890-6000 传真网址： 邮编:100080 The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow. 3. 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。 e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I cant understand. 4. 引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词 + which”来代替。 e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the Peoples Republic of China was founded. 5. 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。 e.g. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father. 6. 介词在关系代词前，只能用 which 和 whom，且不能省略;介词在句尾，关系代词可有 which, that, whom